Comprehensive Training on

Materials Testing Technology

Prepared by:

Engr. Julieta C. Rabot

Materials Testing Division
Bureau of Research and Standards
ASPHALTIC
MATERIALS
Outline:

I. Definition: Asphalt/Bitumen
II. Brief History/Early Uses of Asphalt
III. Composition of Asphalt
IV. Properties of Asphalt
V. Uses of Asphalt
VI. Kinds of Asphalt:
A. Natural Asphalt
B. Manufactured Asphalt
VII. Kinds of Manufactured Asphalt
A. Asphalt Cement
B. Liquid Asphalt
1. Cutback Asphalt
2. Emulsified Asphalt
C. Blown/Oxidized Asphalt
Joint Materials:
1. Hot-poured Elastic Type
2. Preformed/premolded Expansion Joint Filler
VIII. Sampling/Minimum Testing Requirements
IX. Different Tests on Asphalt
X. Significance of Test
XI. Specifications
 ASPHALT
“A dark brown to black cementitious material, solid, semi-solid or liquid in consistency in which
the predominating constituents are bitumen which occurs in nature as such or which are
obtained as residue in refining petroleum.”

BITUMEN
• The main constituent of the asphalt
• The cementing properties of the asphalt
• It is often called bituminous material
• Portion of asphalt that is soluble in carbon disulfide
• A mixture of hydrocarbons of natural or pyrogenous origin or a
combination of both; frequently accompanied by non-metallic
derivatives which may be gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid.
 “Asphaltu” or “Sphallo”
HISTORY - Acadian term where in the word asphalt is claimed to have
been derived from.
- Asphalt was first used in the nature of a cement for joining
together various objects and it is possible the term is
expressive of this application.

• Prehistoric - Skeletons of prehistoric animals preserved intact to present day in surface deposits
of asphalt La Brea, pit, Los Angeles Calif.

• 3200 to 540 B.C. – Recent Archaeological excavations show extensive use of asphalt in Mesopotamia
and Indus valley, as cement for masonry and highway construction and as waterproofing layer for temple
baths and water tanks.

• 300 B.C. - Asphalt extensively used for mummification in Egypt.

• 1802 A.D. - Rock asphalt used in France for floor, bridge and sidewalk surfacing.
 HISTORY
• 1838 A.D. – Rock asphalt imported and used in sidewalk construction in Philadelphia.

• 1870 A.D. (Circa) – First asphalt pavement laid in Newark, New Jersey by Professor
E.J. DeSmedt, a Belgian chemist.

• 1876 A.D. – First sheet asphalt pavement laid in Washington D.C. with imported lake
asphalt.

• 1902 A.D. – Approximately 20,000 tons of asphalt refined from petroleum in the United
States.

• Since 1926 - to present time the petroleum asphalt and road oil tonnage produced
annually has increased steadily.
COMPOSITION
OF ASPHALT
Scientifically, asphalts are colloidal systems
in which asphaltenes constitute the dispersed
phase and the remaining liquid called
petrolenes (maltenes) constitute the
dispersing medium.
ASPHALTENES PETROLENES
• The substance which remains insoluble and
precipitates or coagulates when an asphalt is • Substance which is soluble in petroleum
dissolved by a specific solvent such as naphtha, solvents as N-pentanes.
ethyl ether, N-pentane or heptane.
• It is composed of resins and oily constituents.
• Responsible for the plastic properties of asphalts
and also imparts hardness to it.
RESINS
• Gives color (black) • Impart ductility and a high break point
• Provides stickiness (adhesiveness)

OILY CONSTITUENTS
• Responsible for the softness of asphalt
• For good adhesiveness, the oily constituents should be
low and asphaltic resins high.
• Influences viscosity of asphalt
PROPERTIES OF
ASPHALT • Strong cement
• Readily adhesive
• Highly waterproof and durable
• Imparts controllable flexibility to mixture of
mineral aggregates
• Highly resistant to the action of most acids'
alkalis and salts
• Solid or semi-solid at ordinary atmospheric
temperature but may be readily liquefied by the
application of heat or by dissolving it in
petroleum solvents of varying volatility or by
emulsification
• Thermoplastic material, (consistency changes as
its temperature changes)
Asphalt Flow
Behavior

Asphalt Behavior at
Varying Temperature
USES OF ASPHALT
• Binder
• Waterproofing material
• Joint and crack filler
• Prime coat
• Tack Coat
• Seal Coat
• Undersealing (PCCP)
• Pipe Coating
• Surface Treatment
• Roofing
KINDS OF
ASPHALT
2. Manufactured Asphalt
1. Natural Asphalt (Native) - natural
deposits Asphalt from crude petroleum, crude petroleum is
refined and distilled to separate the various fractions
Asphalt occurring in nature which has been and recover the asphalt.
derived from petroleum by natural processes of
evaporation of volatile fractions leaving such asphalt is produced in a variety of types and
the asphalt fraction. grades ranging from hard brittle solids to almost
water – thin liquids.
Example:
the semi-solid form, known as asphalt cement, is the
Rock Asphalt – porous rock such as sandstone basic material.
or limestone that has become impregnated
with natural asphalt through geologic (see Figure : Petroleum Asphalt Flow Chart)
process.

Lake Asphalt - pure deposits ,as in the Trinidad

and Bermudez Lakes and gilsonite deposits.
Figure 1- Simplified flowchart showing recovery and refining of petroleum asphalts. (Asphalt Institute Chart, somewhat modified)
Figure: Typical Crude Oil Distillation Temperatures and Products
Kinds of Manufactured Asphalts
(Asphaltic Materials)
 1. ASPHALT CEMENT
Asphalt that is refined to meet specifications for paving, industrial and
special purposes.
Characteristics:
The term is often abbreviated A.C.
• Hot asphalt
• Solid to semi-solid in consistency
• Odorless
• Black in color
• Basic cementing material
• Constituent of all other asphalt types
• Little bit heavier than water
Consistency of Asphalt Cement – graded according to four diff. systems:

1. Penetration 2. Viscosity (based on original sample)

Specification: AASHTO M -20 Specification: AASHTO M -226

• AC 40 – 50 • AC - 2.5
• AC 60 – 70 • AC -5
• AC 85 – 100 • AC - 10
• AC 120 – 150 • AC - 20
• AC 200 – 300 • AC - 40
3. Viscosity (based on Residue 4. Performance Grade(PG) Asphalt
from Rolling Thin Film Oven
Test) Specification: AASHTO MP1
Specification: AASHTO M -226 • PG 46 : - 34, -40, -46
• PG 52 : -10, -16, -22, -28, -34, -40, -46
• AR - 10 • PG 58 : -10, -16, -22, -28, -34, -40
• AR - 20 • PG 64 : -10, -16, -22, -28, -34, -40
• AR - 40 • PG 70 : -10, -16, -22, -28, -34, -40
• AR - 80 • PG 76 : -10, -16, -22, -28, -34
• AR - 160 • PG 82 : -10, -16, -22, -28, -34

Uses:
Item 303 – Bituminous Seal Coat (AC 120-150)
Item 304 – Bituminous Surface Treatment (AC 120-150)
Item 305 – Bituminous Penetration Macadam Pavement
Item 310 – Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot-Laid
 Suggested Grades of Asphalt Cement for Different Climates
C L I M A T E
PAVING USES
HOT AND TEMPERATE COLD
Airfields
Runways 60 – 70 85 – 100
Taxiways 60 – 70 85 – 100
Parkings 60 – 70 85 – 100
Highways
Heavy Traffic 60 – 70 85 – 100
Medium to Light Traffic 85 – 100 85 – 100
Driveways
Industrial 60 – 70 85 – 100
Service Station 60 – 70 85 – 100
Residential 85 – 100 85 – 100
Parking Lots
Industrial 60 – 70 60 - 70
Commercial 60 – 70 85 – 100
Recreational
Tennis Courts 85 – 100 85 – 100
Playgrounds 85 – 100 85 – 100
Curbing 60 – 70 85 – 100
 2. Liquid Asphalt
• Liquid asphaltic products are generally prepared by cutting back or blending asphalt
cement with petroleum distillates or by emulsifying them with water
• Soft or fluid in consistency
• Viscosity graded asphalt

Kinds of Liquid Asphalt

1. Cut-back Asphalt
Asphalt cement which has been liquefied by blending with petroleum solvents also
called diluents (contains as low as 50% asphalt cement).
Characteristics:
• Liquid at room temperature
• Characteristic smell of petroleum solvents as gasoline and kerosene
• Black in color
Classification:
[Link] – Curing (RC) Asphalt: Asphalt Cement + Gasoline or naptha (light distillate - high volatility)

Viscosity Grade: Specification: AASHTO M 81

• RC - 70
• RC - 250
• RC - 800
• RC - 3000
[Link] – Curing (MC) Asphalt: Asphalt Cement + Kerosene (medium distillate - medium volatility)

Viscosity Grade: Specification: AASHTO M 82

• MC - 30
• MC - 70
• MC - 250
• MC - 800
• MC - 3000
3. Slow – Curing (SC) Asphalt: Asphalt Cement + Oil (heavy distillate - low volatility)

Viscosity Grade:

• SC - 70
• SC - 250
• SC - 800
• SC - 3000

Uses:
Item 301 – Bituminous Prime Coat (MC/RC)
Item 302 – Bituminous Tack Coat (RC)
Item 303 – Bituminous Seal Coat (RC/MC)
Item 304 – Bituminous Surface Treatment (MC -250/MC-800)
Item 305 – Bituminous Penetration Macadam Pavement (RC)
Item 306 – Bituminous Road-Mix Surface Course (RC/MC)
Item 308 – Bituminous Plant-Mix Surface Course, Cold-Laid (MC)
Item 309 – Bituminous Plant – Mix (Stockpile Maintenance Mixture) (MC- 250/MC-800)
Item 310 – Bituminous Concrete Surface Course ,Hot-Laid (MC)
KIND OF LIQUID ASPHALT cont…

[Link] Emulsion
- An emulsion of asphalt cement and water (usually contains rarely below 30% and higher than 70%,depend
on its intended application, and a small amount of an emulsifying agent ,1 – 2% emulsifier).

- A heterogenous system containing two normally immiscible phases (asphalt and water) in which the
water forms the continuous phase of the emulsion and minute globules of asphalt form the discontinuous
phase.

Emulsified Asphalt: Asphalt Cement + Water + Emulsifier

Emulsifier - derivatives of salt (amine or sodium salt)

Ex. Amine Hydrochloride, Alkylamine

Characteristics:
• Liquid at room temperature
• Pungent odor
• Chocolate brown in color
Classification:
b. Medium Setting:
- Emulsified asphalt maybe either the anionic or
cationic types depending upon the emulsifying • MS - 1
agent. • MS - 2
• MS - 2h
1. Anionic Emulsified Asphalt (-) • HFMS - 2
- electro-negatively charged asphalt globules • HFMS - 2h
used for limestone or calcareous aggregates. • HFMS - 2S

Viscosity Grade: c. Slow Setting:

Specification: AASHTO M 140 • SS - 1
• SS - 1h
a. Rapid Setting:
• RS - 1h
• RS - 1
• RS - 1s
• RS - 2h
• RS - 2
• RS - 2s
• HFRS - 2
2. Cationic Emulsified Asphalt (+)
- electro-positively charged asphalt globules used for siliceous materials (silica/sand).

Viscosity Grade :

Specification: AASHTO M 208

a. Rapid Setting: CRS - 1h, CRS - 1,CRS - 1s

CRS - 2h, CRS - 2, CRS - 2s

b. Medium Setting: CMS - 2

CMS - 2h

c. Slow Setting: CSS - 1

CSS - 1h

d. Quick Setting: CQS - 1h, CQS - 1

Uses:
Item 205 – Asphalt Stabilized Road-Mix Base Course
Item 302 – Bituminous Tack Coat
Item 304 – Bituminous Surface Treatment (CRS-1/CRS-2,RS-1/RS-2)
Item 305 – Bituminous Penetration Macadam Pavement
Item 306 – Bituminous Road – Mix Surface Course
Item 308 – Bituminous Plant-Mix Surface Course, Cold Laid
Item 309 – Bituminous Plant-Mix (Stockpile Maintenance Mixture) (CMS-2/2h)

3. Blown or Oxidized Asphalt

- Asphalt that is treated by blowing air through it at elevated temperature to give it characteristics
desired for certain special uses.
- Penetration grade : Hard Asphalt- normally has a penetration grade of less than 10.

Uses:
1. Specially used as joint filler
2. Roofing
3. Pipe coating
4. Undersealing Portland cement concrete pavement
5. Waterproofing and other hydraulic application
6. Lining of the canal
Results of Cationic and Anionic Emulsions with Two
Types of Aggregates

BREAKING
EMULSION AGGREGATE ADHESION
RATE
Anionic Acidic Slow Poor
Anionic Alkaline Medium Good
Cationic Acidic Fast Excellent
Cationic Alkaline Fast Good
 Slurry
Surface Seal 60-
Penetration
Dressing 65%
Macadam
65-70%
Soil
Recycling Stabilization
4-7%

Patching Bitumac Emulcote Cold Mix

Mixes Tekote 6-10%

Crack
Tack Coat
Filler
40-60%

Dust Prime
Binding Fog seal Coat 55-
60% 30-40% 60%

Figure: Application for bitumen emulsion

 Table: Guideline for Selection of Emulsion Type

Rapid Setting Medium Setting Slow Setting

Surface Dressing
Slurry Seal
Penetration Macadam
In-Place Stabilization
Cold Plant Mixes
Open graded
Dense Graded
Tack Coat
Prime Coat
Fog Seal
Dust Binding
JOINT MATERIALS
 JOINT MATERIALS
Types:

1. Hot-Poured Elastic Type

2. Preformed Expansion Joint Filler
1. Hot-Poured Elastic Type
- Intended for use in sealing joints or filling cracks in concrete pavement, bridges and other structures.
- Resilient and adhesive materials capable of effectively sealing joints in concrete against the infiltration of
moisture and foreign material throughout repeated cycles of expansion and contraction with temperature
changes and that will not flow from the joint or be picked up by vehicles tires at summer temperature.
Specification:
DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICATION (Blue Book – 2013) : Item 705 – Joint Materials
ASSHTO M 173 : Concrete Joint Sealer, Hot-Poured Elastic Type

Tests Specifications (ASSHTO M 173)

Safe heating temperature, 0C -
At least 110C lower than the safe
Pour Point temperature, 0C
heating temperature
Flow @ 600C, mm 5 Maximum
Penetration @ 250C, 150 gms, 5 secs 90 maximum
[Link] Expansion Joint Fillers
- Consists of preformed sheets or strips made of cane or other suitable fibers of a cellular cellulosic nature securely
bound together and then uniformly saturated with asphalt.
- Or strips formed from clean granulated cork securely bound together by a suitable asphalt binder and encased
between two layers of saturated felt or two layers of glass fiber felt.
- Premolded strips of asphalt mixed with fine mineral substances, fibrous materials, cork, sawdust etc. manufactured in
dimension suitable for construction joints.

Specifications:
Specifications
DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICATION (Blue Tests ASSHTO M 153 ASSHTO M 213
Book – 2013): Item 705 – Joint (Type I – Sponge Rubber)
Materials
ASSHTO M 153: Preformed Sponge Thickness, mm ± 1.5 mm ± 1.5 mm
Rubber and Cork Expansion Joint Density, kg/m3 480 Minimum 288 Minimum
Fillers for Concrete Paving and
Structural Construction Water Absorption, % - 20 Maximum
ASSHTO M 213: Preformed Expansion Compression, kPa 340 – 10,350 690 – 5200
Joint Fillers for Concrete Paving and
Recovery, % 90 Minimum 70 Minimum
Structural Construction (Non
Extruding and Resilient Bituminous
Type)
Range of Thicknesses:

Inches Mm
¼ 6.4
3/8 9.5
½ 13
¾ 19
1 25
Sampling/Minimum Testing
Requirements
VIII. Sampling/Minimum Testing Requirements
Significance:
Sampling is an important as testing and every precaution shall be taken to obtain samples that
will show the true nature and condition of the materials. Samples may be taken from tanks,
stockpiles, vehicles, or containers used for storage or shipping of bituminous materials.

1. Purposes: 2. Size of Samples:

Asphaltic Materials:
• To represent as nearly as possible an
average of the bulk of the material Asphalt Cement = 4 liters (1 gal)
Cut-back Asphalt = 4 liters (1 gal)
sampled or Emulsified Asphalt = 4 liters (1 gal)
• To ascertain the maximum variation in Joint Sealer = not less than 4.5 kg sample from each batch
characteristics which the material Preformed Expansion Joint filler = 16” x 16” (per thickness)

possesses.
3. Minimum Testing Requirements:

Asphaltic Materials: 1 – Q.T. – for every 40 tones or 200 drums or fraction thereof
Preformed Expansion Joint Filler: 1 – Q.T. – per shipment of 100 square meters or fraction thereof

4. Containers
Types of Containers:

1. Containers for liquid bituminous material samples, except emulsions, shall be double friction top cans,
square cans with screw tops, or small mouth cans with screw caps.

2. Containers for anionic emulsified asphalt samples shall be wide mouth jars or bottles made of glass or
plastic.

3. Containers for cationic emulsified asphalt samples shall be wide mouth jars or bottles made of plastic or
wide mouth cans with screw caps.

Size of Container: Shall correspond to the required amount of samples.

5. Protection and Preservation of Samples
1. Sample containers shall be new. They shall not be washed or rinsed or wiped with oily cloth. Top
and container shall fit together tightly.

2. Care shall be taken to prevent the sample from becoming contaminated. Immediately after
filling, the containers shall be tightly and positively sealed.

3. The filled sample container shall not be submerged in solvent nor shall it wiped with a solvent
saturated cloth. If cleaning is necessary, use a clean dry cloth.

4. Samples of emulsion shall be protected from freezing by correct packaging.

5. Transferring samples from one container to another shall be avoided, if possible, as

characteristics of materials could be altered during transfer and there is a possibility of
contamination.

6. Immediately after filling, sealing and cleaning, the sampling containers shall be properly marked
for identification with a suitable marking pencil on the container itself, not on the lid.
6. Sampling Method (AASHTO T 40)

Sampling Liquid Materials or Materials Made Liquid by Heating

A. From Bulk Storage Tank Not Equipped with Mechanical Agitators

Samples shall be obtained by one of the three following methods:

1. Tank Tap Method(Sampling Valve Method) – using valves or taps at top, middle and lower locations of the
tank draw a 1 qt to 1 gal (1 to 4 liters) sample from each after clearing by drawing and discarding a minimum of 1
gal (4 liters) of the material.

2. Thief Sampler Method – (not suitable for asphalt cements) – samples shall be taken at top, middle and lower
levels of the tank by lowering a Thief Sampler into the material. Maybe used for repetitive sampling. (See Figure).

3. Throw-Away Container Method – samples shall be taken at top, middle and lower levels of the tank by
lowering a suitable weighted holding device into the material (See Figure), the essential feature of the method is
to use a clean container each time a sample is taken from the tank, pouring the sample into another clean
container and throwing-away the container used in sampling.

B. From Bulk Storage Tanks Equipped with Mechanical Agitators – when the tank is equipped
with operating mechanical agitators which are performing adequate mixing of the tank contents, a single sample
taken by methods described in A will be satisfactory to use for test purposes.
 Figure I – Thief Sampler
Note: This type sampler is lowered into the tank with the bottom valve open (there is no top
closure). When the desired depth is reached, the lowering chain is given a snap tug which closes
the bottom valve. The sampler is then withdrawn from the tank and the contents transferred to
the sample container. This sample may be used for repetitive sampling in the same tank
 Figure 2 – Throw-away Container Sampler
Note: This type sampler is lowered into the tank with the stopper in place. When the desired depth is reached, the
stopper is removed by means of the attached wire, cord or chain and the container allowed to fill. Complete filling is
indicated by the cessation of bubbles or air from the can at the surface of the liquid. The sample is then withdrawn from
the tank and the contents poured into the clean sample container. A clean can (bottle) must be used for each sample
taken.
 Guide for Loading Asphalt Products
PRODUCT TO BE LOADED
Last Product in
Tank Asphalt
Cutback Asphalt Cationic Emulsion Anionic Emulsion
Cement/Binder
Empty to no Empty to no
Asphalt
Ok to load Ok to load measurable measurable
Cement/Binder
quantity quantity
Empty to no Empty to no
Cutback Asphalt Empty * Ok to load measurable measurable
quantity quantity
Empty to no Empty to no
Cationic Emulsion Empty * measurable Ok to load measurable
quantity quantity
Empty to no Empty to no
Anionic Emulsion Empty * measurable measurable Ok to load
quantity quantity
Empty to no
Crude Petroleum Empty to no Empty to no
measurable
and Residual Fuel Empty * measurable measurable
quantity
Oils quantity quantity

Any Product Not Tank must be Tank must be Tank must be Tank must be
Listed Above cleaned cleaned cleaned cleaned
* Any material remaining will produce dangerous conditions
GUIDELINE TEMPERATURES FOR STORING ASPHALTS
Type and Grade Reference Specification Minimum Flash 0C (0F) Storage Temperature 0C (0F)

AASHTO MP 1 * For PG asphalt binder: Use the

PG 46, 52, 58, 64,
230 storage temperature recommended
70, 76, 82
by the asphalt producer.
AC -2.5 AASHTO M 226 163 (325) 160 (320)
-5 ASTM D 3381 177 (350) 166 (330)
-10 219 (425) 174 (345)
-20, -30, -40 232 (450) 177 (350)
AR -1000 AASHTO M 226 205 (400) 163 (325)
-2000 ASTM D 3381 219 (425) 168 (335)
-4000 227 (440) 177 (350)
-8000 232 (450) 177 (350)
-16000 238 (460) 177 (350)
Pen 40-50, 60-70, AASHTO M 20 232 (450) 177 (350)
85-100 ASTM D 946
120-150 219 (425) 177 (350)
200-300 177 (350) 168 (335)
RC - 70 AASHTO M 81 - 71 (160)
- 250 ASTM D 2028 27 (80) 91 (195)
- 800 27 (80) 99 (210)
- 3000 27 (80) 99 (210)
MC - 30 AASHTO M 82 38 (100) 54 (130)
- 70 ASTM D 2027 38 (100) 71 (160)
- 250 66 (150) 91 (195)
- 800 66 (150) 99 (210)
- 3000 - 66 (150) 99 (210)
RS-1 AASHTO M 140 & M 208 - 50 (122)
RS-2, HFRS-2, CRS-1, CRS-2 ASTM D 977 & D 2397 - 75 (167)
SS-1, SS-1h, CSS-1, CSS-1h
MS-1, HFMS-1, - 45 (113)
MS-2, MS-2h, HFMS-2
HFMS-2h, HFMS-2s, CMS-2 - 75(167)
CMS-2h
Bituminous materials for the several applications indicated in the Specifications shall be applied within
the temperature ranges indicated in Table 702.1.

Table 702.1 : Application Temperature

Application Spray Temperature Range (0C)
Type and Grade of Material
(Min./Max.) Mix (Min./Max.)
RT 1-2-2 15.5 - 54 15.5 – 54
RT 4-5-6 29 – 65.5 29 – 65.5
RT 7-8-9 65.5 -107 65.5 – 107
RT 10-11-12 79 – 121 79 – 121
RTCB 5-6 . . . . 30 15.5 – 48.9 15.5 -48.9
MC . . . . . . . . . 30 21 – 62.8 15.5 – 40.5
RC-MC . . . . . . 70 40.5 – 85 32 – 68
RC-MC . . . . . . 250 60 – 107 51.7 – 93
RC-MC . . . . . . 800 79 – 129 71 – 107
RC-MC . . . . . . 3000 106.7 – 143 93 – 126.7
All emulsions 10 - 71 10 - 71
Asphalt Cement As required to achieve
viscosity of 75-150 seconds
(All Grades) 204 Max.
to achieve a Kinematic
Viscosity of 150-300 mm2/s
(150-300) centi-stokes
TESTING OF ASPHALTS
[Link] of Asphalt
1. Asphalt Cement (9 tests)
1.1 Specific Gravity
1.2 Loss on heating (Thin-film Oven Test)
1.3 Solubility
1.4 Spot test
1.5 Flash Point (Cleveland Open Cup FlashTester)
1.6 Penetration
1.6.1 Original
1.6.2 After loss
1.7 Ductility
1.7.1 Original
1.7.2 After loss
[Link]-back Asphalt Cement (8 tests)
2.1 Specific Gravity
2.2 Flash Point (Tag Open Cup Flash Tester)
2.3 Viscosity (Kinematic Capillary Viscometer)
2.4 Distillation
2.5 Test on residue
2.5.1 Penetration
2.5.2 Ductility
2.5.3 Solubility
2.5.4 Spot test
[Link] Asphalt (9 tests)
3.1 Specific Gravity
3.2 Storage Stability
3.3 Sieve Test
3.4 Viscosity (Saybolt-Furol Viscometer)
3.5 Cement Mixing (For Slow Setting EA)
3.6 Distillation
3.7 Test on Residue
3.7.1 Penetration
3.7.2 Ductility
3.7.3 Ash Content
SIGNIFICANCE OF TEST
X. Significance of Tests

1. Specific Gravity

- It is a gauge to a uniformity of supply of an asphalt (if it is being adulterated or diluted).

- Important during computation and design (Job-Mix) essentials in the determination of the
effective asphalt content and the percentage of air voids in compacted mix specimens and
compacted pavement.
- Results is of value for making volume correction when measurements are made at elevated
temperature.

2. Solubility

- Determines the bitumen content in asphalt cement that is soluble in a solvent (carbon
disulfide and carbon tetrachloride).
- Measures the purity of the asphalt cement.
- Portion of the asphalt cement that is soluble represent the active cementing constituents.
- Impurities such as salts, free carbon and non-organic contaminants does not dissolve in a
solvent.
3. Spot Test
- Determines if asphalts is overheated or not during production.

4. Loss on Heating/Thin-Film Oven Test

- Determines the loss of volatiles in the asphalt.

5. Flash Point
- Indicates the safe heating temperature of the asphalt, the temperature to which the
material maybe safely heated without danger of instantaneous flash (catching fire or
explode) in the presence of an open flame.

6. Penetration
- Determines the relative hardness or consistency of an asphalt cement, by measuring the
distance of the standard needle used that penetrate vertically to the sample under the
fixed condition of temperature, load, and time.

7. Ductility
- Measures the ability of asphalt to stretch without breaking
- A gauge to adhesiveness of asphalt, the higher the ductility the more adhesive the asphalt.
8. Viscosity
- Liquidity or fluidity of asphalt.
- Consistency test of the liquid asphalt.
- Determines the flow characteristics of asphalt in the range of temperature during
application.

9. Distillation
- Determines the relative proportions of asphalt and diluent present in liquid asphalt.
- also used to measure the amount of diluent that distills off at various temperature
denoting its evaporation characteristics, this in turn, indicates the relative rate at
which the material will cure “after application”.

10. Sieve Test

- Determines quantitatively the percent asphalt present in the form of relatively large
globules in the emulsion, Such globules do not provide thin & uniform coatings of
asphalt on the aggregate particles.
- Determines whether the emulsion has properly emulsified (properly mixed).
11. Cement Mixing
- Determines the resistance of the emulsion to breakdown on the job.
- Determines the rate where in the emulsion will break when in contact
with soil or mineral aggregates.

12. Storage Stability

- Detects the tendency of the asphalt globules in the emulsion to settle
during storage of an emulsified asphalt.

13. Ash Content

- Determination of mineral matter in solid, semisolid, or liquid asphalt.
SPECIFICATIONS
• ASSHTO M-20 - Penetration Graded Asphalt Cement

• AASHTO M- 226 – Viscosity-Graded Asphalt Cement

• ASSHTO M-81 - Rapid-Curing Cut-back Asphalt

• ASSHTO M-82 - Medium – Curing Cut-back Asphalt

• ASSHTO M-140 - Anionic Emulsified Asphalt

• ASSHTO M-208 - Cationic Emulsified Asphalt

Solubility Test
Cleveland Open Cup Flash Tester
Cleveland Open Cup Flash Point Test
Tag Open Cup Flash Tester
Ductility Test
Penetration Test
Standard Penetration Test
Saybolt Furol Viscosity Test
Kinematic Capillary Viscosity Test
Thin Film Oven
Distillation Test
Thank you!
 ASPHALT CEMENT
1. Specific gravity
2. Loss on Heating
3. Solubility
4. Spot test
5. Penetration (original)
6. Penetration (after loss)
7. Ductility (original)
8. Ductility (after loss)
9. Flash point
ASPHALT CEMENT: Specific Gravity

References:
• AASHTO T228-09 (2013)

Apparatus/Reagents:
• Pycnometer
• Water Bath
• Analytical/Digital Balance = 0.001 g
• Water – freshly boiled and cooled distilled or deionized
water
ASPHALT CEMENT: Specific Gravity

Significance and Use:

Values of specific gravity and density are used for

converting volumes to units of mass as required in
other standards and in sales transactions
ASPHALT CEMENT: Specific Gravity

Pycnometer
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Specific Gravity
Procedure

Weigh empty Fill

Close lid
pycnometer Pycnometer
tightly
with cover (A) with water

Wipe off
Weigh (B) Next Page
excess water
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Specific Gravity
Procedure

Heat sample* with

Pour sample into
care until Cool, replace
pycnometer (half
sufficiently fluid to cover, Weigh (C)
full)
pour

Add water to
Wipe off excess
pycnometer with Close lid tightly
water, Weigh (D)
sample till full

*Use this sample for all tests

ASPHALT CEMENT: Specific Gravity
Calculations

(C–A)
Specific Gravity =
( B –A)– ( D – C )

A = Mass of empty pycnometer and cover

B = Mass of pycnometer and cover filled with water
C = Mass of pycnometer and cover half-filled with sample
D = Mass of pycnometer and cover with asphalt plus water
ASPHALT CEMENT: Loss on Heating

References:
• ASTM D6/D6M – 95 (2011)

Apparatus:
• Oven with Rotating Shelf= up to 180℃
• Sample Container (MC Cans)
• Thermometer = 155 to 170℃
• Balance = 0.01 g
ASPHALT CEMENT: Loss on Heating

Significance and Use:

This test method is useful in characterizing certain

petroleum products by the determination of their loss
of mass upon heating under standardized conditions.
ASPHALT CEMENT: Loss on Heating

Oven with Rotating Shelf

ASPHALT CEMENT: Loss on Heating

Rotating Shelf with Thermometer

 ASPHALT CEMENT: Loss on Heating
Procedure

Heat sample with

care until sufficiently Weigh empty MC Pour 50.0 ± 0.5 g
fluid to pour (remove Cans (A) sample into MC Cans
water, if necessary)

Allow sample to cool

Weigh (B) Next Page
to room temp.
ASPHALT CEMENT: Loss on Heating
Procedure
Heat oven to Place MC Cans
163 ± 1 ℃ at with sample on
rate of 5-6 rpm oven for 5 hours

Allow sample to
Remove from
cool to room
the oven
temp. Weigh (C)
ASPHALT CEMENT: Loss on Heating
Calculations

(B–C)
% Loss =
(B–A)

A = Mass of empty MC Can

B = Mass of MC Can with sample before heating
C = Mass of MC Can with sample after heating

Average the % Loss of two specimens

 ASPHALT CEMENT: Solubility
References:
• AASHTO T44 – 14

Apparatus/Reagents:
• Gooch Crucible
• Filter Flask (min = 250 mL)
• Filter Tube = 40 – 42 mm inside dia.
• Rubber Tubing or Adapter
• Vacuum/Suction Pump
• Erlenmeyer Flask (125 mL)
• Analytical Balance = 0.001 g
• Desiccator – with desiccant
• Oven
• Glass Fiber Pad or Filter Paper Disc (32, 35 or 37 mm dia.)
• Trichloroethylene
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Solubility

Significance and Use:

This test method is a measure of the solubility of

asphalt in trichloroethylene. The portion that is soluble
in trichloroethylene represents the active cementing
constituents.
ASPHALT CEMENT: Solubility

Filtering Apparatus Assembly

 ASPHALT CEMENT: Solubility
Procedure

Weigh empty E. flask,

add approx. 2 g sample.
Cool to room temp and Add 100 mL trichloroethylene.
determine mass of
sample used (A)

Stopper flask and agitate

as necessary until sample Weigh gooch crucible
is dissolved and no with filter paper (B) & Next Page
undissolved material place in filtering tube
adheres to the flask.
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Solubility
Procedure
Wash E. Flask with
Wet filter pad with trichloroethylene & Wash Gooch crucible
trichloroethylene & decant through filter pad with trichloroethylene
decant through filter pad to transfer all insoluble until filtrate is colorless
matter to the filter pad

Remove crucible, using

Place gooch crucible in
cotton wet with
oven (110±5℃) for at Next Page
trichloroethylene, wipe
least 20 min.
bottom and side
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Solubility
Procedure
Cool crucible and
contents in a
Weigh
desiccator for at least
20 min.

Repeat drying,
cooling and weighing
until constant (change
= ± 0.0002 g) (C)
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Solubility
Calculations
100 – C–B x 100
% Solubility =
A

A = Mass of Sample
B = Mass of Crucible + Filter Paper, g
C = Mass of Crucible + Residue, g
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Spot test
References:
• AASHTO T102 - 09 (2013)

Apparatus/Reagents:
• Florence Boiling Flask or Wide-mouth Flat-bottom Soxhlet
Extraction Flask (50-ml Capacity)
• Cork or Rubber Stopper
• Glass Plate
• Pipet or Buret – 0.1-ml graduations
• Thermometer
• Analytical Balance = 0.001 g
• Water Bath = 32.0 ± 0.5 0C
• Stirring rod
• Filter Paper – Whatman No. 50, 70-mm size
• Naphtha
• Xylene
• Heptane
• 1:3 Xylene:Heptane Mixture
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Spot test
Significance:

• The spot test is used to determine if an asphaltic material has been

overheated during processing. A “positive” result indicates that an
asphaltic material has been overheated. A “negative” result indicates
that the materials have not been overheated.

• The spot test has been used as an indicator of the compatibility of the
components of an asphalt binder, with a negative spot indicating good
compatibility and a positive spot indicating poor compatibility.

• The spot test is an optional test for asphaltic materials as specified in

M 81, M 82, and M 226.
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Spot test

Florence Flask Filter Paper No. 50

 ASPHALT CEMENT: Spot test
Procedure

Place 2.00 ± 0.02 g Allow to cool to Add 10.2 mL 1:3

sample in the flask room temp. xylene:heptane

Cover the flask Immerse flask up

with cork stopper, to neck in gently
Next Page
swirl rapidly for 5 boiling water for
sec. 55 sec.
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Spot test
Procedure

Repeat immersion
(55sec) and swirling (5
Remove flask, swirl Allow to cool for 30 mins
sec) until complete
rapidly for 5 sec. at room temp.
dispersion has taken
place

Stir the mixture

Warm the mixture in a thoroughly. Using stirring
bath at 32.0 ± 0.5℃ for rod, place a drop of the Next Page
15 mins. warm mixture on
Whatman No. 50
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Spot test
Procedure
Examine spot after 5 mins:
(+) – if brown or yellowish-brown circular stain *Warm mixture to
with a darker solid or annular nucleus in the center, 32.0 ± 0.5℃ for 15
*If uniformly brown circular stain forms - set aside mins.
mixture for 24 hours (room temp., covered)

Stir the mixture

thoroughly. Using Examine spot after 5 mins.
stirring rod, place a (+) – if brown or yellowish-brown circular stain
drop of the warm with a darker solid or annular nucleus in the center,
mixture on Whatman (-) – if uniformly brown circular stain forms
No. 50
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Penetration
References:
• AASHTO T49 – 15

Apparatus/Reagents:
• Penetrometer with Accessories
(Needle and Attachment = 100 ± 0.1 g)
• Sample Container (MC Cans) – depending on expected
penetration
• Water Bath – capable of maintaining 25 ± 0.1 0C
• Thermometer
• Stop Watch or Any Timing Device
• Oven or Stove
• Toluene or other suitable solvent (e.g. gasoline)
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Penetration
Significance and Use:

The penetration test is used as a measure of

consistency. Higher values of penetration indicate
softer consistency.
ASPHALT CEMENT: Penetration

Penetrometer
Penetrometer Needle
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Penetration
Procedure

Heat sample with care Pour sample into MC

and constant stirring Can (depth of sample Cover to protect
until sufficiently fluid must be at least 120% against dust
to pour of the depth of needle)

Allow to cool to room Place in 25℃ water

temp. (1-1.5 h for bath (1-1.5 h for
Next Page
medium; 1.5-2 h for medium; 1.5-2 h for
large) large)
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Penetration
Procedure

Adjust needle so tip

Quickly release
Place sample in stand just makes contact
needle for exactly 5
of penetrometer with surface of
sec.
sample

Adjust instrument to
measure distance of Make at least 3
penetration (in tenths penetration trials
of a millimetre)
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Penetration
Procedure
NOTE:
• Test points ≥ 10 mm from side of can & between test points.
• Return sample to water bath after each penetration
• Clean needle (clean cloth moistened with toluene or other suitable solvent) before
each test
• Penetration values > 200, prepare 3 separate samples
• Report to the nearest whole unit the average of at least three (3) penetrations whose
values do not differ by more than the amount shown below:

Penetration 0 to 49 50 to 149 150 to 249 250 to 500

Max diff bet highest &
2 4 12 20
lowest determination
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Penetration

Penetration (original) – use original sample

Penetration (after loss) – sample used is from loss on heating
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Ductility
References:
• AASHTO T51 – 09 (2013)

Apparatus/Reagents:
• Molds or Briquettes – made of brass
• Base Plate – made of brass
• Water Bath – 25 ± 0.5 0C
• Ductility Machine – 5 cm/min ± 5.0 %
• Thermometer
• Oven or Stove
• Trimming Tool or Spatula
• Release Agent (3 g of glycerin and 5 g talc)
• Specific Gravity Additive – methyl alcohol, sodium
chloride or ethylene glycol
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Ductility
Significance and Use:

This test method provides one measure of tensile

properties of asphalt materials and may be used to
measure ductility for specification requirements.
ASPHALT CEMENT: Ductility

Molds/Briquettes with Base Plate

ASPHALT CEMENT: Ductility

Ductility Machine
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Ductility
Procedure

Coat the surface of the

Assemble the Heat sample with care
plate and the interior
briquette/mold on the until sufficiently fluid
surfaces of sides of the
base plate to pour
mold with release agent

Pour sample into the

Cool to room temp. (for
mold until more than Next Page
a period of 30-40 min.)
level full
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Ductility
Procedure
Place trimmed mold in water
Place base plate and filled Remove from water bath. bath at 250C for 85-95 min.
mold in water bath Dry top of mold and trim Detach molds from the plate,
maintained at 250C for 30-40 excess material with hot then detach side pieces
min. trimming tool to level full avoiding bending of
specimen

Measure distance in cm
Attach clips to the hooks of Pull clips apart at a rate of 5 through which the clips have
ductility machine cm/min been pulled to produce
rupture or final length
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Ductility

NOTE:

• A normal test is one in which the material ruptures near the center of
the specimen or reaches the length limitations of the testing machine.
A rupture occurring at either clip shall not be considered normal.

• If the sample comes in contact with the surface of the water or the
bottom of the bath, the test shall not be considered normal. Adjust the
specific gravity of the bath by using a specific gravity additive
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Ductility

Ductility (original) – use original sample

Ductility (after loss) - sample used is from loss on heating
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Flash Point

References:
• AASHTO T48 – 17

Apparatus:
• Cleveland Open Cup Tester – consists of test cup, heating
plate, heat source, thermometer holder, heating plate
holder, ignition source applicator
• Thermometer = -6 to +400°C
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Flash Point
Significance and Use:

The flash point is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable
mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of
properties that should be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.

• Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible
materials. Consult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of these
classifications.
• Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highly volatile and flammable materials in
a relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable materials. For example, an abnormally low flash
point on a test specimen of engine oil can indicate gasoline contamination.
• This test method shall be used to measure and describe the properties of materials products,
or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled fire risk of materials, products,
or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test method may be used
as elements of a fire risk assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.
• The fire point is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to support combustion.
ASPHALT CEMENT: Flash Point

Cleveland Open Cup Apparatus

 EMULSIFIED ASPHALT
TESTS
1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
2. STORAGE STABILITY
3. SIEVE TEST
4. VISCOSITY (SAYBOLT-FUROL)
5. DISTILLATION
6. CEMENT MIXING
7. TEST ON RESIDUE
a. Penetration
b. Ductility
c. Solubility
 EMULSIFIED ASPHALT

SPECIFICATION:

ASTM D977 / AASHTO M 140– Standard Specification for

Emulsified Asphalt
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Specific Gravity

Apparatus:
• Pycnometer
• Analytical Balance = 0.001 g
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Specific Gravity

Significance and Use:

Values of specific gravity and density are used for

converting volumes to units of mass as required in
other ASTM standards and in sales transactions
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Specific Gravity

Pycnometer
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT : Specific Gravity
Procedure

Weigh empty
Pass through sieve # 200 (remove
pycnometer
globule which may block pycnometer
with cover (A)

Fill
Close lid
Pycnometer Next Page
tightly
with water
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT : Specific Gravity
Procedure

Stir sample
Wipe off excess thoroughly and get
Weigh (B)
water representative
sample

Fill pycnometer Wipe off excess

with sample sample, Weigh (C)
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT : Specific Gravity
Calculations

(C–A)
Specific Gravity =
(B–A)

A = Mass of empty pycnometer and cover

B = Mass of pycnometer and cover filled with water
C = Mass of pycnometer and cover with sample
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Storage Stability

Apparatus:
• Cylinder (500-mL capacity) – glass or plastic
• Glass Pipet (60 mL)
• Balance = 0.1 g
• Beaker with Stirring Rod (1000 mL)
• Oven
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Storage Stability

Significance and Use:

This test method is useful for determining, in a

comparatively short time, the storage stability or
settlement of an emulsified asphalt. It is a measure of
the permanence of the dispersion as related to time,
but it is not to be construed to have significance as a
measure of other stability aspects involved in use.
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Storage Stability

500-mL Glass Cylinders

EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Storage Stability
Procedure

Stopper (cover)
Place 500 mL
cylinder and leave it Remove 55 mL from
representative sample in
undisturbed for 24 top using a Pipet
a cylinder
hours

Stir the 55 mL, weigh

(50 g sample + 1st
50 g from it into a
previously weighed
previously weighed Next Page
beaker with rod and
beaker with rod and
cover = Top B)
cover (Top A)
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Storage Stability
Procedure

Stir the remaining 55 mL,

(50 g residue + 2nd
weigh 50 g from it into a
Remove next 390 mL previously weighed
previously weighed
using a Pipet beaker with rod and
beaker with rod and
cover = Bottom B)
cover (Bottom A)

Place Beakers 1st and 2nd

Remove beakers and stir
in oven at 163℃ for 2 Next Page
residue
hours
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Storage Stability
Procedure

Return to oven Remove from

Allow to cool
for 1 hour oven

Mass of Beaker Mass of Beaker

Weigh 1st + Residue = 2nd + Residue =
Top C Bottom C
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT : Storage Stability
Calculations

(C–A)
% Residue =
(B–A)

A = Mass of empty beaker

B = Mass of beaker and sample
C = Mass of beaker and residue

Get the difference: % ResidueBottom - % ResidueTop

EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Sieve Test

Apparatus:
• Sieve No. 20 (3 inch dia.)
• Beaker
• Watch Glass
• Graduated Cylinder
• Sodium Oleate Solution (2%) – dissolve 2 g pure Sodium
Oleate in 100 mL distilled water
NOTE: Replace sodium oleate solution with distilled
water in testing cationic emulsion.
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Sieve Test

Significance and Use:

The retention of an excessive amount of particles on

the sieve indicates that problems may occur in
handling and application of the dispersed phase.
Storage, pumping handling, and temperature can all
contribute to the formation of the particles.
Contamination from the tank, transport, or hose are
other factors affecting particle formation.
 EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Sieve Test
Procedure
Wash container and
Record Weight of residue with sodium
Measure 1000 g sample
Watch Glass and Sieve oleate solution/distilled
(A), Pour through sieve
(B) water until washing is
clear

Return sieve into watch Place in oven (110±5℃, Cool in dessicator and
glass 2 hours) weigh (C)
 EMULSIFIED ASPHALT : Sieve Test
Calculations

C–B
% Residue =
A

A = Mass of sample
B = Mass of sieve + pan (sieve + watch glass)
C = Mass of sieve + pan + residue (sieve + watch glass + residue)
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Viscosity Test

Apparatus:
• Saybolt Furol Viscometer
• Erlenmeyer Flask
• Thermometer
• Water Bath
• Timer (Stop Watch)
• Receiving Flask
• Cork
• Filter Funnel with No. 20 sieve
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Viscosity Test

Significance and Use:

Viscosity has significance in the use of emulsified

asphalt because it is a property which affects their
utility. When used in application types of construction,
the material must be thin enough to be uniformly
applied through the spray bar of distributor, yet thick
emulsions, the viscosity may affect mixibility and
resulting thickness of film on the aggregate. The
viscosity of many emulsions is affected by shear.
Therefore, strict adherence to test procedure is
necessary to achieve precision.
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Viscosity Test

Saybolt Furol Viscometer

 EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Viscosity Test
Procedure

Pour 100 – 110 mL Place the flask in

Stir sample thoroughly into Erlenmeyer flask water bath at 25℃ for
and cover 30 mins

Mix sample in the Insert cork stopper

flask slowly enough to having a cord attached
Next Page
prevent bubble at the bottom opening
formation of viscometer
 EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Viscosity Test
Procedure

Pour sample into Fill viscometer Place receiving

viscometer through until sample flask below the
filter funnel with overflows into bottom opening of
#20 sieve overflow rim viscometer

Remove cork from Stop timer the instant the sample

the bottom of
viscometer and reaches the lower meniscus of the
start timer receiving flask
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Residue by Distillation

Apparatus:
• Iron Still
• Stove / Bunsen Burner
• Balance
• Stirring Rod
• MC Can
• Beaker
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Residue by Distillation

Apparatus (for Tests on Residue):

1. Penetration

2. Ductility

3. Solubility
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Residue by Distillation

Significance and Use:

1. The test maybe used to indicate compositional characteristics

of emulsified asphalt. Evaporation residue may also be
subjected to other characterization tests.

2. This test method for residue by evaporation tends to give an

asphaltic residue lower in penetration and ductility than the
distillation test method. Material may be accepted but shall not
be rejected as failing to meet specifications containing
requirements for determination of residue by distillation on
data obtained by evaporation. If residue from evaporation fails
to meet the requirements for properties specified for residue
from distillation, tests shall be rerun using distillation method.
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Residue by Distillation

Iron Still
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Residue by Distillation
Procedure

Pour representative
Stir sample Weigh empty Iron
sample to the
thoroughly Still (A)
beaker

Apply heat slowly

Add 300 g (B) Weigh Iron Still
until water or
emulsified asphalt with sample* after
bubbles disappear
on the Iron Still heating (C)
or foaming ceases

*Set aside residue for tests on residue

EMULSIFIED ASPHALT : Residue by Distillation
Calculations

C –A
Residue, % =
B

A = Mass of Iron Still

B = Mass of sample
C = Mass of Iron Still + sample after heating
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Cement Mixing

Apparatus:
• Sieve No 80 (0.180 mm) – 8 inch dia.
• Sieve No 14 (1.40 mm) – 3 inch dia.
• Mixing Bowl (500 mL)
• Stirring Rod (1/2” dia.)
• Graduated Cylinder (100 mL)
• Balance
• Oven
• Watch Glass
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Cement Mixing

Materials:

• Cement – high-early strength Portland Cement conforming

to the requirements for Type III Portland Cement in
Specification C150 and having a minimum specific surface
area of 1900 cm2/g, as measured by Test Method C115,
Standard Test Method for Fineness of Portland Cement by
Turbidimeter
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Cement Mixing
Significance and Use:

The result of this test method indicates the ability of a slow

setting emulsified asphalt to mix with a finely divided, high
surface area material (high early strength, Type III,
Portland cement) without breaking the emulsified asphalt.
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Cement Mixing
Procedure

Dilute emulsified asphalt with water to a Sieve 50 g

residue of 55%, as determined by the residue cement through
on distillation, Ex. 60% residue: 55/60 = 91.7 Sieve # 80 into a
Add 8.3 mL water to 91.7 mL sample mixing bowl

Add 100 mL
diluted Stir for 1 min
emulsified with rod using a Next Page
asphalt to the circular motion
cement
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Cement Mixing
Procedure

Wash mixing bowl

Add 150 mL water Pour through pre-
with water to
and continue weighed Sieve # 14
completely remove
stirring for 3 min (A)
materials

Pour the washings

Rinse with water
of the bowl
until clear at height Next Page
through the sieve
of 6 in.
No. 14
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT: Cement Mixing
Procedure
Place sieve on
Place in oven at
pre-weighed
163℃
watch glass (A)

Repeat until
Allow to cool,
constant weight
Weigh
diff. ≤ 0.1g (B)
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT : Cement Mixing
Calculations

Cement Mixing = B – A

A = Mass of sieve (#14) + pan (watch glass), g

B = Mass of sieve (#14) + pan (watch glass) + residue, g
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT : Test on Residue

Penetration
Ductility
Solubility in Trichloroethylene

* Refer to procedure on laboratory tests of asphalt cement

CONCRETE JOINT SEALER
TESTS
1. POUR AND SAFE HEATING TEMPERATURE
2. FLOW TEST
3. PENETRATION
4. SAFE HEATING TEMPERATURE
CONCRETE JOINT SEALER

SPECIFICATION:

ASTM D6690 – Standard Specification for Joint and Crack

Sealants, Hot Applied, for Concrete and Asphalt Pavements
CONCRETE JOINT SEALER
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE:

These test methods establish test procedures for laboratory

evaluation of materials that will form a resilient and adhesive
compound capable of effectively sealing joint against the
infiltration of moisture and foreign material throughout repeated
cycles of expansion and contraction with temperature changes.
CONCRETE JOINT SEALER: Pour and
Safe Heating Temperature
APPARATUS:
• Laboratory Melter/Oil Bath
• Thermometer
• Knife/Spatula
• Balance
• Container
CONCRETE JOINT SEALER: Pour and
Safe Heating Temperature

Laboratory Melter
CONCRETE JOINT SEALER: Pour and
Safe Heating Temperature

Oil Bath
 CONCRETE JOINT SEALER: Pour and
Safe Heating Temperature

MELTING OF THE HOT Heat 200 grams of sample

POUR SEALER: Cut sample into approx. 50 with gentle stirring to a
Weigh approximately 600 gram segments by the use of pouring consistency in a
grams of fresh material a knife or spatula. clean container placed in an
sample. oil bath.

Continue heating and stirring

Add the remaining 400 g, in
until the entire sample is at
quantities of approx. 50 g at Pour specimens for all tests
Manufacturer’s
a time to the melted material from this sample.
recommended pouring
with gentle stirring.
temperature.
CONCRETE JOINT SEALER: Pour and
Safe Heating Temperature
SAFE HEATING TEMPERATURE – the maximum or the highest
temperature to which the joint sealing material can be heated without
exceeding the permitted requirements.

1. Determined by further heating the material after preparation for

other tests.
2. Prepare three or more test specimens increasing the temperature
by 110C (200F) intervals.

POUR POINT TEMPERATURE – temperature in which the material

may be heated to pouring consistency. At least 11 0C lower the Safe
Heating Temperature.
CONCRETE JOINT SEALER: Pour and
Safe Heating Temperature

NOTES:
• The Safe Heating Temperature and Pouring Temperature for the
sealer shall be supplied by the manufacturer.
• Pour Point shall be at least 11 0C lower than the Safe Heating
Temperature.
• The Safe Heating Temperature shall not be exceeded, during the
melting of the sealer or at the time of preparation of test
specimens, by more than 24 0C and in no case shall be more than
288 0C.
CONCRETE JOINT SEALER: Flow Test

APPARATUS:
• Mold – 40 mm wide x 60 mm long x 3.2 mm deep
• Tin Panel
• Oven
• Knife/Spatula
• Caliper
CONCRETE JOINT SEALER: Flow Test

Mold and Tin Panel

Tin Panel-Mount
Mount (750 Angle) Set-up
CONCRETE JOINT SEALER: Flow Test

Caliper
 CONCRETE JOINT SEALER: Flow Test

Pour a portion of the

Trim the specimen flush
sample into a mold and Allow the specimen to cool
with the face of the mold
place on a tin panel, fill the at room temperature for at
with a heated knife or
mold with an excess of least ½ hour.
spatula.
material.

Place the panel at 60 ± 1.1

Remove the mold and 0C for 5 hours mounted After 5-hour test period,
scribe a line on the panel at such the longitudinal axis scribe a line at the bottom
one end of the specimen. of the specimen is at an end of the specimen.
angle of 750.
CONCRETE JOINT SEALER: Flow Test

CALCULATION:
Measure the distance between the 2 scribed lines with a caliper, and
record as flow (in mm).
CONCRETE JOINT SEALER: Penetration

APPARATUS:
• MC Cans
• Penetrometer
• Penetration Cone – total moving mass of the cone and attachments
shall be 150 ± 0.01 g
• Water Bath
• Timer
CONCRETE JOINT SEALER: Penetration

MC Cans
CONCRETE JOINT SEALER: Penetration

Penetration Cone
Penetrometer
CONCRETE JOINT SEALER: Penetration

Water Bath
 CONCRETE JOINT SEALER: Penetration

Allow to cool. Place the sample in the water

bath maintained at 25 0C.
Pour a portion of the 1 ½ to 2 hours for 175
1 ½ to 2 hours for 175 mL
melted sample into an mL container container
MC Can. 1 to 1 ½ hour for 90 mL 1 to 1 ½ hour for 90 mL
container container

NOTES:
Place the sample in the stand Make at least 3 penetration trials.
Quickly release the cone for Test points shall not be less than
of the penetrometer, adjust
exactly 5 sec. Measure the 10 mm (3/8 in) from the side of
the cone to be in contact with
distance of penetration the container and not less than 10
the surface of the sample. mm (3/8 in) apart.
 ASPHALT CEMENT: Penetration
Procedure
NOTE:
• Test points ≥ 10 mm from side of can & between test points.
• Return sample to water bath after each penetration
• Clean needle (clean cloth moistened with toluene or other suitable solvent) before
each test
• Penetration values > 200, prepare 3 separate samples
• Report to the nearest whole unit the average of at least three (3) penetrations whose
values do not differ by more than the amount shown below:

Penetration 0 to 49 50 to 149 150 to 249 250 to 500

Max diff bet highest &
2 4 12 20
lowest determination
 CUT-BACK ASPHALT
TESTS
1. VISCOSITY (KINEMATIC)
2. FLASH POINT
3. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
4. DISTILLATION
5. TEST ON RESIDUE
a) Penetration
b) Ductility
c) Solubility in Trichloroethylene
d) Spot Test
 CUT-BACK ASPHALT

SPECIFICATIONS:

ASTM D2026/D2026M – Standard Specification for Cutback

Asphalt (Slow-Curing Type)

ASTM D2027/D2027M – Standard Specification for Cutback

Asphalt (Medium-Curing Type)

ASTM D2028/D2028M – Standard Specification for Cutback

Asphalt (Rapid-Curing Type)
CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Viscosity Test

Apparatus:
• Kinematic Capillary Viscometer (Zeitfuchs Crossarm
Viscometer)
• Thermometer
• Timer (Stop Watch)
• Constant Temperature Bath
• Stirring Rod
CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Viscosity Test

Significance and Use:

The kinematic viscosity characterizes flow behavior.

The method is used to determine the consistency of
bitumen as one element in establishing the uniformity
of shipments or sources of supply. The specifications
are usually at temperatures of 60 and 135°C.
CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Viscosity Test

Kinematic Capillary Viscometer

CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Viscosity Test

Zeitfuchs Crossarm Viscometer

CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Viscosity Test

Zeitfuchs Crossarm Viscometer

 CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Viscosity Test
Procedure

Stir sample
Pour 20 mL into
thoroughly, 30 secs Seal with air tight
clean, dry
(avoid entrapment closure.
container
of air)

Select clean, dry

Bring and maintain
viscometer with an Next Page
bath at 60℃
efflux time > 60s
 CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Viscosity Test
Procedure

Charge the viscometer

Allow to equilibrate in
and the sample at the
bath (about 10 mins)
bath

If t < 60 s, select a
Start the flow of asphalt and measure time viscometer with a
smaller capillary
between 1st to 2nd timing mark to within 0.1 s diameter and repeat
operation.
 CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Flash Point

Apparatus:
• Tag Open Cup Tester – glass test cup, copper water bath,
thermometer holder, small gas burner, ignition taper, liquid
leveling device and draft shield.
• Thermometer
 CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Flash Point

Significance and Use:

The flash point is one measure of the tendency of the

test specimen to form a flammable mixture with air
under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one
of a number of properties that should be considered in
assessing the overall flammability hazard of a
material.
CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Flash Point

Tag Open Cup Tester

 CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Flash Point
Procedure

Fill the Glass Test

Stir sample
Cup with sample Place in metal bath
thoroughly
into the rim

Fill metal bath with Place thermometer,

water until slight bottom is ¼ inch
Next Page
overflow is noted above the inner
at overflow spout bottom of cup
 CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Flash Point
Procedure

Apply heat at a At 10-15°C below anticipated flash point, at

successive 1 °C intervals, pass a flame across
Initial rate of 1 ± sample until flash point occurs (distinct flash in
0.3°C/min the interior of the test cup)

Record temperature
at flash point.
CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Specific Gravity

Apparatus:
• Pycnometer
• Analytical/Digital Balance = 0.001 g sensitivity
CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Specific Gravity

Significance and Use:

Values of specific gravity and density are used for

converting volumes to units of mass as required in
other ASTM standards and in sales transactions
CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Specific Gravity

Pycnometer
CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Specific Gravity
Procedure
Weigh empty Fill
pycnometer Pycnometer
with cover (A) with water

Close lid
Next Page
tightly
CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Specific Gravity
Procedure

Stir sample
Wipe off excess thoroughly and get
Weigh (B)
water representative
sample

Fill pycnometer Wipe off excess

with sample sample, Weigh (C)
CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Specific Gravity
Calculations

(C–A)
Specific Gravity =
(B–A)

A = Mass of empty pycnometer and cover

B = Mass of pycnometer and cover filled with water
C = Mass of pycnometer and cover with sample
 CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Distillation
Apparatus:
• Distillation Flask (500 mL)
• Condenser
• Adapter
• Shield
• Shield and Flask Support
• Tirrill Burner
• Receiver or Graduated Cylinder (100 mL)
• Residue Container
• Thermometer
• Iron Stand with ring, clamp
• Balance
• Cork
 CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Distillation
Apparatus (for Tests on Residue):
1. Penetration

2. Ductility

3. Solubility

4. Spot Test
 CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Distillation

Significance and Use:

This procedure measures the amount of the more

volatile constituents in cutback asphalt products. The
properties of the residue after distillation are not
necessarily characteristic of the asphalt used in the
original mixture, or of the residue that may be left at
any particular time after field application of the
cutback asphalt product. The presence of silicone in
the cutback asphalt product may affect the distillation
residue by retarding the loss of volatile material after
the residue has been poured into the residue container.
CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Distillation

Distillation Set-up
CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Distillation

Distillation Set-up
 CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Distillation
Procedure

Stir sample
Assemble
Weigh empty thoroughly, get
Distillation
distillation flask representative
Apparatus
sample

Calculate mass of Weigh the

200 mL sample calculated mass of
Next Page
using its specific sample into the
gravity distillation flask

Set aside residue for tests on residue

 CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Distillation
Procedure

Insert thermometer Bulb (bottom) of

Place the flask into
through tight fitting thermometer should be
previously assembled
cork in the neck of 1/4” from bottom of
distillation apparatus
distillation flask the flask

Apply heat so 1st drop

of distillate falls from
Next Page
end of flask side-arm
in 5 – 15 mins

Set aside residue for tests on residue

 CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Distillation
Procedure
Conduct distillation, maintaining the ff. drop rates Record vol. of
(drop count to be made at the tip of the adapter): distillate to the nearest
0.5 mL in the receiver
50-70 drops/min up to 260°C at: (a) 190°C, (b)
20-70 drops/min (between 260-316°C) 225°C, (c) 260°C, (d)
Not over 10 min to complete distillation (316-360°C) 316°C and (e) 360°C

Pour contents in the

residue container for
At 360°C, cut off heat other tests desired*
and remove the flask (NOTE: Next page
and thermometer 1. should no exceed 15 s from cutting
off heat.
2. when pouring, the side arm should
be substantially horizontal.)

*Set aside residue for tests on residue

 CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Distillation
Procedure

Record the total volume

Allow condenser to drain of the distillate collected
Cool and stir thoroughly.
into the receiver. (as total distillate to 360
0C)

Compute for the volume

Compute for the residue
percentages at each
volume percent based on
temperature fractions
total distillate collected to
based on total distillates
360 0C.
collected to 360 0C.
 CUT-BACK ASPHALT: Distillation
Calculations

% by Volume = Voldistillate@temp x 100

(190, 225, 260, 3160C) Voldistillate@360C

Residue, % by Volume = Volsample - Voldistillate@360C x 100

Volsample
AASHTO M81-92 (2017):
AASHTO M82-17:
 LECTURE ON BITUMINOUS PAVING MIX
OUTLINE

I. Composition of Asphalt Mix/Properties

A. Properties of Asphalt Cement
B. Properties of Aggregates
C. Properties of Asphalt Mix
II. Sampling/Minimum Testing Requirements
III. Different Tests on Asphalt Mix/Significance
IV. Jobmix Formula
V. Evaluation of Test Results Using the Submitted
Jobmix Formula
VI. Asphalt Core
 LECTURE ON BITUMINOUS PAVING MIX
KINDS OF PAVEMENT

1. Rigid - Type Pavement

- Concrete Pavement
- Concrete Mix
- Cement + Aggregates + Water
- Design Mix

2. Flexible Type - Asphalt Pavement

- Asphalt Pavement
- Bituminous Mix
- Asphalt + Mineral Aggregates
- Job Mix

Asphalt Pavements – pavements consisting of a surface course of mineral

aggregate coated and cemented together with asphalt cement on supporting
course such as asphalt bases, crushed stone, slag or gravel or on Portland
Cement concrete brick or block pavement.
 Asphalt Pavement Structures
(Flexible Pavement Structure)

Courses of asphalt aggregate mixtures plus any

non-rigid courses between the asphalt
construction and the foundation or subgrade.

“Flexible” – The term sometimes used in

connection with asphalt pavements denotes the
ability of such a pavement structure to conform
to settlement of foundation.
 Types of Asphalt Pavement
1. Dense – Graded Hot Mix Asphalt
- Hot mix asphalt pavement, the highest quality among the different types
- Consists of well graded aggregate and asphalt cement which are heated and
blended together in exact proportions at a hot mix plant.
Well – Graded Aggregates – aggregate that is graded from the max. size down to
filler with object of obtaining an asphalt mix with controlled void content and high
stability.

2. Open – Graded Surface and Base Courses

- One containing little or no mineral filler or in which the void spaces in the
compacted aggregates are relatively large.

3. Stone – Filled Mixes

- A sheet of asphalt containing up to 25 percent coarse aggregate
 Types of Asphalt Pavement
4. Sand Hot Mix Asphalt

- A mixture of sand and asphalt cement or liquid asphalt prepared with or without
special control of aggregate grading, with or without mineral filler.

- Either mixed-in-place or plant-mix construction may be employed.

- Use in construction of both base and surface courses.

5. Sheet Hot Mix Asphalt

- A hot mix of asphalt cement with clean, angular, graded sand and mineral filler.
- Its use is ordinary confined to surface course usually laid on an intermediate or
leveling course
6. Asphalt Emulsion Mixes (Cold Mixes)

- Cold mix pavements use asphalt emulsion or cut-back asphalt.

- Require little or no heating of materials and can often be produced at the

construction site without a central plant.
 Courses of Asphalt – Aggregate Mixture
(Dense – Graded HMA Mixture)
1. Asphalt Base Course – a foundation course consisting of mineral
aggregate, bound together with asphaltic material.
2. Asphalt Intermediate Course (Binder Course) – a course between a
base course and an asphalt surface course.
3. Asphalt Surface Course (Wearing Course) – the top course of an
asphalt pavement.
3. Asphalt Leveling Course – a course (asphalt-aggregate mixture) of
variable thickness used to eliminate irregularities in the contour of
an existing surface prior to superimposed treatment or
construction.
Full-Depth Asphalt Pavement – is one in which asphalt mixtures are
used for all courses (layers) above the subgrade.

Asphalt Overlay – one or more courses of asphalt construction on an

existing pavement. HMA overlay as designed to rehabilitate and
strengthen an old pavement, extending its life and correcting surface
irregularities.

- generally, includes a leveling course to correct the contour of the old

pavement followed by uniform course or courses to provide needed
thickness.

- when overlaying rigid type pavement the overlay should be not less
than four inches thick to minimize reflection of cracks and joints
through the overlay.

- greater thickness of overlay may be required depending upon

conditions of old pavement and traffic to be served.
 Two Types of Bituminous Mix

1. Plant – Mix: a mixture produced in an asphalt mixing plant which consist of

mineral aggregates uniformly coated with asphalt cement or liquid asphalt.

Types of Plant Mixes

a. Hot – Mix – plant mixes which must be spread and compacted at an elevated
temperature.

- Hot-laid
- Both the aggregate and asphalt cement are heated prior to mixing for giving
origin to the term “hot-mix”.
- Higher durability and stability than cold mix

b. Cold – Mix – plant mixes which may be spread or compacted at atmospheric

temperature.

- Cold-laid
- Use only for patching

2. Road – Mix (Mixed-in-Place): an asphalt course produced by mixing mineral

aggregate and liquid asphalt at the road site by means of travel plants, motor
graders, drags or special road-mixing equipment.
 COMPOSITION OF BITUMINOUS MIX

1. ASPHALT

- binder of the aggregate

- normally ranges from 5 – 8% mass percent on the basis of total dry aggregates
- the service performance of an asphalt pavement is greatly influenced by the
grade and quantity of asphalt it contains.

Grade:
- grade of asphalt cement normally ranges from AC 60-70 to AC 200-300.
- the grade selected for each project is influenced by climatic conditions, traffic
and strength of the road foundation.

Hot Climate - use lower penetration grades or hard asphalts

Cold Climate - use higher penetration grades or softer asphalts

Quantity - thick asphalt film :

- do not age and harden rapidly as thin ones do
- retains its original characteristics longer
- effectively seals off a greater percentage of inter connected air voids in the
pavement, difficult for air and water to penetrate.
2. AGGREGATES

- most important ingredient, it supplies most of the load bearing capacities of the
pavement, its chemical and physical properties are critical in the performance of
asphalt pavement.
- normally ranges from 92 to 95 percent of the weight of mixture.

AGGREGATE FRACTIONS:

A. COARSE AGGREGATE (CA)

- retained 2.36 mm (No. 8) sieve
- may be obtained from gravel deposits or stone quarries (rocks)

B. FINE AGGREGATE (FA)

- passing 2.36 mm (No. 8) sieve
- sources of fine aggregate are natural deposits of bank, beach or river sand or
screenings from aggregate crushing plants

236 mm (No. 8) Sieve – the dividing size between coarse and fine aggregates
IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES

1. Strength
2. Particle Shape
3. Surface Texture
4. Absorption
5. Gradation
6. Cleanliness
7. Specific Gravity
8. Affinity for Water
9. Soundness

3. MINERAL FILLER (MF)

- predominantly dust, passing 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve
- may consist of finely ground limestone, rock powder, naturally occurring silt,
Portland cement, fly ash, hydrated lime, or similar clean non-plastic finely
divided mineral matter
- it may occur naturally in the fine and coarse aggregates as mineral dust or it may
be added as a separate ingredient
- normally range 0.5 to 1.0 mass percent dry aggregate basis, if hydrated lime is
used, lower percentage limit is applicable to aggregate which are predominantly
calcareous.
 Significant Properties of Bituminous Paving Mixture

1. Stability – it is defined as resistance to displacement under sustained or repeated loadings.

- It implies resistance to shoving and rutting by the action of vehicular traffic and involves
resistance to shearing stress.

Factors Affecting Stability

1. Gradation of the Mineral Aggregate
2. Shape and Surface Texture of Aggregate Particles
3. Hardness of Aggregate Particles
4. Maximum Size of Coarse Aggregate
5. Quantity and Consistency of the Bituminous Binder
6. Degree of Compaction

Test for Stability

1. Hubbard – Field
2. Marshall
3. Hveem Stabilometer
4. Unconfined Immersion – Compression
5. Triaxial Compression
 Significant Properties of Bituminous Paving Mixture

2. Durability – it is defined as resistance to disintegration or deterioration due to the detrimental

effects of traffic, water, air and temperature changes.

Factors Affecting Durability

1. Density of the compacted mixture

2. Properties of mineral aggregates
3. Properties of the Bituminous Binder
4. Quantity of the Bituminous Binder

3. Flexibility – it is defined as the ability of the pavement to bend repeatedly without cracking
and to conform to variations of the underlying base.

Factors Affecting Flexibility

1. Quantity of Bituminous Binder

2. Quantity of Mineral Filler
3. Viscosity and Temperature susceptibility of the binder
 Significant Properties of Bituminous Paving Mixture

4. Skid Resistance – it is the resistance offered by the pavement to slipping or skidding of the
vehicle tires.

Factors Affecting Skid Resistance

1. Excess asphalt at pavement surface

2. Surface roughness of aggregate particles

5. Permeability – it means porosity or perviousness of the mixture, principally dependent on

pore size, a dense graded mix prevents water from entering the base through the surface.

Factors Affecting Permeability

1. Density of the compacted mixture

2. Temperature of the mix
 Significant Properties of Bituminous Paving Mixture

6. Workability – the ease by which the material can be placed to its desired uniformity and
compacted to the required density

Factors Affecting Workability

1. Gradation of Aggregate
2. Consistency of the bituminous binder
3. Temperature of the mix

7. Fatigue Resistance – ability to withstand repeated flexing caused by the passage of the wheel
loads.

Factors Affecting Fatigue Resistance

1. Quantity and Viscosity of the Bituminous Binder

2. Inadequate Compaction
 Sampling/Minimum Testing Requirements

Sampling is equally as important as the testing and the sampler shall use every precaution to obtain
samples that are representative to the bituminous mixture

Care shall be taken in sampling:

- To avoid segregation of coarse aggregate and bituminous mortar
- To prevent contamination by dust or other foreign matter

DEFINITION OF TERMS:
field sample –a quantity of the material to be tested of sufficient size to provide an acceptable estimate
of the average quality of a unit. Field sample is composed of three or more increments chosen at
random from the material as it is loaded or unloaded from the truck. Extract test portions from the field
sample by quartering or splitting.

increment – part of a sample.

lot – a sizable isolated quantity of bulk material from a single source, assumed to have been produced
by the same process(for example, a day’s production or a specific mass of volume).

test portion- a quantity of the material of sufficient size extracted from the larger field sample,
by a procedure designed to ensure accurate representation of the field sample, and thus of the unit
sampled.

unit- a batch or finite subdivision of a lot of bulk material (for example, a truck load or a specific area
covered ).
 Sampling/Minimum Testing Requirements

Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures (AASHTO T 168)

(Sampling of bituminous paving mixtures at points of manufacture, storage,
delivery, or in place.)

PROCEDURE

1. INSPECTION - The material shall be inspected to determine discernible variations. The seller shall
provide equipment needed for safe appropriate inspection and sampling.

2. SAMPLING - The procedures for selecting locations or times for sampling are described in
Practice D 3665-Standard Practice for Random Sampling of Construction Materials.

2.1 Sampling from a Conveyor Belt - Stop the conveyor belt randomly select at least three
areas of approximately equal size on the belt for sampling. In each of the locations to be
sampled, insert templates, the shape of which conform to the shape of the belt. From the
selected areas obtain approximately equal increments of material which will form a sample
whose quantity equals or exceeds the minimum recommended (See Table). Carefully scoop
all material between templates into a suitable container.

2.2 Sampling from Truck Transports - By a random method, select the units to be sampled
from the production of materials delivered. Obtain at least three approximately equal
increments. Avoid sampling the extreme top surface. Select at random from the unit being
sampled and combine to form a field sample whose quantity equals or exceeds the minimum
recommended in Table 1. The sample may be obtained by collecting the increments with a
scoop or shovel.
 Sampling/Minimum Testing Requirements
PROCEDURE (cont’d)

2.3 Sampling from the Roadway Prior to Compaction - When only one sample is to be taken,
obtain at least three approximately equal increments, selected at random from the unit being
sampled, and combine to form a field sample whose quantity equals or exceeds the minimum
recommended in Table 1.

2.3.1 When three or more samples are to be taken in order to evaluate a lot of material,
utilize a random method to determine the locations to be sampled. Select a sample
consisting of approximately three equal increments, from each location, assuring the
quantity of each sample exceeds the minimum recommended in Table 1.

2.3.2 Take all increments or samples from the roadway fort the full depth of the material,
taking care to exclude any underlying material. When necessary, place templates on
the existing roadway to exclude any underlying material. Clearly mark the specified
area from which each increment or sample is to be removed. Templates which are
placed before the mixture is spread will be a definite aid securing increments of
approximately equal mass.

2.4 Sampling from a Skip Conveyor Delivering Mixture to Bin Storage - Select the unit to be
sampled from the skip conveyor by a random method based on the bin’s storage capacity.
Stop the skip conveyor immediately following pugmill discharge. Dig a furrow 150 mm (6 in.)
in depth extending from the top to the bottom of the pile. Obtain three approximately equal
increments from the top, middle, and bottom of the furrow depositing each increment in a
container. The combined increments should form a field sample whose quantity equals or
exceeds the minimum recommended in Table 1.
 Sampling/Minimum Testing Requirements
PROCEDURE (cont’d)

2.5 Sampling from a Funnel Device Feeding a Conveyor for Mixture Delivery to Storage -
Select the units to be sampled from the funnel device by a random method based on the
bin’s maximum storage capacity. Obtain at least three approximately equal increments of
material for each sample by passing a bucket or a pan or other suitable container across the
full flow of materials as it drops from the funnel device onto the conveyor. The combined
portions should form a field sample whose quantity equal or exceeds the minimum
recommended in Table 1.

2.6 Sampling from Roadway after Compaction – Select the units to be sampled by a random
method from the material in place. Obtain at least three approximately equal samples
selected at random from the unit being sampled. Test each sample and average the test
results to determine the acceptability. Take all samples from the roadway for the full depth of
the material. Taking care to exclude any underlying material. Each increment shall be
obtained by coring, sawing, or other methods in such a manner as to ensure a
minimum disturbance of the material.
 Sampling/Minimum Testing Requirements
PROCEDURE (cont’d)

3. Number and Quantities of Field Samples:

3.1 The number of field samples (obtained by one of the methods described) required depends
on the criticality of, and variation in, the properties to be measured. Designate each unit from
which a field sampler is to be obtained prior to sampling. The number of field samples from
the production should be sufficient to give the desired confidence in test results.

3.2 A guide to the quantity of material in field samples is given in Table 1. The quantities depend
on the type and number of tests to which the material is to be subjected, and sufficient
material must be obtained to provide for the proper execution of these tests. Generally, the
amounts specified in Table 1 will provide adequate material for routine testing. Extract test
portions from the field sample by quartering or splitting in a similar manner to Practice
C 702 Practice for Reducing Field Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size or as required
by other applicable test methods.
 Sampling/Minimum Testing Requirements
PROCEDURE (cont’d)

4. Shipping Samples

4.1 Transport samples in containers so constructed as to preclude loss or contamination of any

part of the sample, or damage to the contents from mishandling during shipment.

4.2 Samples shall have individual identification attached giving the information required by the
sample user. Typical information that may be useful could include, but not necessarily be
limited to, the following:
4.2.1 Job for which the material is to be used, giving project number, highway route
number. County, and other pertinent geographical information.
4.2.2 Source of sample, including for plant-mixed samples the name of owner or operator of
plant, location of plant, type of plant, size of batch, and identification of bitumen and
mineral aggregates used in the mixture,
4.2.3 Point at which sampled, for samples taken from roadway, both by station number and
location transversely in pavement; also whether sampled from completed pavement,
windrow, etc.,
4.2.4 Quantity represented,
4.2.5 By whom sampled and title,
4.2.6 Date of most recent mixing, if road-mixed,
4.2.7 Date sampled,
4.2.8 By whom submitted and address,
4.2.9 Purpose for which sample was taken, and
4.2.10 To whom report is to be made.
NUMBER AND QUANTITIES OF FIELD SAMPLES: The number of field samples from the
production should be sufficient to give the desired confidence in test results.

GUIDE FOR ESTIMATING QUANTITY OF SAMPLE

Nominal Maximum Size of Approximate Mass of

Aggregates Uncompacted Mixture, min.
kg(lb)
Minimum Testing Requirements
2.36-mm(No. 8) 2 (4)
4.75-mm (No. 4) 2 (4)
9.5-mm (3/8-in.) 4 (8)
12.5-mm (1/2-in) 5 (12)
19.0-mm (3/4-in.) 7 (16)
25.0-mm (1-in.) 9 (20)
37.5-mm (11/2-in.) 11 (25)
50.0-mm (2-in.) 16 (35)
 Minimum Testing Requirements

1 – Q.T. – For every 130 M.T. or fraction thereof

Size of sample : 20 kg

Tests on Bituminous Mix

1. Extraction – quantitative determination of asphalt content in bituminous paving

mixtures. Asphalt content may be express either as a percentage by weight of total
weight of mix or a percentage by weight of dry aggregates.

Calculation:
wt. of original - wt. of sample
sample after extraction
% Asphalt Content = ----------------------------------------------- x 100
(by wt. of mix) wt. of original sample

wt. of original - wt. of sample

sample after extraction
% Asphalt Content = ----------------------------------------------- x 100
(by wt. of agg.) wt. of sample after extraction
 Tests on Bituminous Mix

2. Bulk Specific Gravity – Bulk specific gravity of the compacted bituminous mixtures
are used in calculating unit weight of the mixture. The specific gravity or density is
an important data in the determination of the degree of compaction of a newly
constructed asphalt pavement.

Calculation:
A
Bulk Specific Gravity, Gmb = -------------------
B - C

where:
A = mass of specimen in air, g
B = mass of surface – dry specimen, g.
C = mass of specimen in water, g.

3. Grading – determining the relative proportions of various particles sizes of mineral

aggregates in a mix, if it conforms with the Job-Mix Formula/Specifications.
 Tests on Bituminous Mix

4. Immersion – Compression Method – this method covers measurement of the loss

of cohesion resulting from the action of water on compacted bituminous mixtures.

1. Compressive Strength (Dry) – compressive strength of freshly molded and

cured specimens.
2. Compressive Strength (Wet) - compressive strength of duplicate specimens
that have been immersed in water under prescribed conditions.

Calculation:

Index of Retained Strength (IRS) – calculate numerical index of resistance of

bituminous mixtures to the detrimental effect of water as the percentage of the
original strength that is retain after the immersion period.

Load Load
Compressive Strength = -------------- = ----------
Area  D2/4

CS Wet
Index of Retained Strength, (IRS), % = --------- x 100
CS Dry
 Job-Mix Formula
Job-Mix Formula – primary quality control mechanism for the production of asphalt
mixtures with a high degree of uniformity that will satisfy job
requirements. The Job-Mix Formula, with the allowable tolerances
becomes the job control grading band. The job control grading
band, however, must be within the boundaries of the specification
grading band. (See Figure)

Each Job-Mix Formula submitted shall proposed definite single values for:

1. The percentage of aggregate passing each specified sieve size.

2. The percentage of bituminous material to be added.
3. The temperature of the mixture delivered on the road.
4. The kind and percentage of additive to be used.
5. The kind and percentage of mineral filler to be used.
 Job-Mix Formula
After the job-mix is established, all mixture furnished for the project shall conform thereto
within the following ranges of tolerances:

Passing No. 4 and larger sieve ± 7%

Passing No. 8 to No. 100 sieve (inclusive) ± 4%
Passing No. 200 sieve ± 2%
Bituminous Material ± 0.4%
Temperature of Mix ± 100C

The mixture shall have a minimum compressive strength (dry stability) of 1.4 MPa (200 psi) or
1400 kN/m2 or KPa.
The mixture shall also have a mass percent air voids with the range of 3 to 5.
The mixture shall also have an index of retained strength of not less than 70%.
All least three weeks prior to production, the contractor shall submit in writing a job-mix
formula for each mixture supported by laboratory test data along with samples and sources of
the components and viscosity temperature relationships information to the Engineer for
testing and approval.
Should a change in source of material be proposed or should a job-mix formula prove
unsatisfactory, a new job-mix formula shall be submitted by the contractor in writing and be
approved by the Engineer prior to production.

Approval of a new job-mix formula may require laboratory testing and verification.
 Table 703.2
Gradation Ranges – Hot Plant Mix Bituminous Pavements
(Mass percent passing square sieves, AASHTO T 11 and T 27)

Sieve Designation, G R A D I N G
mm A B C D E F G
37.5 (1-1/2 inch) 100 - - - - - -
25 (1 inch) 95-100 100 100 - - - -
19 (3/4 inch) 75-95 95-100 95-100 100 - 100 -
12.5 (1/2 inch) - 68-86 68-86 95-100 100 - 100
9.5 (3/8 inch) 54-75 56-78 56-78 74-92 95-100 - 95-100
4.75 (No. 4) 36-58 38-60 38-60 48-70 75-90 45-65 30-50
2.36 (No. 8) 25-45 27-47 27-47 33-53 62-82 33-53 5-15
1.18 (No. 16) - 18-37 18-37 22-40 38-58 - -
0.600 (No. 30) 11-28 11-28 13-28 15-30 22-42 - -
0.300 (No. 50) - 6-20 9-20 10-20 11-28 10-20 -
0.075 (No. 200) 0-8 0-8 4-8 4-9 2-10 3-8 2-5
 Table 703.3
Gradation Requirements – Cold Plant Mix Bituminous Pavement
(Mass percent passing square sieves, AASHTO T 27)

Sieve Designation Bottom (Binder) Wearing (Surface)

Standard, mm Alternate US Std Course Course
37.5 1-1/2” 100 -
25 1” 85 – 100 -
19 ¾” 40 – 70 100
12.5 ½” 10 – 35 95 – 100
4.75 No. 4 4 – 16 15 – 40
2.36 No. 8 0–5 10 – 25
0.600 No. 30 - 4 – 13
0.300 No. 50 - 0–5
 SOCOR CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION
13 – J Midtown Executive Homes
1238 United Nations Ave., Paco, Manila

JOB-MIX FORMULA
FOR ITEM 310 E
BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE
(Max. 3/8” Size Aggregates)
PROJECT :

I. GRADATION
Sieve Sizes
Job Mix Gradation Tolerance Limit Specification
US Standard mm
½” 12.500 100 100 100
3/8” 9.500 99 95 – 100 95 – 100
No. 4 4.750 85 78 – 90 75 – 90
No. 8 2.360 64 62 – 68 62 – 82
No. 16 1.180 39 38 – 43 38 – 58
No. 30 0.600 24 22 – 28 22 – 42
No. 50 0.300 14 11 – 18 11 – 28
No. 200 0.075 4 2-6 2 – 10

II. ASPHALT CONTENT:

a) Asphalt Cement -------------------------------- Penetration 60 – 70

b) % By Weight of Aggregates -------------------------------- 6.06

c) % By Weight of Total Mix -------------------------------- 5.71

II. FILLER:
Hydrated Lime
IV. ADDITIVES
None
 SOCOR CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION
JOB-MIX FORMULA
ITEM 310 E

Specification
Sieve Sizes %, Passing Job-Mix
Item 310 E
½” (12.5 mm) 100 ± 7 100 100
3/8” (9.5) 99 ± 7 95 – 100 95 – 100
No. 4 (4.75) 85 ± 7 78 – 90 75 – 90
No. 8 (2.36) 64 ± 4 62 – 68 62 – 82
No. 16 (1.18) 39 ± 4 38 – 43 38 – 58
No. 30 (0.600) 24 ± 4 22 – 28 22 – 42
No. 50 (0.300) 14 ± 4 11 – 18 11 – 28
No. 200 (0.075) 4±2 2–6 2 – 10

Asphalt Content, % by weight of mix = 5.71

Asphalt Content, % by weight of aggregate = 6.06 ± 0.4%
5.66 - 6.46
say = 5.7 – 6.5
 Testing of Drilled Cores from an Asphalt Pavement

Significance and Use

• Core tests determine the thickness and density of compacted asphalt pavement

Sampling:

1. Specimens shall be taken from the pavement with a core drill, diamond or
carborundum saw, or by other suitable means.

2. Care shall be taken to avoid distortion, bending or cracking of specimen during and
after removal from the pavement.

3. Specimens shall be free from foreign materials such as seal coat, tack coat,
foundation material, soil, paper or foil.

4. Specimens for thickness and density determination.

Sawed specimen : at least 150 mm x 150 mm

Cored specimen : 100 mm dia. full depth

Recommended that:
1. The diameter of cylindrically molded or cored specimens, or the length of the sides
of sawed specimens, be at least equal to four times the maximum size of the
aggregates.

2. That the thickness of the specimens be at least one and one-half times of the
maximum size of the aggregates.

Obtaining of Core Specimens

Case I : At least one but no more than three (3) samples shall be taken for each full
day’s operation.

To ascertain the degree of compaction of the asphalt pavement, more than one (1)
core sample but not greater than three (3) maybe taken for each day’s operation.
When 2 or 3 cores are taken, each core should represent a specific pavement area
completed within a day. Averaging of the thickness and density of the 2 or 3 cores
should not be done.

Case 2 : If no core was taken at the end of each day’s operation and the project ha
already been completed, a core shall be taken for every 100 linear meters per lane or
fraction thereof of the completed pavement. Each core shall represent 100 LM of the
asphalt pavement. Averaging of the thickness and density of the core should not be
done.
 TESTS ON ASPHALT CORE
1. Density
Calculation:

Density (d) = Gmb x Density of water

where:

Density of water = 1.0 gm/cm3

Gmb = Bulk Specific Gravity

CALCULATION OF BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Gmb)

A
Gmb = ---------------------
B - C
where:
A = mass of specimen in air, g
B = mass of surface dry specimen, g
C = mass of specimen in water, g
Calculation:

Field Density
% Compaction = -----------------------------------------------x 100
Laboratory Compacted Density

2. Thickness
1. Make four (4) measurements at approximately quarter points on the periphery of
cores or at the approximate midpoint of each of the four (4) sides of rectangular
sawed specimens. (See figure)

2. The average of these measurements is the thickness (t) of the specimen.

1 1

4 2 4 2

3 3

POSITIONS OF MEASUREMENTS
 Acceptance, Sampling and Testing of Finished Asphalt Pavement

The contractor shall cut full depth samples as directed from the finished pavement for testing.
Samples shall be neatly cut by saw or core drill. Each sample shall be at least 150 mm x 150 mm
or 100 mm diameter full depth. At least one, but not more than three samples shall be taken fro
each full day’s operation. If no core samples were taken during the day’s operation, core samples
shall be taken from the completed pavement for every 100 L.M. per lane. The contractor shall
supply and furnish new material to back fill bore holes left by the samples taken.

No acceptance and final payment shall be made on completed asphalt pavement unless core
test for thickness determination is conducted, except for Barangay Roads where the
implementing office is allowed to waive such test.

The samples obtained will be used to measure the thickness of the pavement. The same
samples will be used to test the density of the compacted pavement.

The compacted pavement shall have a density equal to, or greater than 97 mass percent of the
density of a laboratory specimens. The asphalt pavement represented by the cores shall not be
accepted if the deficiency in density is more than 2%.
 Acceptance, Sampling and Testing of Finished Asphalt Pavement

The compacted pavement shall have a thickness tolerances of – 5 mm. Thickness in

excess of the specified thickness shall not be considered in the payment of asphalt
pavement. The asphalt pavement represented by the individual core shall not be
accepted if the deficiency in the core thickness is more than 5 mm.

If the deficiency in the core thickness is more than 5 mm, additional layer maybe
permitted in order to meet the designed thickness, however, the minimum additional
asphalt overlay thickness should be depended on the minimum thickness capacity of
asphalt paver but it should not be less than 50 mm (2 inches) and that proper
construction procedures are followed.

Method of Measurement:

The area to be paid shall be the number of square meters (m2) of asphalt pavement
placed, compacted and accepted based on the thickness and densities of the cores
taken.
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public Works and Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
EDSA, Diliman, Quezon City

WORKSHEET ON TESTING OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE CORE

Project :
Source/Suppli :
er
Tested By :
Lab. No. : Date Tested
:

Thickness Bulk Specific Gravity

Lab. cm. Bulk
I.D. Station Wt. In Wt. in Wt.
No. Sp.
1 2 3 4 Ave. Air Water SSD
Gravity
Logo

Title: Testing of Bituminous Mixture

Series: Bituminous Materials and Mixture Sub-Series
 Opening course title
BITUMINOUS MATERIALS AND MIXTURE SUB SERIES

TESTING OF BITUMINOUS
MIXTURES
Bituminous mix composition

92-95%
BITUMINOUS AGGREGATES
MIX =

5.0 – 8.0%
ASPHALT
Four test procedures
1st test : Quantitative Extraction of Bitumen

QUANTITATIVE
EXTRACTION OF BITUMEN
FROM BITUMINOUS
PAVING MIXTURE
(ASTM D2172/D2172M − 17)
 SIGNIFICANCE AND USE

These test methods can be used for quantitative

determinations of bitumen in hot-mixed
paving mixtures and pavement samples for
specification acceptance, service evaluation,
control, and research.
 REQUIREMENTS

TEST
TESTS REQUIREMENTS
METHOD

% BITUMEN CONTENT ASTM D2172 5% - 8%

Apparatus needed: Oven

You need the following apparatus for

this test: Oven capable of maintaining
0
the temperature 110± 5 C.
 Flat pan of appropriate
Flat pan, etc. size to warm
specimens, Balances or
test

Scales, Weights, Beaker

1000 or 2000 ml. capacity,
Extraction apparatus
consisting of a bowl
Extraction apparatus
and an apparatus in
which the bowl may be
revolved at controlled
variable speeds up to
3600 rpm.
Filter rings

Filter rings to fit the

rim of the bowl, and
gasoline.
Preparation of Test
Specimens
Sample preparation

If the mixture is not sufficiently soft to separate with a spatula or

trowel, place it in a large pan and warm to 110± 5°C only until it can
be handled or mixed. Split or quarter the material until the mass of
material required for test is obtained.
note: The size of the test sample shall be governed by the
nominal maximum aggregate size of the mixture and shall
conform to the mass requirement shown in Table 1.
Weigh 850 g of the sample.

Let the sample cool

at room temperature
then weigh again, to
correct the weight
of sample exactly as
specified in the size
of sample.
Centrifuge Extraction
Add gasoline to the sample in the pan
and cover, allow sufficient time for
the solvent to disintegrate the
sample, not exceeding one (1) hour.
 Pour the samples with
gasoline in the bowl and
Test procedure : place sample in bowl
place it in the extraction
machine, distribute the
sample evenly into the
bowl.
 Weigh a pair of
Weigh a pair of filter rings filter rings and
fit it around the
edge of the
bowl.
Clamp cover of bowl

Then, clamp the

cover of the bowl
tightly and place a
container under the
drain to collect the
solvent.
 Revolve centrifuge

Start revolving the centrifuge

slowly and increase the speed
gradually to a maximum of 3600
rpm until the solvent ceases to
flow from the drain.
Add
Allow gasoline
the machine
to stop. Add 200 ml.
gasoline and repeat
the procedure at
least three (3) times.

Note - Use sufficient

solvent additions (not
less than three) so that
the extract is not darker
than a light straw color.
Collect the effluent and
the washings in a
graduate container.
Remove filter and dry

Remove the filter ring from the bowl and dry it in air.
Brush off mineral matter

Brush off mineral matter adhering to the surface of

the ring and add these to the extracted aggregates.
 Finally, remove carefully all the contents of the bowl into a metal pan
Remove contents of the bowl
and dry to constant mass together with the filter ring in an oven or on
0
a hot plate at 110± 5 C.
Weigh Cool and then weigh.

The mass of extracted aggregate is equal to the mass of the

aggregate in the pan plus the increase in mass of the filter ring,
plus the mass of pan.
 CALCULATION

1. Original mass of sample = _____________

2. Mass of sample after extraction = _______
(minus filter and pan)
3. Bitumen Extracted, g = (1) – (2)
4. Bitumen Content % by mass of agg. = ____

Bitumen Content % =
 CALCULATION

1. Original mass of sample = 850 g

2. Mass of sample after extraction = 937.7 g
(minus filter (5.8 g) and pan (124 g))
3. Bitumen Extracted, g = (1) – (2)
= (850 g) – (937.7 g – 5.8 g – 124 g)
= 42.1 g
4. Bitumen Content % by mass of agg. = 5.2%

Bitumen Content % =

Bitumen Content % =
2nd test : Mechanical analysis of Extracted
Aggregates

MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF
EXTRACTED AGGREGATES
Significance and Use:

This test method is used to determine the

grading of aggregates extracted from
bituminous mixtures. The results are used to
determine compliance of the particle size
distribution with applicable specifications
requirements, and to provide necessary data for
control of the production of various aggregates
to be used in bituminous mixtures.
Apparatus needed : Balance

The apparatus needed are: Balance

 Sieve Size

25.0 mm (1”)

19.0 mm (3/4”)

12.5 mm (1/2”)

9.5 mm (3/8”)

4.75 mm (No.4)

2.36 mm (No.8)

1.18 mm (No.16)

0.60 mm (No.30)

0.300 mm (No.50)

0.075 mm (No.200)

Pan

Washed
After drying and weighing the test sample, place it in a container
and cover it with water. Add a sufficient amount of wetting agent
Add wetting agent
to ensure a thorough separation of the material finer than the 75-
μm sieve from the coarser particles.
 Agitate vigorously

Then agitate vigorously the contents of the container and

immediately pour the wash water over a 0.075 mm wash sieve.
Repeat the operation until the wash water is clear.
 Dry washed aggregates

Return the materials retained on the wash sieve to the container.

Dry the washed aggregate to constant weight at a temperature of
110 ±5º C and weigh to the nearest 0.1 percent.
Sieve aggregates over sieves of various sizes required by the
Sieve aggregates
specification covering the mixture including the 0.075 mm sieve.
 Record weight of materials

Finally, record the weight of material passing each sieve, retained

on the next, and the amount passing the 0.075 mm sieve.
Logo

Title: Testing of Bituminous Mixture

Series: Bituminous Materials and Mixture Sub-Series
Four test procedures
 IMMERSION
COMPRESSION
TEST
 SIGNIFICANCE AND USE

This test method is useful as an indicator of

the susceptibility to moisture of compacted
bitumen-aggregate mixtures.
 REQUIREMENTS
TEST
TESTS REQUIREMENTS
METHOD

IMMERSION/COMPRESSION TEST, KPA

DRY 1400 MIN

AASHTO
T165
WET -

INDEX OF RETAINED STRENGTH, % 70 MIN

Apparatus needed :Molds

The apparatus to be used are the following:

Molds, Collar, Supports or Two Arched Steel Plates,
Bottom Plunger, Top Plunger and Injection Bar
Testing machine

Testing Machine
Oven

Oven capable of being set

to maintain any desired
temperature from room to
Water bath capable of maintaining a temperature of 25±1 0C,
Balances,
Spatulas,
and Timer
Place in large pan

Place the bituminous mix in a

large flat pan and warm to
110±5 0C until it can be
handled or mixed.
Scrape the sample with a scoop or shovel from the bottom to top
at 180 degrees from each other and reduce the required size by
Reduce size of sample
remixing or quartering.
Weigh 2000 g. of sample

Weigh at least
2000 g of the
sample.

- Note that the

mass of the mix
is dependent on
the required size
of the cylindrical
specimen, 4" x 4".
Place sample in oven

The bituminous mix shall be brought to a

molding temperature of a temperature
slightly above 3 to 5 0C compacting temperature
Wipe molds and plungers

Wipe the molds and plungers with

a clean cloth with few drops of oil
on it.
Place ½ of mixture in cylinder

As soon as the
materials have
reached the required
temperature, place
one-half (1/2) of the
mixture in the
pre-heated molding
cylinder.
(at least 2 hrs. in an
oven maintained at
0
93.3 - 135 C)
 With the
Bottom plunger in place
bottom
plunger in
place and the
molding
cylinder
supported
with
two arched
steel plates .
 Spade the mixture vigorously 25 times with 15 of the blows
delivered around the perimeter of the mold to reduce
Spade the mixture
honeycombing, and the remaining ten at random over the mixture
Transfer quickly the remaining half

Transfer quickly the remaining half of the mixture to the

molding cylinder and repeat similar spading action.
Use of spatula

The spatula should penetrate the mixture as deeply as possible.

Compress mixture

Compress the
mixture between
the top and bottom
plungers with an
initial load of 150
psi (1 MPA) to set
the mixture against
the sides of the
molds.
 Remove the support bars to permit
full double-plunger action and apply
the entire molding load of 3000 psi
(20.7 MPA) for 2 minutes.
 Remove specimen from mold

Then, remove
the specimen
from the mold
with an ejection
device.
Make 4 specimens

Make at least six (6) specimens.

Oven cure specimen

After removal from the mold, specimens shall be oven-cured at

0
60 C for 24 hours and allow to cool at room temperature.
4th test : Bulk Specific Gravity

BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OF COMPACTED BITUMINOUS
MIXTURES USING SATURATED
SURFACE – DRY SPECIMEN
 After molding and curing the test specimens,
you are now ready for the next test procedure,
"BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COMPACTED
BITUMINOUS MIXTURES USING SATURATED
SURFACE-DRY SPECIMENS." It is used in
calculating the unit weight of the mixture and
the degree of compaction of the pavement
 You need
the
following
apparatus
in
conducting
the test:
Balance,
Water bath,
and Timer.
 To perform the
Test procedures: Determine mass of
test, you do the
following:
specimen
Determine the
mass of the
specimen in
air and
designate as, A.
 Immerse specimen in water

Immerse the
specimen in
0
water at 25 C
for 3 to 5
minutes and
record the
immersed
mass, C.
 Remove the specimen
from the water, surface
Remove specimen and dry dry by blotting with a
damp towel or cloth, and
determine the surface
dry mass, B.
Formula : Bulk Specific Gravity, Gmb
Bulk Specific A
Gravity, Gmb =
B-C

where:
A = weight in air, g
B = weight of saturated surface-dry
specimen in air, g
C = weight in water, g
No. AIR WATER SSD S.G.

1 1223.3 722.4 1225.3

2 1218.0 715.4 1220.4

3 1224.1 723.3 1225.9

4 1224.0 720.0 1226.9

5 1231.4 725.7 1233.6

6 1224.4 721.6 1224.9

No. AIR WATER SSD S.G.

1 1223.3 722.4 1225.3 2.43

2 1218.0 715.4 1220.4

3 1224.1 723.3 1225.9

4 1224.0 720.0 1226.9

5 1231.4 725.7 1233.6

6 1224.4 721.6 1224.9

No. AIR WATER SSD S.G.

1 1223.3 722.4 1225.3 2.43

2 1218.0 715.4 1220.4 2.41

3 1224.1 723.3 1225.9

4 1224.0 720.0 1226.9

5 1231.4 725.7 1233.6

6 1224.4 721.6 1224.9

No. AIR WATER SSD S.G.

1 1223.3 722.4 1225.3 2.43

2 1218.0 715.4 1220.4 2.41

3 1224.1 723.3 1225.9 2.44

4 1224.0 720.0 1226.9

5 1231.4 725.7 1233.6

6 1224.4 721.6 1224.9

No. AIR WATER SSD S.G.

1 1223.3 722.4 1225.3 2.43

2 1218.0 715.4 1220.4 2.41

3 1224.1 723.3 1225.9 2.44

4 1224.0 720.0 1226.9 2.41

5 1231.4 725.7 1233.6

6 1224.4 721.6 1224.9

No. AIR WATER SSD S.G.

1 1223.3 722.4 1225.3 2.43

2 1218.0 715.4 1220.4 2.41

3 1224.1 723.3 1225.9 2.44

4 1224.0 720.0 1226.9 2.41

5 1231.4 725.7 1233.6 2.42

6 1224.4 721.6 1224.9

No. AIR WATER SSD S.G.

1 1223.3 722.4 1225.3 2.43

2 1218.0 715.4 1220.4 2.41

3 1224.1 723.3 1225.9 2.44

4 1224.0 720.0 1226.9 2.41

5 1231.4 725.7 1233.6 2.42

6 1224.4 721.6 1224.9 2.43

Sort each set of six specimens into two equal groups so that the
specific gravity in Group 1 is essentially the same as in Group 2.
Group 4 specimen into two
No. S.G. AVERAGE
1 2.43
2 2.41 2.43
3 2.44
4 2.41
5 2.42 2.42
6 2.43
No. S.G. AVERAGE

1 2.43

4 2.41 2.42

6 2.43

2 2.41

3 2.44 2.42

5 2.42
Group 1 or Dry Stability

In Group 1 or Dry Stability (2,3,5), bring the test specimens to

room temperature for not less than four hours and determine
their dry stability.
 Test the specimens in axial compression
without lateral support at a uniform rate of vertical deformations
Test specimen in axial compression
of 0.05in./[Link]. (0.05mm/min.) of height, For specimen 4 in.
(101.6mm) in height, use a rate of 0.2in./min (5.08mm/min).
 Group 2 or Wet Stability

In Group 2 or Wet Stability (1,4,6), immerse the test specimens in

0
water for 24 hours at 60±1 C. Then, transfer them to the second
0
water bath maintained at 25±1 C and store them for two hours
Determine wet stability

Determine now the wet stability of the specimens.

Formula : Index of Retained Strength,%
Index of S2
retained = x 100
S1
strength, %

Where :
S1 = dry stability, kpa
S2 = wet stabilty, kpa
 LOAD,KPA LOAD,KPA
3210
DRY 3300 3253.33
3250
2280
WET 2300 2291.67
2295

IRS = (2291.67/3253.33) X 100

IRS = 70.44%
 LOAD,KPA LOAD,KPA
3350
DRY 3420
3400
2400
WET 2500
2450

IRS = (WET/DRY) X 100

IRS = ____%
 LOAD,KPA LOAD,KPA
3350
DRY 3420 3390.00
3400
2400
WET 2500 2450.00
2450

IRS = (WET/DRY) X 100

IRS = 72.27%