MISCELLANEOUS

CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
Prepared by:

JAYSON R. MARGALLO
ENGINEER III
STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS (CHB)
SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS ( CHB )
ASTM C-90 : LOAD BEARING CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
Strength Requirements:
Individual - 5.5 Mpa (800 psi) Minimum
Average - 6.9 Mpa (1000 psi) Minimum
Absorption - 240 kg/m3 Maximum
Moisture Content - 45% Maximum

ASTM C-129 : NON-LOAD BEARING CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS

Strength Requirements:

Individual - 3.45 Mpa (500 psi) Minimum

Average - 4.14 Mpa (600 psi) Minimum
Absorption - -
Moisture Content - -
SAMPLING AND TESTING REQUIREMENTS

 Delivered units shall be inspected of the following:

* It should be sound (in good condition, solid)

* Free from cracks
* Free from other defects

 One Quality Test – every 10,000 units or fraction thereof

 Specimens - 6 pcs. for one (1) quality test

* 3 specimens for compression test
* 3 specimens for Moisture Content
and Water Absorption
 DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST OF
CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
Significance :
Compression test is performed on concrete masonry units such as
solid load, hollow load, and non-load bearing blocks in order to
determine its strength properties. The test is important for the
evaluation of compressive strength as a basis of acceptance.
Test Sample : 3 – full-size units taken from each lot of 10,000 units
or fraction thereof

Thickness of Steel Plates as Bearing Block : 12.7 mm; min.

Calculation :
Maximum Load, newtons ( or pound-force )
Compressive Strength = _________________________________________
Gross Cross Sectional Area of the Unit, mm2

Gross Cross Sectional Area of the Unit, mm2 = is the total area of a
section perpendicular to the direction of the load,
including areas within cells.
Dimension measurement of Concrete Hollow Block (CHB)

7
Compression test of Concrete Hollow Block (CHB)
 DETERMINATION OF ABSORPTION AND MOISTURE CONTENT
OF CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
Significance
Absorption and moisture content tests of concrete masonry units are performed so as to
determine the actual percentage of water and the absorption characteristic of the
concrete when subjected in a saturated condition. The values of this are necessary in the
evaluation relative to its permissible value of acceptance.

Apparatus 1. Oven with temperature control up to 115 ºC

2. Balance sensitive within 0.5 % of the weight

3. Container for saturating samples

Test Specimen

1. Three (3) full size units shall be used and taken from six (6) units
selected from each lot of 10,000 units or fraction thereof.
Weighing and soaking of CHB specimen for Absorption test
Absorption test of Concrete Hollow
Block (CHB)
 WORK SHEET FOR TESTS ON CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS
Project __________________________________________________________________________________________
Proposed use ______________________________________ Spec’s Item No. _________________________________
Tested by__________________________________________ Computed by __________________________________
Lab. _______________(Name and designation) (Date) (Name and designation) (Date)

Sample Identification 1 2 3
1. Width, mm - - - - - - - - - - - - 150 150 150
2. Length, mm - - - - - - - - - - - 400 400 400
3. Height, mm - - - - - - - - - - - 200 200 200
4. Gross-cross sectional area, mm - - 60,000 60,000 60,000
5. Compressive Strength:
Ultimate Load, kg 66,000# 76,000# 67,000#
Compressive Strength, MN/m2
4.9 5.6 5.0
Compressive Strength, MN/2 (Avg. of 3 units)
5.2

6. Moisture Content and water absorption:

Mass as Dry Wet Immersed

Sample ID Sampled (1) g Mass (2) g Mass (3) g Mass (4) g

1 1570 1524 1678 903

2 1506 1466 1580 886
3 1923 1882 2070 1116
Average 1666 1624 1776 968
COMPUTATION:
Moisture Content, % (1) - (2) 1666 - 1624
--------------- x 100 = -------------------- x 100 = 28
(3) - (2) 1776 - 1624

Water absorption, kg/m3 (3) - (2) 1776 - 1624

------------------ x 1000 -------------------- x 1000 = 188
(3) - (4) 1776 - 968

66000 # x 4.448222 N/1#

1. CS, N/mm2 = --------------------------------- = 4.9
60,000 mm2

76,000 # x 4.448222 N/1#

2. CS, N/mm2 = ----------------------------------- = 5.6
60,000 mm2

67,000 # x 4.448222 N/1#

3. CS, N/mm2 = ------------------------------------- = 5.0
60,000 mm2
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public Work s And Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
EDS A, Diliman, Quezon City

Lab. Report No.: 8-300-05

23 August 2005
(Date)
TEST REPORT ON CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
Project : Imprv't. of MP B, P oblacion Alitagtag, Batangas/Const. of School Bldg. at Cuenca NHS,
Cuenca, Batangas & Const. of MP B Poblacion 3 Sto. Tomas, Batangas
Type of Unit : Concrete Hollow Blocks, Non-Load Bearing
Quantity represented : 10,000 pcs.
Sampled at : Stockpile at Jobsite
Original source : Lito's Builders
Supplied by : MGDJ Const./Juber Const./Bedun Const.
Proposed use : Walling
Spec's Item No. : ASTM C-129
Sampled by : J. Sanciangco/F. Opena, Lab. Tech. II MGDJ Const./DPWH-Bats. 3rd DEO 7-26-05
(Name & designation) (Office) (Date)
Submitted by : Ma. Belen M. Marquez DPWH-Bats. 3rd DEO 8-05-05
(Name & designation) (Office) (Date received)
Lab. No. : 3372-05 (P aid under OR # 3709747)
SAM PLE I.D. TESTS REQUIREM ENTS RESULTS

CICC-2 Dimension Measurement, mm

Width
1 - 120
2 - 118
3 - 121
Length
1 - 400
2 - 402
3 - 401
Height
1 - 200
2 - 200
3 - 201
Compressive Strength, MN 2
Individual Unit
1 3.45 Min. 1.06*
2 3.45 Min. 1.43*
3 3.45 Min. 1.43*

Average of three(3) units 4.14 Min. 1.31*

Water Absorption,kg 3 (Avg. of 3 units) - 250
Moisture Content, %(Avg .of 3 units) - 50
REMARKS : *Sample fails to meet Specification.
Che ck e d by:
Te s te d by :

L. Casanova
T. Urmaza CLARITA C. FLORES
S. Orate Engine e r V
J. Bergonio ATTESTED:
J. Tagalo
Witne s s e d by :

B ASILIA S. VILLANUEVA JUDY F. SESE

Engineer IV OIC, B ure au Dire ctor
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public Work s And Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
EDS A, Diliman, Quezon City

Lab. Report No. : 3-191-05

M arch 31, 2005
(Date)
TEST REPORT ON CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
Project Cons t. Including RROW of Molino Blvd. A guinaldo Highway (Niog Road Section)
Bacoor, Cavite
Type of Unit Concrete Hollow Blocks(Non-Load Bearing ) 6" thick
Quantity represented : 10,000 Pcs.
Sampled at Jobsite
Original source -
Supplied by E.M. Aragon Enterprises
Proposed use Manhole
Spec's Item No. : ASTM C-129 ( Non Load Bearing )
Sampled by M. Cac- Engr. II DPWH-Region IV-A, EDSA, Q.C. 3-11-05
: (Name & designation) (Office) (Date)
Submitted by -do- -do- 3-15-05
: (Name & designation) (Office) (Date received)
Lab. No. : 1108-05 (Paid under OR 3709256)
SAM PLE I.D. TESTS REQUIREMENTS RESULTS
Dimension Measurement, mm
CMB Width
1 - 150
2 - 150
3 - 150
Length
1 - 390
2 - 390
3 - 390
Height
1 - 195
2 - 195
3 - 195
Compressive Strength, MN/m 2
Individual Unit
1 3.45 Min. 4.49
2 3.45 Min. 4.63
3 3.45 Min. 4.56

Average of three (3) units 4.14 Min. 4.56

Water absorption, kg/m 3 (Average of 3 units) - 119
Moisture Content, % (Avg. of 3 units) - 35
REMARKS : Sample meets Specification.
Te s te d by : Che cke d by:
L. Cas anova
J. Tagalo
T. Urmaza
J. B e rgonio CLARITA C. FLORES
Engine e r V
ATTESTED :
Witne s s e d by :

B ASILIA S. VILLANUEVA
Engine e r IV JUDY F. SESE
OIC, B ure au Dire ctor
 MISCELLANEOUS
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
Prepared by:

JAYSON R. MARGALLO
ENGINEER III
STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
REINFORCED CONCRETE CULVERT PIPE (RCCP)
 Reinforced Concrete Pipe is manufactured into five (5) classes:
Class D-Load to D-Load to Concrete Strength, Concrete Strength,
produce a 0.3 produce the Mpa MPa
mm crack, ultimate load
Newton/lm/mm Newton/lm/m Wall A Wall B
of diameter m of diameter
I 40.0 60.0 27.6 Mpa (4000 psi) 27.6 Mpa (4000psi)

II 50.0 75.0 27.6 Mpa (4000 psi) 27.6 Mpa (4000 psi)

III 65.0 100.0 27.6 Mpa (4000 psi) 27.6 Mpa (4000 psi)

IV 100.0 150.0 34.5 Mpa (5000 psi) 27.6 Mpa (4000 psi)

V 140.0 175.0 41.4 Mpa (6000 psi) 41.4 Mpa (6000 psi)

Basis of Acceptance:
 Load Bearing Test - shall be determine by the results of :
a. three –edge bearing tests to produce a 0.3 mm crack and the ultimate
load (strength) of the pipe
b. Absorption test on selected samples of concrete from the wall of the pipe
c. Visual inspection of the finished pipe to determine its conformance with
the accepted design and its freedom from defects.
 Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert Pipe
AASHTO M 170M – 94 or ASTM C 76M -
90aCLASS II REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE - WALL B
DESIGN REQMTS. 600 mm 750 mm 900 mm 1050 mm
1200 mm
Internal Diameter, mm 600 - 620 750 – 775 900 – 925 1050 – 1080 1200 - 1230

Wall Thickness, mm 70 min. 83 min. 95 min. 108 min. 120 min.

Length, mm 990 min. 990 min. 990 min. 990 min. 990 min.

Sides variation, mm 16 max. 16 max. 16 max. 16 max. 16 max.

REINFORCEMENT

Covering, mm 19 min. 19 min. 19 min. 19 min. 19 min.

Spacing, mm 100 max. 100 max. 100 max. 150 max. 150 max.

REINFORCEMENT AREA, mm2 / linear m

Inner cage 150 min. 300 min. 250 min. 320 min. 380 min.

Outer cage - - 150 min. 190 min. 230 min.

STRENGTH, D – Load to Produce:

0.3 mm crack, N 50 min. 50 min. 50 min. 50 min. 50 min.

Ultimate Load, N 75 min. 75 min. 75 min. 75 min. 75 min.

Absorption, % 9 max. 9 max. 9 max. 9 max. 9 max.
 Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert Pipe
AASHTO M 170M – 94 or ASTM C 76M -
90aCLASS II REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE - WALL B
DESIGN REQMTS. 600 mm 750 mm 900 mm 1050 mm
1200 mm
Internal Diameter, mm 600 - 620 750 – 775 900 – 925 1050 – 1080 1200 - 1230

Wall Thickness, mm 70 min. 83 min. 95 min. 108 min. 120 min.

Length, mm 990 min. 990 min. 990 min. 990 min. 990 min.

Sides variation, mm 16 max. 16 max. 16 max. 16 max. 16 max.

REINFORCEMENT

Covering, mm 19 min. 19 min. 19 min. 19 min. 19 min.

Spacing, mm 100 max. 100 max. 100 max. 150 max. 150 max.

REINFORCEMENT AREA, mm2 / linear m

Inner cage 150 min. 300 min. 250 min. 320 min. 380 min.

Outer cage - - 150 min. 190 min. 230 min.

STRENGTH, D – Load to Produce:

0.3 mm crack, N 50 min. 50 min. 50 min. 50 min. 50 min.

Ultimate Load, N 75 min. 75 min. 75 min. 75 min. 75 min.

Absorption, % 9 max. 9 max. 9 max. 9 max. 9 max.
INTERNAL DIAMETER
 Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert Pipe
AASHTO M 170M – 94 or ASTM C 76M -
90aCLASS II REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE - WALL B
DESIGN REQMTS. 600 mm 750 mm 900 mm 1050 mm
1200 mm
Internal Diameter, mm 600 - 620 750 – 775 900 – 925 1050 – 1080 1200 - 1230

Wall Thickness, mm 70 min. 83 min. 95 min. 108 min. 120 min.

Length, mm 990 min. 990 min. 990 min. 990 min. 990 min.

Sides variation, mm 16 max. 16 max. 16 max. 16 max. 16 max.

REINFORCEMENT

Covering, mm 19 min. 19 min. 19 min. 19 min. 19 min.

Spacing, mm 100 max. 100 max. 100 max. 150 max. 150 max.

REINFORCEMENT AREA, mm2 / linear m

Inner cage 150 min. 300 min. 250 min. 320 min. 380 min.

Outer cage - - 150 min. 190 min. 230 min.

STRENGTH, D – Load to Produce:

0.3 mm crack, N 50 min. 50 min. 50 min. 50 min. 50 min.

Ultimate Load, N 75 min. 75 min. 75 min. 75 min. 75 min.

Absorption, % 9 max. 9 max. 9 max. 9 max. 9 max.
WALL THICKNESS
 Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert Pipe
AASHTO M 170M – 94 or ASTM C 76M -
90aCLASS II REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE - WALL B
DESIGN REQMTS. 600 mm 750 mm 900 mm 1050 mm
1200 mm
Internal Diameter, mm 600 - 620 750 – 775 900 – 925 1050 – 1080 1200 - 1230

Wall Thickness, mm 70 min. 83 min. 95 min. 108 min. 120 min.

Length, mm 990 min. 990 min. 990 min. 990 min. 990 min.

Sides variation, mm 16 max. 16 max. 16 max. 16 max. 16 max.

REINFORCEMENT

Covering, mm 19 min. 19 min. 19 min. 19 min. 19 min.

Spacing, mm 100 max. 100 max. 100 max. 150 max. 150 max.

REINFORCEMENT AREA, mm2 / linear m

Inner cage 150 min. 300 min. 250 min. 320 min. 380 min.

Outer cage - - 150 min. 190 min. 230 min.

STRENGTH, D – Load to Produce:

0.3 mm crack, N 50 min. 50 min. 50 min. 50 min. 50 min.

Ultimate Load, N 75 min. 75 min. 75 min. 75 min. 75 min.

Absorption, % 9 max. 9 max. 9 max. 9 max. 9 max.
LAYING LENGTH
 Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert Pipe
AASHTO M 170M – 94 or ASTM C 76M -
90aCLASS II REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE - WALL B
DESIGN REQMTS. 600 mm 750 mm 900 mm 1050 mm
1200 mm
Internal Diameter, mm 600 - 620 750 – 775 900 – 925 1050 – 1080 1200 - 1230

Wall Thickness, mm 70 min. 83 min. 95 min. 108 min. 120 min.

Length, mm 990 min. 990 min. 990 min. 990 min. 990 min.

Sides variation, mm 16 max. 16 max. 16 max. 16 max. 16 max.

REINFORCEMENT

Covering, mm 19 min. 19 min. 19 min. 19 min. 19 min.

Spacing, mm 100 max. 100 max. 100 max. 150 max. 150 max.

REINFORCEMENT AREA, mm2 / linear m

Inner cage 150 min. 300 min. 250 min. 320 min. 380 min.

Outer cage - - 150 min. 190 min. 230 min.

STRENGTH, D – Load to Produce:

0.3 mm crack, N 50 min. 50 min. 50 min. 50 min. 50 min.

Ultimate Load, N 75 min. 75 min. 75 min. 75 min. 75 min.

Absorption, % 9 max. 9 max. 9 max. 9 max. 9 max.
SIDES VARIATION
 Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert Pipe
AASHTO M 170M – 94 or ASTM C 76M -
90aCLASS II REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE - WALL B
DESIGN REQMTS. 600 mm 750 mm 900 mm 1050 mm
1200 mm
Internal Diameter, mm 600 - 620 750 – 775 900 – 925 1050 – 1080 1200 - 1230

Wall Thickness, mm 70 min. 83 min. 95 min. 108 min. 120 min.

Length, mm 990 min. 990 min. 990 min. 990 min. 990 min.

Sides variation, mm 16 max. 16 max. 16 max. 16 max. 16 max.

REINFORCEMENT

Covering, mm 19 min. 19 min. 19 min. 19 min. 19 min.

Spacing, mm 100 max. 100 max. 100 max. 150 max. 150 max.

REINFORCEMENT AREA, mm2 / linear m

Inner cage 150 min. 300 min. 250 min. 320 min. 380 min.

Outer cage - - 150 min. 190 min. 230 min.

STRENGTH, D – Load to Produce:

0.3 mm crack, N 50 min. 50 min. 50 min. 50 min. 50 min.

Ultimate Load, N 75 min. 75 min. 75 min. 75 min. 75 min.

Absorption, % 9 max. 9 max. 9 max. 9 max. 9 max.
CONCRETE COVERING
 Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert Pipe
AASHTO M 170M – 94 or ASTM C 76M -
90aCLASS II REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE - WALL B
DESIGN REQMTS. 600 mm 750 mm 900 mm 1050 mm
1200 mm
Internal Diameter, mm 600 - 620 750 – 775 900 – 925 1050 – 1080 1200 - 1230

Wall Thickness, mm 70 min. 83 min. 95 min. 108 min. 120 min.

Length, mm 990 min. 990 min. 990 min. 990 min. 990 min.

Sides variation, mm 16 max. 16 max. 16 max. 16 max. 16 max.

REINFORCEMENT

Covering, mm 19 min. 19 min. 19 min. 19 min. 19 min.

Spacing, mm 100 max. 100 max. 100 max. 150 max. 150 max.

REINFORCEMENT AREA, mm2 / linear m

Inner cage 150 min. 300 min. 250 min. 320 min. 380 min.

Outer cage - - 150 min. 190 min. 230 min.

STRENGTH, D – Load to Produce:

0.3 mm crack, N 50 min. 50 min. 50 min. 50 min. 50 min.

Ultimate Load, N 75 min. 75 min. 75 min. 75 min. 75 min.

Absorption, % 9 max. 9 max. 9 max. 9 max. 9 max.
SPACING
 Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert Pipe
AASHTO M 170M – 94 or ASTM C 76M -
90aCLASS II REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE - WALL B
DESIGN REQMTS. 600 mm 750 mm 900 mm 1050 mm
1200 mm
Internal Diameter, mm 600 - 620 750 – 775 900 – 925 1050 – 1080 1200 - 1230

Wall Thickness, mm 70 min. 83 min. 95 min. 108 min. 120 min.

Length, mm 990 min. 990 min. 990 min. 990 min. 990 min.

Sides variation, mm 16 max. 16 max. 16 max. 16 max. 16 max.

REINFORCEMENT

Covering, mm 19 min. 19 min. 19 min. 19 min. 19 min.

Spacing, mm 100 max. 100 max. 100 max. 150 max. 150 max.

REINFORCEMENT AREA, mm2 / linear m

Inner cage 150 min. 300 min. 250 min. 320 min. 380 min.

Outer cage - - 150 min. 190 min. 230 min.

STRENGTH, D – Load to Produce:

0.3 mm crack, N 50 min. 50 min. 50 min. 50 min. 50 min.

Ultimate Load, N 75 min. 75 min. 75 min. 75 min. 75 min.

Absorption, % 9 max. 9 max. 9 max. 9 max. 9 max.
REINFORCEMENT ARE
QUALITY CONTROL OF RCCP AND SIGNIFICANCE
 RCP are tested to assure uniformity of quality
 To check compliance with design and other
specification requirements

SAMPLING AND TESTING REQUIREMENTS

 One (1) Quality Test – every 50 pcs. or fraction thereof

 Alternative Requirements:
- 1 - set consisting of 3 cylinder samples -
For not more than 25 pipes cast in the field
- 1 – Inspection Report for each size for not more
than 25 pipes cast in the field
- For cement, fine aggregate and water – testing is
sample for Item 405 (Structural Concrete)
20
TESTS ON RCCP AND SIGNIFICANCE

 External Load Crushing Strength Test

(By Three-Edge Bearing Method)
- Performed to establish that the finished,
shippable
pipe has sufficient strength to withstand the
crushing loads stated in the specification

- Performed to prove the adequacy of design

- Proof of design

 Absorption Test

- Performed to establish the fact that the finished,

shippable pipe meets the absorption limits stated in
the specification.
 EXTERNAL LOAD CRUSHING STRENGTH TEST OF CONCRETE
PIPE BY THREEE – EDGE BEARING METHOD

Significance :
The crushing test can be either a quality control test performed to
establish that the finished pipe has sufficient strength to withstand
the crushing loads stated in the specifications or a proof of design
testing performed to prove the adequacy of design.

Rate of Loading required for Concrete Pipe Tester:

A minimum uniform rate of 120 N/ linear meter of pipe per
second and a maximum uniform rate of 610 N / linear meter
of pipe per second.

Record the load to produce a 0.3 mm crack. The 0.3 mm crack load is the
maximum load applied to the pipe before a crack having a width
of 0.3 mm occurs throughout a continuous length of 300 mm or
more measured parallel to the longitudinal axis of pipe barrel.
 WORK SHEET FOR TEST ON CONCRETE PIPE
Project ______________________________________________________________________________________
Sample identification _________________________Quantity represented ________________________
Original source ______________________________Supplied by ________________________________
Tested by __________________________________ Computed by _______________________________
==============================================================
=====================
Lab. No. _________________

Kind of Pipe: Reinforced Conc. Pipe_______Nominal Internal Diameter, mm: 610 mm Ø

Markings:
Trade Marks ______________________________ Class II Wall B
Elliptical reinforcement markings: ____________ Top ___________ Bottom ____________

Dimensions:
1. Actual internal diameter, mm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 600
2. Thickness of wall, mm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 85
3. Laying length, mm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1000
3a. Laying length, m - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1

Strength Test
4. Load to produce 0.3 mm crack, kg - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------ - - - - - - - 3410
5. Ultimate load, kg - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5681
 Reinforcement:
Type of reinforcement: Circular _______________________ Elliptical ______________________

6. Diameter, mm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5.29
7. No. of lines - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
8. No. of hoops - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13
9. Spacing, mm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 80
10. Net protective covering, mm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----- 40

Absorption Test

11. Oven dry mass, g - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1635

12. Wet mass, g - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1734

Computation

Strength:
(4) X (9.8) 3410 x 9.8
Load to produce 0.3 mm crack /m/mm = --------------- = --------------- = -- 56
(3a) x (1) 1 x 600

(5) X (9.8) 5681 x 9.8

Ultimate load: N/m/mm = -------------- = -------------- = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 93
(3a) x (1) 1 x 600
Total Area of reinforcement = mm2/m

(6)2 x 0.7854 x (8) (5.29)2 x .7854 x 13

----------------------- = --------------------------- = 286 mm2/m
(3a) 1

Absorption, %

(12) - (11) 1734 - 1635

----------------- x 100 ---------------- x 100 = 6%
(11) 1635
 ASTM C 76 / AASHTO M 170
TABLE 6 Permissible Variation in Internal Diameter

Designated Diameter of Permissible Variation, Internal Diameter of Pipe

Pipe, mm Minimum, mm Maximum, mm

300 300 310

375 375 390
450 450 465
525 525 545
600 600 620
675 675 695
750 750 775
825 825 850
900 900 925
1050 1050 1080
1200 1200 1230
1350 1350 1385
1500 1500 1540
1650 1650 1695
1800 1800 1850
1950 1950 2000
2100 2100 2155
2250 2250 2310
2400 2400 2465
2550 2550 2620
2700 2700 2770
2850 2850 2925
3000 3000 3080
3150 3150 3235
3300 3300 3390
3450 3450 3540
3600 3600 3695
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public Work s And Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
EDS A, Diliman, Quezon City

Lab. Report No.: 11-151-04

17 Nove mbe r 2004
Date
TEST REPORT ON REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE

Proje ct :
Subic Port Development Project - SBMA
Kind and Clas s :
RCCP 750 mmØ Circular Class IV Wall B
Quantity re pre s e nte d :
50 pcs.
Sample d at :
Supermix Redi-Concrete Casting Yard
Original s ource :
Supermix Redi-Concrete
Propos e d us e :
Access Road
Spe c's Ite m No. :
ASTM C-76 M Class IV Wall B
Sample d by :
R. Benito-Engrs. Rep. P CI 10-23-04
(Name & de s ignation) (Office ) (Date )
Submitte d by : R. Testado- not stated A.M. Oreta & Co., Inc. 11-8-04
(Name & de s ignation) (Office ) (Date re ce ive d)
Lab. No. : 5990-04 (Paid under OR # 3708704)

TESTS REQUIREM ENTS RESULTS

Inte rnal diame te r, mm 750 - 775 765

Wall thickne s s , mm 83 Min. 100
Le ngth, mm 990 Min. 1005
Side s variation, mm 16 Max. 0
Re inforce me nt:
Cove ring, mm 13 Min. 35
Spacing, mm 100 Max. 65
2
Re inforce me nt Are a,, mm /line ar m:
Inne r cage 740 Min. 498*
Oute r cage - -
Stre ngth, D- load to produce :
0.3 mm crack , N 100 Min. 83*
Ultimate load, N 150 Min. 168
Abs orption, % 9 Max. 3
Note : D-load is e xpre s s e d in ne wton pe r line ar me te r pe r mm of diame te r
REM ARKS : *Sample fails to meet Specification.

Te s te d by : L.Cas anova J. B e rgonio Che cke d by:

T. Urma za J.Ta ga lo
S.Orate ,Jr. CLARITA C. FLORES
Witne s s e d by: Engine e r V
ATTESTED :
B ASILIA S. VILLANUEVA
Engine e r IV ANTONIO V. M OLANO, JR.
Dire ctor IV
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public Work s And Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
EDS A, Diliman, Quezon City

Lab. Report No.: 11-151-04

17 Nove mbe r 2004
Date
TEST REPORT ON REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE

Proje ct :
Subic Port Development Project - SBMA
Kind and Clas s :
RCCP 750 mmØ Circular Class IV Wall B
Quantity re pre s e nte d :
50 pcs.
Sample d at :
Supermix Redi-Concrete Casting Yard
Original s ource :
Supermix Redi-Concrete
Propos e d us e :
Access Road
Spe c's Ite m No. :
ASTM C-76 M Class IV Wall B
Sample d by :
R. Benito-Engrs. Rep. P CI 10-23-04
(Name & de s ignation) (Office ) (Date )
Submitte d by : R. Testado- not stated A.M. Oreta & Co., Inc. 11-8-04
(Name & de s ignation) (Office ) (Date re ce ive d)
Lab. No. : 5990-04 (Paid under OR # 3708704)

TESTS REQUIREM ENTS RESULTS

Inte rnal diame te r, mm 750 - 775 765

Wall thickne s s , mm 83 Min. 100
Le ngth, mm 990 Min. 1005
Side s variation, mm 16 Max. 0
Re inforce me nt:
Cove ring, mm 13 Min. 35
Spacing, mm 100 Max. 65
2
Re inforce me nt Are a,, mm /line ar m:
Inne r cage 740 Min. 498*
Oute r cage - -
Stre ngth, D- load to produce :
0.3 mm crack , N 100 Min. 83*
Ultimate load, N 150 Min. 168
Abs orption, % 9 Max. 3
Note : D-load is e xpre s s e d in ne wton pe r line ar me te r pe r mm of diame te r
REM ARKS : *Sample fails to meet Specification.

Te s te d by : L.Cas anova J. B e rgonio Che cke d by:

T. Urma za J.Ta ga lo
S.Orate ,Jr. CLARITA C. FLORES
Witne s s e d by: Engine e r V
ATTESTED :
B ASILIA S. VILLANUEVA
Engine e r IV ANTONIO V. M OLANO, JR.
Dire ctor IV
THANK YOU
 MISCELLANEOUS
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
Prepared by:

JAYSON R. MARGALLO
ENGINEER III
STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
REINFORCING STEEL BAR
Deformed Steel Bar – surface of which is
provided with lugs or protrusions called
deformation.
 Plain Steel Bar – without surface
deformation
 Grade - Steel bar shall be graded according to its minimum
yield strength

Grade 280 (40) bars are furnished only in sizes 3 through 6 (10 mm through 19
mm)

Grade 420 (60) bars are furnished in all sizes from 10 mm to 57 mm

  Length – available at 5.0, 6.0, 7.5, 9.0, 10.5 and 12.0 meters

 Sizes - 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 28mm, 32mm, 36mm,

40mm and 50 mm in diameter
 Embedded in concrete for purpose of resisting
particular stresses

 Control cracking of concrete structure

 Maintain the structural integrity of the slab between

transverse joints

 Prevents the progressive opening of cracks by

holding the edges of the cracks closely together
 Sampling/Minimum Testing Requirement

 Quality Test (Q.T.)

One (1) (Q.T.) for every 10,000 kgs or fraction thereof for
each size

 Test Specimen :

1 – meter representative of the size of steel bar intended for test.

 Testing Equipment : Universal Testing Machine - main equipment

having 1000 kN capacity
TESTS ON REINFORCING
STEEL BARS
 The test determines the actual size of the bar based on weight
Measurement per one-meter length and determines its variation to
the standard nominal mass per respective size of the steel bar

Variation in Mass, % :

Actual mass of specimen, kg - Nominal mass of specimen, kg

Variation in Mass, % = x 100
Nominal mass of specimen, kg

DPWH Specification:
Variation in Mass, % : Shall not exceed 6% under nominal weight
except for bars smaller than 3/8 in. (10 mm)
plain round. In no case shall the overweight
be the cause for rejection.
Weight measurement per meter length of steel bar
 Average spacing

The average spacing of deformations shall be

determined by measuring the length of a
minimum of 10 spaces and dividing that length
by the number of spaces included in the
measurement. The measurement shall begin
from a point on a deformation at the beginning
of the first space to a corresponding point on a
deformation after the last included space.
Average Height (Height of the lug)
• The average height of deformations shall be
determined from measurements made on not
less than two typical deformations.

• Determinations shall be based on three

measurements per deformation, one at the
center of the overall length and the other two at
the quarter points of the overall length.
Gap (Width of the Rib)

Where the ends terminate in

a longitudinal rib, the width of the longitudinal
rib shall be considered the gap.
The test is intended to determine the yield and
tensile strength of the bar as well as its
elongation, and is used to classify the bars into
grade.
 Yield strength is the maximum stress that
can be applied before it begins to change
shape permanently. This is an
approximation of the elastic limit of the
steel. If stress is added to the metal but
does not reach the yield point, it will
return to its original shape after the stress
is removed.
Load sustain by the Specimen by the sudden halt of Load
Yield Point = _____________________________________________
Nominal cross-sectional Area of the Specimen
 Tensile Strength is measured by the
maximum stress that the steel can withstand
while being stretched or pulled before
breaking.

Maximum Load the Specimen sustains during test

Tensile Strength = _____________________________________________
Nominal cross-sectional Area of the Specimen
 Elongation is the percentage of stretch from
the original length of the steel to the point
of failure, showing how ductile the steel is

Elongation, % : Final Elongation, mm – Gage Length, mm x 100

Gage Length, mm

DPWH Specification:

Elongation, % : See Table (Based on the size of steel bar)

 The test is one of the methods in evaluating the ductile
properties of the reinforcing steel bars.

Reporting : Examine carefully the bent portion for any sign of

cracking on the outside bend and report with satisfactory
when no cracks appears and unsatisfactory when sign of
crack occurs.
 The test evaluates the ductile properties of rebars

DPWH Specification:

Phosphorous Content, % = 0.06 Max

 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public Work s and Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
EDS A, Diliman, Quezon City

Lab. Re port No.:

TEST REPORT ON REINFORCING STEEL Date

Project : Construction of Curb & Gutter Brgy. Poblacion, Ibaan, Batangas

:
Kind of material : Reinforcing Steel Bar (12 mm dia., deformed )
Sample identification : Q-405-01
Quantity represented : 7808.45 kgs.
Sampled at : Jobsite
Original source : Steel Asia
Supplied by : MelJean Construction Corporation
Proposed use : For Concrete Reinforcement ( Dowels )
Spec's Item No. : AASHTO M-31 Grade 40
Sampled by : P. B. Suarez,Prec. Inst. Tech. II DPWH-Bats. 4th DEO,Lipa City 4-03-06
(Name & designation) (Office) (Date)
Submitted by : B. B. Villanueva,Eng'r. II - do - 4-19-06
(Name & designation) (Office) (Date Received)
Lab. No. : 1301-06 ( Paid under OR #2595063 )

TESTS REQUIREM ENTS RESULTS

Tensile Properties:
Yield Point, Mpa 276 Min. 345
Tensile Strength, Mpa 483 Min. 483
Elongation, % 12 Min. 12
Bending Properties: No cracking on outside Satisfactory
Degree bent, 180 degrees bent portion
Actual Unit mass, kg/m - 0.868
Variation in mass, % 6.0 Max. under nominal mass 13.0 under nominal mass *
Deformation, mm
Spacing, average 8.9 Max. 7.9
Height, average 0.51 Min. 0.60
Gap 4.9 Max 4.0
Phosphorous Content, % 0.06 Max. 0.01
REMARKS : * Sample fails to meet variation in mass requirement.
Te s te d by : Che cke d by:

T. Urmaza
S. Orate CLARITA C. FLORES
J. Tagalo Engine e r V
J. B e rgonio
C. de la Cruz ATTESTED :
Witnessed by:

B ASILIA S. VILLANUEVA ANTONIO V. M OLANO, JR.

Engine e r IV Dire ctor IV
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public Works and Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
EDSA, Diliman, Quezon City

Lab. Re port No.: 6-84-06

27 June 2006
TEST REPORT ON REINFORCING STEEL Date

Const. Of 2 Storey RGR Type Sch. Bldg. At Dona Ma. Platon Laurel, Aya, Talisay, Bats.
Project : Const. Of Circumferential Road Around Lake Taal, Agoncillo, Bats.
Completion of Aya-Tranca-Talisay Road, Talisay, Bats.
Kind of material : Reinforcing Steel Bar ( 16 mm dia., deformed )
Sample identification : DMP- 5
Quantity represented : 10,000 kgs.
Sampled at : Stockpile at jobsite
Original source : Top Steel
Supplied by : Revere Construction & Supply
Proposed use : for concrete reinforcement
Spec's Item No. : PNS 49 Grade 275 NW
Sampled by : F. Opena,Lab. Tech. II DPWH-Bats. 3rd DEO 06-08-06
(Name & designation) (Office) (Date)
Submitted by : Ma. B. M. Marquez - do - 6-14-06
(Name & designation) (Office) (Date Received)
Lab. No. : 1718-06 ( Paid under OR No. 2595342 )

TESTS REQUIREMENTS RESULTS

Tensile Properties:
Y ield Point, Mpa 275 Min. 277
Tensile Strength, Mpa 480 Min, 410 *
Elongation, % 10 Min. 27
Bending Properties: No cracking on outside Satisfactory
Degree bent, 180 degrees bent portion
Actual Unit mass, kg/m - 1.508
Variation in mass, % 6 Max. under nominal mass 4.0 under nominal mass
Deformation, mm
Spacing, average 11.1 Max. 10.5
Height, average 0.7 - 1.4 1.15
Gap 12.6 Max 12.2
Phosphorous Content, % 0.06 Max. 0.01
REM ARKS : Sample fails to meet specification
Te s te d by : Che ck e d by:
T. Urmaza
A. Empe rador
J. B e rgonio CLARITA C. FLORES
J. Tagalo Engine e r V
C. de la Cruz ATTESTED :

Witnessed by:

B ASILIA S. VILLANUEVA ANTONIO V. M OLANO, JR.

Engine e r IV Dire ctor IV
Acceptance and Rejection:

 Insufficient height, insufficient circumferential coverage, or

excessive spacing of deformations shall not constitute cause for
rejection.
 No rejection shall be made on the basis of measurements if
fewer than ten adjacent deformations of each side of the bar
are measured

 In no case shall overweight ( excess mass ) of any deformed bar

be the cause for rejection

Retests
 If any tensile property of any tension test specimen is less than
that specified, and any part of the fracture is outside the middle
third of the gage length, as indicated by scribe scratches marked
on the specimen after testing, a retest shall be allowed.
Retests

 If the results of an original tension specimen fail to meet the

specified minimum requirements and are within 14 MPa ( 2000 psi )
of the required tensile strength, within 7 MPa ( 1000 psi ) of the
required yield point, or within two percentage units of the required
elongation, a retest shall be permitted on two random specimens
for each original tension specimen failure from the lot. Both retest
specimens shall meet the requirements of the specification.

 If a weight ( mass ) test fails for reasons other than flaws in the
specimen, a retest shall be permitted on two random specimens
from the same lot. Both retest specimens shall meet the
requirements of the specification.
 PHOSPHORUS IN
STEEL BARS
(by the Alkalimetric Method)
ASTM E 350 – STANDARD TEST METHODS FOR CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF CARBON STEEL, LOW-ALLOY STEEL, SILICON
ELECTRICAL STEEL, INGOT IRON, AND WROUGHT IRON
IMPORTANCE:

 Improves strength and corrosion

resistance but can cause brittleness
or loss of ductility
SCOPE:

 Phosphorus concentrations of 0.02 to

0.25 %
SUMMARY:

Phosphorus is separated as Ammonium

Phosphomolybdate. The precipitate is dissolved in
Standard Sodium Hydroxide Solution, and the
excess Sodium Hydroxide is titrated with Standard
Nitric Acid.
APPARATUS/GLASSWARES:

 Hot Plate/Stove
 Iron Stand with Clamps
 Water Bath
 Filter Paper (Coarse/Whatman #40 and Fine/Whatman #42 qualitative)
 Glasswares:
 125-mL Erlenmeyer Flasks
 300-mL Erlenmeyer Flasks
 25-mL Buret
 1-L Volumetric Flask
 100-mL Graduated Cylinder
 Stirring Rods
 Pipets
 2-L Beaker
 Funnel
REAGENTS:

 Distilled/Deionized Water – Type II (as per ASTM)

 Ammonium Molybdate Solution
 Solution No. 1
 Transfer 100 g of Molybdic Acid (85% MoO3) to a 600-mL beaker containing 240 mL
water and mix thoroughly.
 Add 140 mL of Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH) while stirring vigorously.
 When dissolution is complete, filter through medium paper (Whatman #40).
 Add 60 mL Nitric Acid (HNO3).
 Cool.
 Solution No. 2
 Add 400 mL of HNO3 to 960 mL of water in 2-L beaker.
 Cool.

Add Solution No. 1 to Solution No. 2 while stirring constantly.

 Add 0.1 g of Ammonium Phosphate, Dibasic ( (NH4)2HPO4 ).
 Let stand at least 24 hours before using.
 Use only the clear supernatant liquid.
 Filter just prior to use.
 Phenolpthalein Indicator (10 g / L 95% Ethanol)
 Dissolve 1 g of Phenolphthalein in 100 mL of 95% Ethanol.

 Potassium Nitrate Solution (10 g / L)

 Dissolve 10 g of Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) in water
 Dilute to 1 L and mix.
 Potassium Permanganate Solution (25 g/ L)
 Dissolve 25 g of Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) in water.
 Dilute to 1 L and mix.
 Sulfurous Acid (H2SO3) – Specific Gravity = 1.03
 Nitric Acid (HNO3) - Specific Gravity = 1.42
 Nitric Acid (1+3)
 Add 25 mL HNO3 to 75 mL water.
 Mix and cool.
 Ammonium Hydroxide - Specific Gravity = 0.90
STANDARD SOLUTIONS
 Sodium Hydroxide, Standard Solution (1 mL = approx. 0.00013 g P)
 Transfer 4.0 g NaOH to 1-L volumetric flask.
 Dissolve in freshly boiled water that has been cooled to room temperature.
 Dilute to volume with boiled water and mix.
 Standardization:
 Transfer to a 300-mL Erlenmeyer Flask 0.5000 g standard sample of potassium acid phthalate (KHC8H4O4) previously dried for 2
h at 105 0C.
 Add 100 mL of freshly boiled water that has been cooled to room temperature.
 Add 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
 Swirl to dissolve salt.
 Titrate with NaOH solution until 1 drop produces a pink color.
 Calculate the Phosphorus Equivalent as follows:
Phosphorus Equivalent, g P/mL = A x 0.001347 where: A = potassium acid phthalate, g
B x 0.2042 B = NaOH solution, mL
 Nitric Acid, Standard Solution (1 mL = approx. 0.00013 g P)
 Transfer 6.3 mL of HNO3 to a 1-L volumetric flask containing 500 mL water.
 Dilute to volume and mix.
 Standardization:
 Using a pipet, transfer 20 mL of NaOH standard solution to 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask.
 Add 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
 Titrate with HNO3 Solution until 1 drop causes the pink color to disappear.
 Calculate the Phosphorus Equivalent as follows:
Phosphorus Equivalent, g P/mL = A x B where: A= NaOH solution, mL

C B= Phosphorus equivalent of the NaOH Solution

C= HNO3 Solution, mL
PROCEDURE:

Weigh 2 g sample to a 300-mL Erlenmeyer Flask (record sample weight).

(Carry a Reagent Blank through the entire procedure using the same
amount of all reagents with the SAMPLE OMITTED).

Add 100 mL (1+3) HNO3.

Heat to hasten dissolution.

Next
Page
When the sample is decomposed, add KMnO4 solution dropwise while
heating the solution until a permanent brown precipitate forms.

Boil the solution for 3 min.

Add H2SO3 dropwise until precipitate dissolves.

Boil 3 min to expel oxides of nitrogen.

Next
Page
Adjust the volume to 100 mL and cool slightly. (Filter, if necessary, through
Whatman #40, into a 300-mL Erlenmeyer Flask and wash the flask and filter
paper several times with hot water. Discard the precipitate. Evaporate the
solution to 100 mL and cool to room temperature).

While swirling the flask, slowly add 17 mL of NH4OH, so that no precipitate

forms.

Adjust the temperature of solution to 45 0C.

Next
Page
 Add 40 mL Ammonium Molybdate Solution, stopper the flask and shake
vigorously for 10 min (a very finely precipitate should be formed).

Allow the solution to settle overnight.

Filter the solution through Whatman #42, rinse the flask 3 to 5 times with a
total volume of approx. 40 mL KNO3 Solution to transfer the precipitate to
the filter paper. Wash the filter paper 12 to 15 times with a total volume of
100 mL KNO3 Solution.

Discard the filtrate (liquid part).

Next
Page
Return the filter paper with precipitate to the flask and add 50 to 75 mL
freshly boiled and cooled water.

Shake the flask to break up the filter paper.

Using a 25-mL buret, add enough NaOH Standard Solution to dissolve

precipitate.

Stopper the flask and let stand.

Next
Page
Swirl or shake the flask occasionally, until a change in color from yellow to
white or almost white is noted, then add 2 mL NaOH excess.

Record buret reading.

Remove and rinse stopper with water.

Dilute the solution to 150 mL with freshly boiled and cooled water.

Next
Page
 Add 3 drops phenolphthalein indicator.

Using a 25-mL buret, titrate the excess NaOH with Standard HNO3 until one
(1) drop causes the disappearance of pink color.

Record buret reading.

CALCULATIONS:

% PHOSPHORUS, P = (AB – CD) – (EB – FD) x 100

G
where: A = NaOH Solution used for the Sample, mL
B = Phosphorus equivalent of the NaOH Solution, g/mL
C = HNO3 Solution used for the Sample, mL
D = Phosphorus equivalent of the HNO3 Solution, g/mL
E = NaOH Solution used for the Blank, mL
F = HNO3 Solution used for the Blank, mL
G = sample weight, g
 PHOSPHORUS IN
STEEL BARS
(by the Spectrometric Method)
ASTM E 415 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF
CARBON AND LOW-ALLOY STEEL BY SPARK ATOMIC EMISSION
SPECTROMETRY
 COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING ON MATERIALS
TESTING TECHNOLOGY

MODULE III- SAMPLING AND TESTING MISCELLANEOUS

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
PAINTS/G.I. SHEET/G.I. PIPE

JULIETA C. RABOT
BRS-DPWH
 TESTING OF G.I. SHEETS

Sheet – a galvanized flat or corrugated metal product

cut to the standard or specified length and has a
nominal thickness ranging from 0.2 to 0.80 mm and flat
width of 880 to 1250 mm.

Nominal Thickness - refers to the Total Coated

Thickness (TCT) and defined as the sum of the Base
Metal Thickness (BMT) plus coating thickness.
 TESTING OF G.I. SHEETS

SPECIFICATIONS:

PNS 67:2014 – Specification for Hot-dip metallic-coated

steel sheets for Roofing
PNS 1990:2004 – Hot-dip zinc-coated carbon steel
sheets
PNS 127:2004(Base Metal) – Specification for Cold-
reduced carbon steel sheet of commercial and
drawing qualities.
 TESTING OF G.I. SHEETS

SPECIFICATIONS:

ITEM 1013 – CORRUGATED ROOFING

ITEM 1014 - PRE-PAINTED METAL SHEETS

DPWH Standard Specifications for Public Works and

Structures ( Buildings, Ports and Harbors, Flood Control
and Drainage Structures, and Water supply Systems) –
Volume III
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public works and Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
Lab. Report No. _____________
EDSA, Diliman, Quezon City
__________________________
TEST REPORT ON: G.I. SHEET
Project :
Kind of Material : CORRUGATED G.I. SHEET, 2,400 mm (Apo), 0.40mm thick

Sample Identification :

Quantity Represented : 1,000 sheets

Sampled at :

Original Source :

Supplied by :

Proposed Use : For Roofing

Governing Specs.. : PNS 67: 2014

Sampled by :

: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date)

Submitted by :
: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date rec’d.)

Lab. No.
RESULTS SPEC’S
Base Metal Thickness, mm ------------- ------------- 0.40 +/- 0.04
Weight of Zinc Coating:
Triple Spot, g/m2 ------------- ------------- 100 Min.
Single Spot, g/m2 ------------ ------------ 85 Min.
Unit Weight of Sheet, kg/m2 ------------- ------------- 2.926 – 3.554
Coating Bend Test ------------- ------------- No Flaking
SAMPLING REQUIREMENTS
 SAMPLING – Test sheet is taken from each lot
 Lot – all the sheets or coils of the same material,
shape, dimension and coating designation
contained in an individual shipping release or
shipping order.
 A lot consists of 50 tons or less of sheet of the
same quality rolled to the same thickness and
condition.
TESTING REQUIREMENTS
 One test sheet shall be taken from every 50
tons or fraction thereof for coils or cut lengths
coated in coils.
 One test sheet shall be taken out of every
1000 sheets or fraction thereof for sheets cut to
specified length.
FLAT SHEETS/COILS
CORRUGATED SHEETS
COATING TESTS : MASS OF COATING
Size of : Test specimens shall be 60 ± 0.25 millimeter
Specimen square or 64.52 ± 0.25 mm in diameter. For
material with width less than 60 mm area of
the specimens shall be 1300 mm2 to 3600 mm2

Triple Spot : The coating mass shall be the average

Test value of the three test specimens cut from
sheets as shown in Figure 1.

Single Spot : Out of the three specimens taken by the

Test triple spot test method, the test specimen
showing the lightest coating shall be taken.
Figure 1
SAMPLING OF FLAT SHEETS/COILS
 For coils and cut lengths in coils – test
specimens shall be taken from a sample piece
approximately 300 mm in length by the as-
coated width.
 Three specimens shall be taken at the end part
of the coil, one from the center and two from a
location at least 50 mm from each sides as
shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2
 DETERMINATION OF THE WEIGHT OF ZINC-COATING
(STRIPPING TEST)

TEST METHOD – ASTM Designation: A 90 (AASHTO T 65) –

Standard Test Method for Determining Weight of Coating on
Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Iron or Steel Articles.

Scope : This test method covers procedures for determining the

weight of coating on zinc-coated (galvanized) iron or
steel sheets in coils or cut lengths, zinc-coated
(galvanized) articles.

Significance : This method provides a standard method for

determining the weight of coating for comparison with
specification requirements.
A coating of zinc on iron or steel articles provides
protection against corrosion. As the protection is
provided by the sacrificial loss of zinc, the degree of
protection is proportional to the weight of zinc coating.
 DETERMINATION OF THE WEIGHT OF ZINC-COATING
(STRIPPING TEST)

Reagents : ANTIMONY TRICHLORIDE SOLUTION: dissolve 20 g of Sb2O3 or

32 g of SbCl3 in 1000 ml of HCI (Sp. Gr. 1.19)

HYDROCHLORIC ACID: Concentrated (Sp. Gr. 1.19)

STANDARD METHOD:
HYDROCHLORIC-ANTIMONY TRICHLORIDE SOLUTION – Add 5
ml of Antimony Trichloride solution to 100 ml of HCl (Sp. Gr.
1.19)

ALTERNATIVE METHOD:
HYDROCHLORIC ACID (1 + 1) – Mix 500 ml of HCl (Sp. Gr.
1.19) with 500 ml of reagent water and cool to room
temperature.
APPARATUS:

Balance, sensitive to 0.01 g

Sheet Cutter/Scissor
Steel Tape measure/ruler
Micrometer (For Thickness Determination)
Procedure:

1. Clean the specimens by washing with solvent naptha or other suitable

solvent, then rinse with alcohol, and dry thoroughly.

2. Weigh the specimens individually to the nearest 0.01 g except that

articles other than sheet or wire with a specimen weight over 125 may
be weighed to the nearest 0.1 g.
3. After weighing, immerse each specimen singly in the stripping solution
and allow to remain until the violent evolution of hydrogen has ceased
and only a few bubbles are being evolved, this requires about 15 to 30
s (the same solution may be used repeatedly until the time required for
stripping becomes inconveniently long).
4. After stripping, wash the specimens by scrubbing them under running
water, and wipe or blow dry.

5. Weigh the specimens again, to the same precision as in the initial

weighing.
 CALCULATIONS
GALVANIZED SHEET:

For Corrugated Sheet – When it is not possible to obtain a specimen of

measurable area, the following equation may be used to calculate the weight
of coating:

W1 - W 2
C = ------------------------------------- x T x K
W2

where:
C = Weight of coating, g/m2 of sheet (report results to two
decimal places)
W1 = Original weight of specimen, g

W2 = Weight of stripped specimen, g

T = Thickness of stripped sheet, in. or mm (the thickness of the

stripped sheet shall be determined to the nearest 0.001 in. or
0.01 mm)
K = A constant = 1.99 x 105 if T is in in.
= 7.85 x 103 if T is in mm
 CALCULATIONS
GALVANIZED SHEET:

For Flat Sheet – When the area of sheet is determined, calculate the weight of
zinc-coating as follows:

W1 - W2
C = ------------------------------------- x K
A

where:
C = Weight of coating, g/m2 of sheet (report results to two
decimal places)
W1 = Original weight of specimen, g

W2 = Weight of stripped specimen, g

A = Area of sheet in m2 or mm2, and

K = A constant = 1.55 x 103 if A is in in.2

= 1 x 106 if A is in mm2
 CALCULATIONS OF UNIT WEIGHT OF SHEET (kg/m2)

UNIT WEIGHT OF SHEET, kg/m2:

Unit weight of base metal (kg/m2) + Unit weight of zinc coating (g/m2 x 10-3)

where:
Unit weight of base metal or sheet (kg/m2) = 7.85 x thickness(mm)

Note: Basic unit weight of base sheet per 1 mm thickness

(kg/mm.m2) is equal to 7.85 (1 mm thick. 1 m2 area)

Unit weight of zinc coating (g/m2) = indicated nominal coating

weight; for Z 100 is 100.

Therefore:

100
Unit weight of sheet, kg/m2 = 7.85 kg/mm.m2 x thickness (mm) + --------
1000
 BEND TEST METHOD

Test : One representative sample shall be taken from

Specimen each lot of sheet for shipment. The test pieces
shall be taken for the coated bend test, not closer
than 25 mm from the side edge. The minimum test
piece width shall be 50 mm and a length twice
the width.

Procedure : The test specimen shall be bent through 180 deg.

at right angles to its longitudinal direction with an
internal spacing of one sheet of nominal thickness
for commercial quality.

Bending : Galvanized test pieces shall withstand bending

without flaking of coating or cracking or fracturing
of the base metal on the outer surface of the bent
portion. Flaking of coating within 7 mm from each
side edge of the test specimen shall not be a
cause for rejection.
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public works and Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
EDSA, Diliman, Quezon City

WORKSHEET ON TESTING OF GALVANIZED SHEET/.GUARDRAIL

a. Original weight of specimen, g.

b. Weight of stripped specimen, g

c. Thickness of stripped sheet/specimen, mm

Ave. =
d. Weight of zinc coating, g/m2
e. Triple spot (average of d), g/m2
f. Single Spot (Specimen w/ lightest coating), g/m2
g. Unit weight of sheet, kg/m2

100
(7.85 x t ave. + -----------------)
1000

Tave = ave. thickness of test specimens

Computation:
a - b
Weight of zinc coating, g/m2 = ----------------- x c x k
b
where:
k = 7850 = constant
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public works and Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
EDSA, Diliman, Quezon City

WORKSHEET ON TESTING OF GALVANIZED SHEET/.GUARDRAIL

Right Center Left

a. Original weight of specimen, g. 13.01 13.21 13.15
b. Weight of stripped specimen, g 12.06 12.21 12.13
c. Thickness of stripped sheet/specimen, mm 0.42 0.39 0.40
0.40 0.40 0.40
0.39 0.41 0.41
0.40 0.40 0.39
Ave. = 0.4025 0.40 0.40
d. Weight of zinc coating , g/m2 248.89 250.74 264.04
e. Triple spot (average of d), g/m2 254.56
f. Single Spot (Specimen w/ lightest coating), g/m2 248.89
g. Unit weight of sheet, kg/m2 3.207
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public works and Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
EDSA, Diliman, Quezon City

WORKSHEET ON TESTING OF GALVANIZED SHEET/.GUARDRAIL

100 100
(7.85 x t ave. + -----------------) = 7.85 x 0.4008 + ------------- = 3.246
1000 1000

0.4025 + 0.40 + 0.40

tave = ave. thickness of test specimens = ------------------------------------- = 0.4008
3
Computation:
a - b
Weight of zinc coating, g/m2 = ----------------- x c x k
b
where:
k = 7850 = constant
13.01 - 12.06
Right: wt. of Z.C, g/m2 = ---------------------- x 0.4025 x 7850 = 248.89
12.06

13.21 - 12.21
Center: wt. of Z.C, g/m2 = ---------------------- x 0.40 x 7850 = 250.74
12.21

13.15 - 12.13
Left: wt. of Z.C, g/m2 = ---------------------- x 0.40 x 7850 = 264.04
12.13

248.89 + 250.74 + 264.04

Triple Spot = ----------------------------------------- = 254.56 g/m2
3
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public works and Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
Lab. Report No. _____________
EDSA, Diliman, Quezon City
__________________________
TEST REPORT ON: G.I. SHEET
Project :
Kind of Material : CORRUGATED G.I. SHEET, 2,400 mm (Apo), 0.40mm thick

Sample Identification :

Quantity Represented : 1,000 sheets

Sampled at :

Original Source :

Supplied by :

Proposed Use : For Roofing

Governing Specs.. : PNS 67: 2014

Sampled by :

: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date)

Submitted by :
: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date rec’d.)

Lab. No.
RESULTS SPEC’S
Base Metal Thickness, mm ------------- 0.40 ------------- 0.40 +/- 0.04
Weight of Zinc Coating:
Triple Spot, g/m2 ------------- 254.56 ------------- 100 Min.
Single Spot, g/m2 ------------ 248.89 ------------ 85 Min.
Unit Weight of Sheet, kg/m2 ------------- 3.246 ------------- 2.926 – 3.554
Coating Bend Test ------------- No Flaking ------------- No Flaking
U.S. STANDARD GAUGE
FOR STEEL AND PLATE IRON AND STEEL

Approximat Approximate Weight per Weight per

Approximate
Number of e Thickness Thickness in Square Foot Square Foot
Thickness in
Gauge in Fractions Decimal Parts in Pounds in Pounds
mm
of an Inch. of an Inch Avoinlupois Avoinlupois

0000000 1–2 0.500000000 320 20.00 13.000

000000 15 – 32 0.468750000 300 18.75 12.000

00000 7 – 16 0.437500000 280 17.50 11.000

0000 13 – 32 0.406250000 260 16.25 10.300

000 3–8 0.375000000 240 15.00 9.500

00 11 – 32 0.343750000 220 13.75 8.730

0 5 – 16 0.312500000 200 12.50 7.900

1 9 - 32 0.281250000 180 11.25 7.150

U.S. STANDARD GAUGE
FOR STEEL AND PLATE IRON AND STEEL

Approximat Approximate Weight per Weight per

Approximate
Number of e Thickness Thickness in Square Foot Square Foot
Thickness in
Gauge in Fractions Decimal Parts in Pounds in Pounds
mm
of an Inch. of an Inch Avoinlupois Avoinlupois

2 17 – 64 0.265625000 170 10.625 6.750

3 1–4 0.250000000 160 10.00 6.400

4 15 – 64 0.234375000 150 9.375 5.950

5 7 – 32 0.218750000 140 8.75 5.560

6 13 – 64 0.203125000 130 8.125 5.200

7 3 – 16 0.187500000 120 7.50 4.760

8 11 – 64 0.171875000 110 6.875 4.370

9 5 – 32 0.156250000 100 6.25 3.970

U.S. STANDARD GAUGE
FOR STEEL AND PLATE IRON AND STEEL

Approximat Approximate Weight per Weight per

Approximate
Number of e Thickness Thickness in Square Foot Square Foot
Thickness in
Gauge in Fractions Decimal Parts in Pounds in Pounds
mm
of an Inch. of an Inch Avoinlupois Avoinlupois

10 9 – 64 0.140625000 90 5.625 3.570

11 1–8 0.125000000 80 5.00 3.170

12 7 – 64 0.109375000 70 4.375 2.780

13 3 – 32 0.093750000 60 3.75 2.380

14 5 – 64 0.078125000 50 3.125 1.980

15 9 – 128 0.070312500 45 2.8125 1.780

16 1 – 16 0.062500000 40 2.50 1.590

17 9 - 160 0.562500000 36 2.25 1.430

U.S. STANDARD GAUGE
FOR STEEL AND PLATE IRON AND STEEL

Approximat Approximate Weight per Weight per

Approximate
Number of e Thickness Thickness in Square Foot Square Foot
Thickness in
Gauge in Fractions Decimal Parts in Pounds in Pounds
mm
of an Inch. of an Inch Avoinlupois Avoinlupois

18 1 – 20 0.050000000 32 2.00 1.270

19 7 – 160 0.043750000 28 1.75 1.110

20 3 – 80 0.037500000 24 1.50 0.900

21 11 – 320 0.034375000 22 1.375 0.870

22 1 – 32 0.031250000 20 1.25 0.790

23 9 – 320 0.028125000 18 1.125 0.710

24 1 – 40 0.025000000 16 1.00 0.630

25 7 – 320 0.021875000 14 0.875000 0.560

 U.S. STANDARD GAUGE
For Steel and Plate Iron and Steel

Approximate Approximate Weight per Weight per

Approximate
Number of Thickness in Thickness in Square Foot Square Foot
Thickness in
Gauge Fractions of Decimal Parts in Pounds in Pounds
mm
an Inch. of an Inch Avoinlupois Avoinlupois

26 3 – 160 0.018750000 12 0.750000 0.480

27 11 – 640 0.017187500 11 0.682500 0.440

28 1 – 64 0.015625000 10 0.625000 0.400

29 9 – 640 0.014062500 9 0.562500 0.380

30 1 – 80 0.012500000 8 0.500000 0.310

31 7 – 640 0.010937500 7 0.437500 0.110

32 13 – 1280 0.010156250 6-1/2 0.406250 0.100

33 3 - 320 0.009375000 6 0.375000 0.090

 U.S. STANDARD GAUGE
For Steel and Plate Iron and Steel

Approximate Approximate Weight per Weight per

Approximate
Number of Thickness in Thickness in Square Foot Square Foot
Thickness in
Gauge Fractions of Decimal Parts in Pounds in Pounds
mm
an Inch. of an Inch Avoinlupois Avoinlupois

34 11 – 1280 0.008593750 5-1/2 0.343750 0.086

35 5 – 640 0.007812500 5 0312500 0.078

36 9 – 1280 0.007031250 4-1/2 0.281250 0.070

37 17 – 2560 0.006640625 4-1/4 0.265625 0.066

38 1 - 160 0.006250000 4 0.250000 0.062

 STEEL PIPES
PIPE - A straight, tubular product of uniform circular cross-section
primarily use for the transport of fluids
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways, Bridges, and Airports (Vol. II),
2013 Edition
Item 712 : Structural Metal
Item 712.6 : Steel Pipe
2. ASTM: A – 53 - Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel Black and Hot-
Dipped, Zinc-Coated Welded and Seamless.
- This Specification covers seamless and welded,
black and hot-dipped galvanized steel pipe in
Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) 1/8 to 26 inches inclusive,
with nominal (average) wall thickness.

- Pipe ordered under this specification are:

1. Intended for mechanical and pressure
application;
2. Suitable for welding and for forming
operations involving coiling, bending and
flanging; and
3. Acceptable for ordinary use in steam, water,
gas and air lines.
TYPES AND GRADES

1. Type “F” : Furnace – Butt Welded, Continuous Welded

- Welded pipe 4 inches and under in nominal diameter shall

be butt-welded.
2. Type “E” : Electric-Resistance – Welded Pipe, Grade A and B

- Welded pipe over 4 inches in nominal diameter shall be

electric-welded.
3. Type “S” : Wrought Steel Seamless Pipe, Grade A and B

- A tubular product made without a welded seam.

- Intended for ordinary used in steam, water, gas and air

lines but is not intended for close coiling or bending, or high
temperature service.
- No mechanical test such as tensions, flattening tests, bend
tests are specified on pipe made of this type.
SYSTEM OF STANDARD PIPE SIZES

1. Nominal Pipe Size - Size reference denoting the

(NPS) approximate inside diameter of the
pipe

Example : NPS Designator

1/8
1/4
3/8

2. Weight Classification or Schedule Number or both

Example: Weight Class Schedule No.

STD 40
XS 80
XXS 120
 WEIGHT CLASSIFICATION

1. Standard Weights (STD) - Schedule 40

2. Extra-Strong Weights (XS) - Schedule 80
3. Double-Extra Strong Weights (XXS)

SCHEDULE NUMBER
Schedule of wall thickness based on minimum pressure-stress ratios.

Schedules: 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180

3. Outside diameter and nominal wall thickness

Example:
Outside
NPS Wall Thickness Weight Schedule
Diameter
Number
Designator in (mm) in (mm) Class
3/8 0.675 (17.1) 0.091 (2.31) STD 40
0.126 (3.20) XS 80
FINISH: Black or Galvanized
END FINISH: Plain End or Threaded and Coupled
LENGTHS: Specific or Random
1. Standard weight pipe shall be in single random length of
16 to 22 ft. (4.9 to 6.7 m), but not more than 5 percent
of the total number of threaded lengths may be jointers
(two pieces coupled together). When ordered with plain
ends, 5 percent may be in lengths of 12 to 16 ft. (3.7 to
4.7 m).

2. Extra-strong and double-extra strong pipe shall be in

random lengths of 12 to 22 ft. (3.7 to 6.7 m), five
percent may be in lengths of 6 to 12 ft. (1.8 to 3.7 m).

3. Unless otherwise specified, the length of the pipe shall be

6 m.
 GALVANIZED PIPE

Galvanized Pipe - shall be coated with zinc inside and outside by the hot-
dip process.
SAMPLING AND MINUM TESTING REQUIREMENTS:
Test Specimen - Test specimens for determinations of weight of coating
shall be cut approximately 4 inches in length.
Number of Test - Two test specimens for the determination of weight of
coating shall be taken, one from each end of one length of
galvanized pipe selected at random from each lot of 500
lengths or fraction thereof, of each size.

Length - Is defined as the length as ordered.

Lot - Consists of not more that 500 lengths of pipe of the same
type, grade, size and mass.
Weight of Coating
Test - Weight of zinc coating shall be determined by a stripping test
in accordance with Test Method ASTM A 90
Retest - If the weight of coating of any lot does not conform to the
requirements specified, re-tests of two additional pipes from
the same lot shall be made, each of which shall conform to
the requirements specified.
 TESTS/SPECIFICATION (ASTM: A-53)

Weight of - The weight of zinc coating shall be not less than 0.55
Coating kg/m2 (550 g/m2) as determined from the average
results of the two specimens and not less than 0.49
kg/m2 (490 g/m2) for either of these specimens.

The weight of coating shall be calculated by dividing

the total weight of zinc inside plus outside by the total
area inside plus outside of the surface coated.

Thickness : The minimum wall thickness at any point shall be not

more than 12.5% under the nominal wall thickness
specified. The minimum wall thickness on inspection
shall conform to the requirement in Table X2.4 (ASTM
A-53)
Wall thickness measurements shall be made with
mechanical caliper.
 DETERMINATION OF THE WEIGHT OF ZINC-COATING (STRIPPING TEST)

Test Method - ASTM Designation: A 90 (AASHTO T 65) – Standard Test

Method for Determining Weight of Coating on Zinc-Coated
(Galvanized Iron or Steel Articles).

Scope - This test method covers procedures for determining the

weight of coating on zinc-coated (galvanized) iron or steel
sheets in coils or cut lengths, zinc-coated (galvanized) wire,
and other zinc-coated (galvanized) articles.

Significance - This method provides a standard method for determining

the weight of coating for comparison with specification
requirements.

A coating of zinc on iron or steel articles provides protection

against corrosion, As the protection is provided by the
sacrificial loss of zinc, the degree of protection is
proportional to the weight of zinc coating.
 DETERMINATION OF THE WEIGHT OF ZINC-COATING (STRIPPING TEST)

Reagents - ANTIMONY TRICHLORIDE SOLUTION: dissolve 20 g of

Sb2O3 or 32 g of SbCl3 in 1000 ml of HCl (Sp. Gr. 1.19)

- HYDROCHLORIC ACID:
Concentrated (Sp. Gr. 1.19)

- STANDARD METHOD:
HYDROCHLORIC ANTIMONY TRICHLORIDE SOLUTION –
Add 5 ml of Antimony trichloride solution to 100 ml of HCl
(Sp. Gr. 1.19).

ALTERNATIVE METHOD:
HYDROCHLORIC ACID (1 + 1) – Mix 500 ml of HCl (Sp.
Gr. 1.19) with 500 ml of reagent water and cool to room
temperature.
 DETERMINATION OF THE WEIGHT OF ZINC-COATING (STRIPPING TEST)

Apparatus - Balance, sensitive to 0.1 g, Caliper

Procedure:

1. Clean the specimens by washing with solvent naptha or other suitable

solvent, then rinse with alcohol, and dry thoroughly.
2. Weigh the specimens individually to the nearest 0.01 g except that
articles other than sheet or wire with a specimen weight over 125 may
be weighed to the nearest 0.1 g.
3. After weighing, immerse each specimen singly in the stripping solution
and allow to remain until the violent evolution of hydrogen has ceased
and only a few bubbles are being evolved, this requires about 15 to 30
s (the same solution may be used repeatedly until the time required for
stripping becomes inconveniently long).
4. After stripping, wash the specimens by scrubbing them under running
water, and wipe or blow dry.
5. Weigh the specimens again, to the same precision as in the initial
weighing.
CALCULATIONS : Calculate the weight of zinc-coating of galvanized pipe
as follows:

(W1 - W2)
C = --------------------------- x K
A

where: C = Weight of coating, g/m2 of surface

W1 = Original weight of specimen, g

W2 = Weight of stripped specimen, g

A = A = dh
Coated area of original specimens, in2 or mm2

= 1.55 x 103, if A is in in2

K constant =
= 1 x 106, if A is in mm2
L - 14459 – G.I.Pipe (1” )

Worksheet on Testing of Galvanized Pipe

I II
a. Original weight of specimen, g 300.60 303.05
b. Weight of stripped specimen, g. 283.98 286.64
c. Thickness of stripped specimen, mm 3.5 3.5
3.4 3.6
3.5 3.4
3.4 3.6
Average 3.45 3.525
L - 14459 – G.I.Pipe (1” )

Worksheet on Testing of Galvanized Pipe

I II
d. Height of Specimen, mm 101.2 101.1
101.4 101.3
101.3 101.2
101.4 101.1
Average 101.325 101.175

e. Outside diameter of stripped 34.0 33.8

specimen, mm 34.0 33.9
34.0 34.0
33.8 33.8
Average 33.95 33.875
 L - 14459 – G.I.Pipe (1” )
Worksheet on Testing of Galvanized Pipe
I II

f. Inside diameter of stripped specimen, 27.4 26.9

mm 27.2 27.4
27.6 27.3
27.3 27.2
Average 27.375 27.2
g. Coated area of original specimen, mm2 19521.135 19412.773

Coated area of original specimen, m2 0.019521135 0.019412773

A0 + A 1
A0 = 3.1416 x e x d
A1 = 3.1416 x f x d
h. Weight of zinc Coating, g/m2 851 845
Average 848
Computation:
a - b
Weight of Zinc Coating, g/m2 = ------------ x 1 x 106
g

tn = Ave.nominal thickness, mm = (3.45 + 3.525)/2 = 3.49

tm = Wall Thickness = 3.49 x 0.875 = 3.05 mm
Spec’s = 2.95 mm Min.
(See Table X2.4 ASTM 53)
 “STANDARD WEIGHT” PIPE (SCHEDULE 40)

Table x2.4 : Table of Minimum Wall Thickness on Inspection for

Nominal (Average) Pipe Wall Thicknesses

To calculate minimum wall thickness from nominal (average) wall

thickness:
tn x 0.875 = tm
Where:
tn = nominal (average) wall thickness, in. (mm)
tm = minimum wall thickness, in. (mm)
 “STANDARD WEIGHT” PIPE (SCHEDULE 40)

Nominal (Average) Minimum Thickness on

NPS Designator
Thickness (tn), in. (mm) Inspection tm,in .(mm)
1/8 0.068 (1.73) 0.060 (1.52)
¼ 0.088 (2.24) 0.077 (1.96)
3/8 0.091 (2.31) 0.080 (2.03)
½ 0.109 (2.77) 0.095 (2.41)
¾ 0.113 (2.87) 0.099 (2.51)
1 0.133 (3.38) 0.116 (2.95)
1-1/4 0.140 (3.56) 0.122 (3.10)
1-1/2 0.145 (3.68) 0.127 (3.23)
2 0.154 (3.91) 0.135 (3.43)
2-1/2 0.203 (5.16) 0.178 (4.52)
3 0.216 (5.49) 0.189 (4.80)
3-1/2 0.226 (5.74) 0.198 (5.03)
 STANDARDWEIGHT PIPE (SCHEDULE 40)

Nominal (Average) Minimum Thickness on

NPS Designator
Thickness (tn), in. (mm) Inspection tm,in .(mm)
4 0.237 (6.02) 0.207 (5.26)
5 0.258 (6.55) 0.226 (5.74)
6 0.280 (7.11) 0.245 (6.22)
8 0.322 (8.18) 0.282 (7.16)
10 0.365 (9.27) 0.319 (8.10)
12 0.406 (10.31) 0.355 (9.02)
14 0.438 (11.13) 0.383 (9.73)
16 0.500 (12.70) 0.438 (11.13)
18 0.562 (14.7) 0.492 (12.50)
20 0.594 (15.09) 0.520 (13.21)
24 0.688 (17.48) 0.602 (15.29)
Paint - is consists of white or colored solids suspended
in liquid, which when applied to a suitable
surface, generally form a continuous solid film
by oxidation or evaporation.
- is a mixture of insoluble particles of pigment
suspended in a continuous organic or aqueous
vehicle.

- is a mixture consisting of vehicles or binders

with or without coloring pigments, adjusted and
diluted with correct amounts and types of
solvents and additives, which when applied on a
surface forms an adherent and continuous film.
PIGMENTS
BINDERS
SOLVENTS
ADDITIVES

APPLICATIONS:

BRUSH ROLLER

SPRAY DIPPING

PAINT FILM

SUBSTRATE
 PAINT PROVIDES
 PROTECTION
 DECORATION
 SANITATION
 IDENTIFICATION
 SAFETY
 OTHER FUNCTIONAL
PROPERTIES
PIGMENT - is the solid portion of paint, the finely
divided solid particles used in paint.

- consist of finely divided natural or

synthetic solids. They may be either
organic or inorganic in origin.
Pigments were originally employed solely
to impart color and hiding power.
However, they also influence many other
properties of paint. Paint is seldom
composed of a single pigment.
Combination must be considered in terms
of their effect on settling, sagging,
workability, stability after exposure, and
the ability to protect organic vehicle
binders from the damaging rays of the
sun.
EXTENDERS - are inert materials which are added
to the paint to increase the volume
without duly increasing the cost.
When mixed with oils, they have
very little hiding power, but they
are necessary in paints to prevent
the active body material from
settling to the bottom of the
container in a solid mass. Large
amount will decrease durability and
increase chalking. Good exterior
paint should not contain more than
ten (10%) percent extenders.
 PIGMENTS
(COLORING)

PRIMARY EXTENDER
PIGMENTS PIGMENTS

FILLERS
ORGANIC INERTS
REINFORCING
INORGANIC MATERIALS
 FUNCTIONS OF THE PIGMENT
A. IMPART OPACITY
B. IMPART DECORATIVE COLOR
C. GIVE STRENGTH TO THE FILM
D. INCREASE CHEMICAL AND
ATMOSPHERIC EXPOSURE
RESISTANCE
E. CONTRIBUTE TO REGULATION OF
THE VISCOSITY
A. WHITE (HIDING OR PRIME PIGMENTS)
a. Titanium Dioxide
b. Zinc Pigments
1. Zinc Oxide + Leaded Zinc Oxide
2. Zinc Sulfide
3. Lithopone
c. Lead Pigments
1. Basic Lead Carbonate
2. Basic Lead Sulfate
3. Basic Lead Silicate
4. Basic Lead Silico Sulfate
5. Dibasic Lead Phosphite
d. Antimony Oxide
e. Zirconium Oxide
f. Potassium Titanate
B. EXTENDER (FILLER) PIGMENTS
a. Carbonates
1. Calcium Carbonate, Natural
2. Calcium Carbonate, Synthetic

b. Silicas
1. Natural Silica – Amorphous, Crytaline, Diatomaceous,
Microcrystaline
2. Synthetic – Precipitated, Pyrogenic, Acrogels, Hydrogels
c. Silicates
1. Aluminum Silicate (Raolin)
2. Calcium Silicate, Natural
3. Calcium Silicate, Synthetic
4. Sodium Aluminosilicate
5. Magnesium Silicate (Talc)
6. Magnesium Silicate (Asbestos)
7. Aluminum Potassium Silicate (Mica)
8. Hydrated Magnesium Aluminum Silicate (Fuller’s earth)
B. EXTENDER (FILLER) PIGMENTS
d. Sulfates
1. Barium Sulfate, Natural (Barytes)
2. Barium Sulfate, Synthetic (Blanc Fixe)
3. Calcium Sulfate, Anhydrous)
4. Hydrated Aluminum Oxide
5. Diatomeceous Calcite
6. Pumice
7. Satin White
8. Perlite, Expended
9. Light Alumina Hydrate
C. COLORED PIGMENTS, INORGANIC
a. Oxides
1. Iron Oxide Pigments, Natural
2. Iron Oxide Pigments, Synthetic
Red Iron Oxide
Yellow Iron Oxide
Brown Iron Oxide

b. Chromates
1. Lead Chromates
Chrome Yellow + Orange
Normal Lead Silico Chromate
2. Molybdate Orange
3. Chrome Green Pigments
c. Cadmium Pigments
1. Cadmium Sulfide Pigments
2. Cadmium/Mercury Sulfide
C. COLORED PIGMENTS, INORGANIC
d. Ferriferrocyanide Pigment (Iron Blues)

e. Other Inorganic Color Pigments

1. Ultramarine Pigments
2. Mercuric Sulfide (Vermillion)
3. Synthetic Inorganic Complexes
D. COLORED PIGMENTS, ORGANIC
a. Pigment Green B (Nitroso Pigment)
b. Lake of Acid Yellow I
c. Monoazo Pigments
1. Hansa Yellows _ Orange Pigment
2. Orthonitraniline + Dinitraniline Orange
3. Toluidine, Para and Chloronitraniline Reds
4. Napthol Red and Brown Pigments
5. Nickel Azo Yellow
6. Hello Bordeaux BL
7. Red Lake C
8. Lithol + Rubine Pigments
9. Miscellaneous BGN Pigments
Permanent Red 2B
Bon Maroon
10. Pigment scarlet 3B Lakes
11. Scarlet 2R Lakes
12. Tartrazine + Anthosine Lakes
D. COLORED PIGMENTS, ORGANIC
d. Diazo Pigments
1. Diarylide Yellows and Orange Pigments
2. Pyrazdone Pigment
3. Dianisidine Blue
e. Alkali Blues
f. Peacock Blue Lakes
g. Phloxine
h. Quinacridones
i. Carbazole Dioxazine Violet
j. Alizarine Lake
k. Vat Pigments
l. Phthalocyanine
m. Carmine Lake
n. Tetrachloroisoindolinones
E. BLACK PIGMENTS
1. Carbon Black Pigments
2. Graphite
3. Black Iron Oxides
4. Copper/Chrome Complex Black
5. Aniline Black
6. Logwood Black
F. METALLIC PIGMENTS
1. Aluminum Pigment
2. Copper/Copper Alloy Powders
3. Zinc Dust
4. Stainless Steel Pigment
G. METAL PROTECTIVE PIGMENTS
1. Red Lead
2. Zinc + Strontium Chromates
3. White Molybdate Pigment
4. Calcium Plumbate
H. NACREOUS (PEARLESCENT) PIGMENT
I. LUMINESCENT PIGMENT
1. Organic
2. Inorganic

J. FUNCTIONAL PIGMENTS
1. Anti-Fouling Pigment
a Cuprous Oxide
b. Mercuric Oxide
VEHICLE - is the liquid portion of paint. The
vehicle includes binders to hold the
pigment in place, driers to speed
the formation of the film,
stabilizers and emulsifiers to
improve the working qualities, and
volatile substances such as
solvents or thinners, which
evaporate and leave a solid film. The
function of the vehicle is to carry the
pigment and bind it in a film.
 The Vehicle is Consists of:

Volatile Vehicle - Consists of volatile solvents and

thinners which facilitate
application, which evaporate and
leave a solid film.

Non-Volatile - a non-volatile binder which

Vehicle remains as an integral part of the
paint film to bind the pigment
particles together. It is the binder
that determines adhesion of the
film to the surface, as well as the
protective qualities and durability
of the paint. Most binders consist
of drying oils, resins or a mixture
of the two.
BINDER - in paint, binder is the media that bind the
pigment together in a uniformly dispersed
manner to hold the pigments to the substrate
with the binder itself to give a protective and
decorative finishes.
BINDERS - are of considerable important in paint
formulation since it control to a great extent,
many of the fundamental properties of paints
which are:

- the ease and manner of application

- speed of drying under various conditions
- hardness
- gloss
- adhesion of the film
- performance under various conditions
 MOST BINDERS CONSISTS OF:
DRYING OILS - These are vegetable oils that dry by oxidation
with the aid of driers for faster dry. It is the
essential film forming material which
dries to a more or less hard film. Its main
function is to contribute flexibility and
durability on exposure.
Most commonly used drying oils are:
1. Alkali refined linseed oil – for house paint and toy enamel
2. Blown castor oil
3. Blown linseed oul
4. Bodied linseed oil
5. Bodied soya oil
6. Tall oil
7. Tung oil
8. Fish oil
9. Perilla oil
10. Oiticica oil
RESIN - Is the hard oil soluble class and is
made compatible and homogeneous
with the oil by means of heat. It is
the key component of any paint.
It determines the film formation
and the general performance of
the coating. Its main function is:

- give good gloss to the film

- improve hardness
- improve adhesion
- give faster drying
- improve chemical and electrical resistance
 FUNCTIONS OF THE RESIN
A. BIND THE PIGMENT
B. GIVE ADHESION TO THE SUBSTRATE
C. PROMOTE CHEMICAL AND
ATMOSPHERIC RESISTANCE
D. IMPART FLEXIBILITY TO THE FILM
E. INCREASE THE ABRASION
RESISTANCE
SOLVENTS - The volatile portion of the vehicle includes liquids that
actually dissolve nonvolatile ingredients of the
vehicle. Solvents are introduced into paint to increase
the fluidity to a point where it can readily be applied
by brushing, rolling or spraying. They volatilize, or
evaporate during drying and do not become a part of
the film. Solvents affect consistency, leveling, drying
and even adhesion and durability.

Is the medium that cause the ease and manner of

- application by reducing the consistency of the oil-
resin complex to a suitable viscosity so that it can be
applied by brush roller, spray or dipping.

THINNERS - Are volatile solvents, it acts as a suspending agent.

They cause the paint to flow better, they evaporate
when the paint is applied.
FUNCTIONS OF THE SOLVENT
A. Transport the pigment-binder
combination to the substrate
B. Control viscosity
C. Control the flow of binder
D. “Wet” the substrate
DRIER - Are organic salts of various metals such
as iron, zinc, cobalt, lead, manganese,
and calcium which are added to the paint
to accelerate the oxidation and
hardening of the vehicle.

ADDITIVES - Covers a wide range of ancillary raw

materials used in a formulation of a
paint. They can vary from the
extender pigments to anti-skinning
agents, fungicides and other
materials which are used in minor
quantities.
 CHEMICAL ADDITIVES

 DISPERSANT
 WETTING AGENT
 DEFOAMER/ANTI-FOAMER
 ANTI-SETTLING AGENT
 ANTI-FLOATING AGENT
 Ph STABILIZER
 FUNGICIDE
 IN-CAN PRESERVATIVE
 DRIER
 ANTI-SKINNING AGENT
 SOLVENTS

PIGMENT
BINDER OR MEDIA
ADDITIVES

SUBSTRATE
WOOD, METAL, CONCRETE

PAINT FILM MAGNIFIED

 CLASSIFICATION OF PAINT

1. LATEX PAINT – intended for use on concrete or other masonry surfaces

FLAT LATEX PAINT – a paint made from emulsions of polymer in water as

binder with suitable pigment which is substantially free from gloss (lusterless
finish).

GLOSS/SEMI-GLOSS LATEX – the paint made from emulsions of polymer

in water as binder with suitable pigment which has sheen, shine or luster.

2. ENAMEL PAINT – intended for used on wood surfaces, a special type of

paint made with varnish as the vehicle.

FLAT WALL PAINT – for interior use, a paint made from alkyd resin as
binder with suitable pigment which is substantially free from gloss.

GLOSS/SEMI-GLOSS ENAMEL – for exterior use, a paint made from

alkyd resin as binder with suitable pigment which has sheen, shine or luster.
 CLASSIFICATION OF PAINT

3. RED LEAD/RED OXIDE PAINT – metal primers, for exterior and interior
use. Use as a prime or shop coat or for maintenance coats which are placed
on bridges, similar structural steel and other ferrous metal surfaces.

RED LEAD – a bright orange-red tetroxide (Pb3O4), used as primary

constituents of anti-corrosive primers for iron and steel.

RED OXIDE – a pigment mainly of ferric oxide (Fe2O3).

4. ALUMINUM PAINT – primarily intended for use on steel structures.

5. REFLECTORIZED TRAFFIC PAINT (RTP) – for zone marking, traffic

lanes & parking spaces, should be rapid drying, resistant to abrasion &
weather conditions and should posses improve visibility at night.

Pavement marking materials that can be applied uniformly by means of a

standard application and when properly applied will provide a retro-directive
reflective marking for concrete & bituminous highway surfaces.
 SAMPLING/MINIMUM TESTING REQUIREMENTS

1- Quality Test (Q.T.) – 100 gallons/100 pails or fraction

thereof

* Sample to be submitted should be the actual representative

of the sample to be used in the project.

• 1 Gallon (1-4 liter-can) or 1 pail (1-20 liter-can)

whichever is used
SPECIFICATIONS:

LATEX PAINT

FLAT - PNS 139

SEMI-GLOSS - PNS 463

GLOSS - PNS 462

ENAMEL PAINT

FLAT WALL - PNS 227

SEMI-GLOSS - PNS 225

GLOSS - PNS 226

QUICK DRY - PNS 224
SPECIFICATIONS:
RED LEAD PAINT
ASSHTO M 72
RED OXIDE PAINT
ASSHTO M 312
ALUMINUM PAINT
ASSHTO M 69

ITEM 1032- Painting,Varnishing and Other

Related Works- DPWH Standard
Specifications for Public Works Structures
(Buildings, Ports and Harbors, Flood Control
and Drainage Structures, and Water supply
Systems) – Volume III
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public works and Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
Lab. Report No. _____________
EDSA, Diliman, Quezon City
__________________________
TEST REPORT ON: PAINT
Project :
Kind of Material : Flat Latex Paint, White (Dulux)

Sample Identification :

Quantity Represented : 100 gals.

Sampled at :

Original Source : ICI Paint Philippines, Inc.

Supplied by :

Proposed Use :

Spec’s Item No. : PNS 139: 1995

Sampled by :

: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date)

Submitted by :
: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date rec’d.)

Lab. No. ________ SPEC’S

Total Solids, % ------------- 49 Min. -------------
Non-volatile Vehicle, %
by wt. of vehicle ------------- 18 Min. ------------
Pigment, % ------------- 39 Min. -------------
Titanium Dioxide, %
by wt. of Pigment ------------ 30 Min. ------------
Weight, kg/L ------------- 1.35 Min. -------------
Drying Time:
Set to touch, mins. ------------- 10 - 15 ------------
Dry hard, h ------------- 1 Max. ------------
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public works and Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
Lab. Report No. _____________
EDSA, Diliman, Quezon City
__________________________
TEST REPORT ON: PAINT
Project :
Kind of Material : Semi-Gloss Latex Paint, White (Brand)

Sample Identification :

Quantity Represented : 100 gals

Sampled at :

Original Source :

Supplied by :

Proposed Use :

Spec’s Item No. : PNS 463: 1991

Sampled by :

: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date)

Submitted by :
: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date rec’d.)

Lab. No. ________ SPEC’S

Total Solids, % ------------- 40 Min. -------------
Non-volatile Vehicle, %
by wt. of vehicle ------------- 25 Min. ------------
Pigment, % ------------- 25 Max. -------------
Titanium Dioxide, %
by wt. of Pigment ------------ 75 Min. ------------
Weight, kg/L ------------- 1.20 Min. -------------
Drying Time:
Set to touch, mins. ------------- 30 Max. ------------
Dry hard, h ------------- 6 Max. ------------
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public works and Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
Lab. Report No. _____________
EDSA, Diliman, Quezon City
__________________________
TEST REPORT ON: PAINT
Project :
Kind of Material : Gloss Latex Paint, White (Brand)

Sample Identification :

Quantity Represented : 100 gals.

Sampled at :

Original Source :

Supplied by :

Proposed Use :

Spec’s Item No. : PNS 462: 1991

Sampled by :

: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date)

Submitted by :
: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date rec’d.)

Lab. No. ________ SPEC’S

Total Solids, % ------------- 40 Min. -------------
Non-volatile Vehicle, %
by wt. of vehicle ------------- 31 Min. ------------
Pigment, % ------------- 15 Max. -------------
Titanium Dioxide, %
by wt. of Pigment ------------ 90 - 99 ------------
Weight, kg/L ------------- 1.12 – 1.25 -------------
Drying Time:
Set to touch, mins. ------------- 30 Max. ------------
Dry hard, h ------------- 6 Max. ------------
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public works and Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
Lab. Report No. _____________
EDSA, Diliman, Quezon City
__________________________
TEST REPORT ON: PAINT
Project :
Kind of Material : Flatwall Enamel Paint, White (Brand)

Sample Identification :

Quantity Represented : 100 gals

Sampled at :

Original Source :

Supplied by :

Proposed Use :

Spec’s Item No. : PNS 227: 1995

Sampled by :

: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date)

Submitted by :
: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date rec’d.)

Lab. No. ________ SPEC’S

Total Solids, % ------------- 60 Min. -------------
Non-volatile Vehicle, %
by wt. of vehicle ------------- 20 Min. ------------
Pigment, % ------------- 50 Max. -------------
Titanium Dioxide, %
by wt. of Pigment ------------ 25 Min. ------------
Weight, kg/L ------------- 1.25 Min. -------------
Drying Time:
Set to touch, mins. ------------- 45 Max. ------------
Dry hard, h ------------- 24 Max. ------------
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public works and Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
Lab. Report No. _____________
EDSA, Diliman, Quezon City
__________________________
TEST REPORT ON: PAINT
Project :
Kind of Material : Semi-Gloss Enamel Paint, White (Brand)

Sample Identification :

Quantity Represented : 100 gals

Sampled at :

Original Source :

Supplied by :

Proposed Use :

Spec’s Item No. : PNS 225: 1989

Sampled by :

: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date)

Submitted by :
: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date rec’d.)

Lab. No. ________ SPEC’S

Total Solids, % ------------- 60 Min. -------------
Non-volatile Vehicle, %
by wt. of vehicle ------------- 34.5 Min. ------------
Pigment, % ------------- 40 Min. -------------
Titanium Dioxide, %
by wt. of Pigment ------------ 37 Min. ------------
Weight, kg/L ------------- 1.21 Min. -------------
Drying Time:
Set to touch, h. ------------- 1 Max. ------------
Dry hard, h ------------- 24 Max. ------------
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public works and Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
Lab. Report No. _____________
EDSA, Diliman, Quezon City
__________________________
TEST REPORT ON: PAINT
Project :
Kind of Material : Gloss Enamel Paint, White (Brand)

Sample Identification :

Quantity Represented : 100 gals

Sampled at :

Original Source :

Supplied by :

Proposed Use :

Spec’s Item No. : PNS 226: 1989

Sampled by :

: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date)

Submitted by :
: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date rec’d.)

Lab. No. ________ SPEC’S

Total Solids, % ------------- 67 Min. -------------
Non-volatile Vehicle, %
by wt. of vehicle ------------- 47. 65 Min. ------------
Pigment, % ------------- 40 Min. -------------
Titanium Dioxide, %
by wt. of Pigment ------------ 30 Min. ------------
Weight, kg/L ------------- 1.2 Min. -------------
Drying Time:
Set to touch, h. ------------- 4 Max. ------------
Dry hard, h ------------- 48 Max. ------------
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public works and Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
Lab. Report No. _____________
EDSA, Diliman, Quezon City
__________________________
TEST REPORT ON: PAINT
Project :
Kind of Material : Ready-Mixed Red Lead Paint, (Brand)

Sample Identification :

Quantity Represented : 100 gals

Sampled at :

Original Source :

Supplied by :

Proposed Use :

Spec’s Item No. : ASSHTO M-72 Type I - II

Sampled by :

: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date)

Submitted by :
: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date rec’d.)
Lab. No. ________ Specification
Type I Type II
A. Paint Composition
Pigment, % ----------- 77 - 80 ----------- 77 – 80
Non-volatile vehicle, % ----------- 90 Min. ----------- 65 Min.
by wt. of vehicle
Coarse Particles, % ----------- 1 Max. ----------- 1 Max.
Weight, kg/L (lbs/gal) ----------- 2.94 (24.5) Min. ----------- 2.88 (24) Min.
Drying Time:
Set to touch, h ----------- 6 Max. ----------- 6 Max.
Dry through, h ----------- 36 Max. ----------- 36 Max.
B. Extracted Pigment Composition:
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public works and Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
Lab. Report No. _____________
EDSA, Diliman, Quezon City
__________________________
TEST REPORT ON: PAINT
Project :
Kind of Material : Ready-Mixed Red Lead Paint, (Brand)

Sample Identification :

Quantity Represented : 100 gals

Sampled at :

Original Source :

Supplied by :

Proposed Use :

Spec’s Item No. : ASSHTO M-72 Type III & IV

Sampled by :

: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date)

Submitted by :
: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date rec’d.)
Lab. No. ________ Specification
Type I Type II
A. Paint Composition
Pigment, % ----------- 66 – 69 ----------- 68 – 71
Non-volatile vehicle, % ----------- 56 Min. ----------- 56 Min.
by wt. of vehicle
Coarse Particles, % ----------- 2 Max. ----------- 2 Max.
Weight, kg/L (lbs/gal) ----------- 2.0 (16.7) Min. ----------- 2.04 (17.0) Min.
Drying Time:
Set to touch, h ----------- 4 Max. ----------- 6 Max.
Dry through, h ----------- 16 Max. ----------- 24 Max.
B. Extracted Pigment Composition:
True Red Lead (Pb3O4), % ----------- 62.5 Min. ----------- 62.5 Min.
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public works and Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
Lab. Report No. _____________
EDSA, Diliman, Quezon City
__________________________
TEST REPORT ON: PAINT
Project :
Kind of Material : Red Oxide Primer (Brand)

Sample Identification :

Quantity Represented : 100 gals

Sampled at :

Original Source :

Supplied by :

Proposed Use :

Spec’s Item No. : ASSHTO M-312

Sampled by :

: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date)

Submitted by :
: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date rec’d.)
Lab. No. ________
Specification

A. Paint Composition
Pigment, % ----------- 48 – 52
Vehicle, % ----------- 52 – 48
Volatile Matter, % ----------- 21 Max.
Weight, kg/L (lbs/gal) ----------- 1.44 (12.0) Min.
Drying Time:
Dry hard, h ----------- 24 Max.
B. Extracted Pigment Composition:
Red Iron Oxide, % ----------- 39 Min.
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public works and Highways
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
Lab. Report No. _____________
EDSA, Diliman, Quezon City
__________________________
TEST REPORT ON: PAINT
Project :
Kind of Material : Ready-Mixed Aluminum Paint (Brand)

Sample Identification :

Quantity Represented : 100 gals

Sampled at :

Original Source :

Supplied by :

Proposed Use :

Spec’s Item No. : ASSHTO M-69

Sampled by :

: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date)

Submitted by :
: (Name and Designation) (Office) (Date rec’d.)
Lab. No. ________
Specification

Pigment, % ----------- 13 – 17
Volatile vehicle, % by mass of paint ----------- 43 – 47
Non-volatile vehicle, % by mass of paint ----------- 42 – 46
Weight, kg/L (lbs/gal) ----------- 0.96 (8.0) Min.
Drying Time:
Set to touch, h ----------- 1/2 – 2
Dry for recoating, h ----------- 16 Max.
SPECIFICATIONS: TRAFFIC PAINT
Philippine Bureau of Standards (PBS)
Standard Administrative Order (SAO) : No. 378, Series of 1979
Philippine Standard Specification for Reflectorized Traffic Paint, Pre-Mixed

DPWH Standard Specification (Blue Book)- Item 606 -Pavement

Markings
Premixed Reflectorized Traffic Paint – a paint in which the glass beads are mixed
in the paint during the process of manufacture, so that upon application and drying the
paint line is capable of retro reflection of the light beams.

Two Types, based on the vehicle used:

1. Type I –Tung Oil Modified Oleo resinous Varnish
2. Type II – Chlorinated Rubber Alkyd

Glass Beads – reflective spheres (retroreflective media) used in traffic paints. (500
g/liter of paint)
Drop-on or pressurized methods –paints may be reflectorized for night visibility
by adding reflective spheres before the paint film dries or sets.

Rate: 5 or 6 lbs per gallon (600 to 720 kg/m of paint)

 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

All paint shall meet the following general requirements:

a. The paint shall show no excessive settling and shall easily be redispersed
with a paddle to a smooth, homogeneous state. The paint shall show no
curdling, livering, caking or color separation and shall be free from lumps
and skins.
b. The paint as received shall brush easily, possess good levelling properties
and shall show no running or sagging when applied to a smooth vertical
surfaces.
c. The paint shall dry to a smooth uniform finish free from roughness, grit,
uneveness and other imperfections.
d. The paint shall not skin within 48 hours in three quarters filled closed
container.
e. The paint shall show no thicknening, curdling, gelling or hard caking after
six months storage in full, tightly covered container at a temperature of
210 C.
 TESTS ON PAINTS

For Latex, Enamel, Red Lead, Red Oxide and Aluminum Paints
I. Physical Tests:

1. Density/Specific Gravity (ASTM D 1475)

2. Drying Time (ASTM D 1640)
3. Total Solids (Non-volatile Matter) (ASTM 1644/ISO 1515)
4. Extraction of Pigment (ASTM D 2371)
Coarse Particles (ASTM D 185) – Red Lead
II. Chemical Tests: Pigment Analysis

For White Paint - % Titanium Dioxide (% TiO2)

For Red Lead - % True Red Lead (% Pb3O4)
- % Iron Oxide (% Fe2O3)
For Red Oxide - % Iron Oxide (% Fe2O3)
 TESTS ON REFLECTORIZED TRAFFIC PAINTS
(White and Yellow)

A. Physical Tests:

1. Density/Specific Gravity (ASTM D 1475)

2. No Pick-up Time (ASTM D 711)
3. Total Solids (Non-volatile Matter) (ASTM 1644/ISO 1515)
4. Extraction of Pigment (ASTM D 2371)
5. Extraction of Glass Beads (Decantation)
6. Grading of Beads (ASTM 1214)
7. Amount of True Spheres (ASTM B 1155 – Roundness)

II. Chemical Tests: Pigment Analysis

For White RTP - % Titanium Dioxide (% TiO2)

For Yellow RTP - % Medium Chrome Yellow
(% Lead Chromate – PbCrO4)
 SIGNIFICANCE OF TESTS

Density or Weight per gallon Test:

Density is a weight per unit volume. Density as measured by weight

per unit volume is not a performance characteristics but is used to check
product uniformity from batch to batch.

It is a key property in the identification, characterization and quality

control of wide range of materials.

Density measurements in terms of weight per gallon are commonly

used to check paint quality. If the density is not within specification,
there is a good chance that there was a mischarge or other serious
problem. Density is measured to check if all raw materials in the
formulation have been added into the desired batch. Since, the standard
properties/performance can only be achieved if its formulation has been
100 percent loaded. Overloaded/underloaded raw materials yield
obvious deviations.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF TESTS

Effect on Paint Density:

 a higher than standard value indicates overload of basic powder
materials which are heavier components with density range of 2 – 5
kg/L, even higher.

 a lower than standard value indicates overload of the solvents or

binders whose density are all less than one (1) therefore lighter.

Drying Time:

These test methods are used to determine various stages and rates of
drying, curing and film formation of organic coatings for the purpose of
comparing types of coatings or ingredients changes, or both. This is
significant in the development of organic coatings for various end uses and
also for production quality control.
For Traffic Paint particularly important because it determines how quickly a
lane can be opened to free flow of traffic without the paint being transferred
to adjacent pavement.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF TESTS
Non-Volatile Content
Determines the fraction of a varnish that is non-volatile at the
temperature of the test while volatile solvents are driven off.

It is sometimes an approximate measure of the film-forming matter

in a varnish.
Volatile Matter – the loss in mass when the product is heated under the
prescribed condition of test.

Non-volatile Matter(Total Solids) – the residue left when the product is

heated under the prescribed condition of test.
The percent non-volatile matter indicates the amount of material remaining
after the solvent evaporates and is a measure of the film solids.

Extraction of Pigment:
Quantitative separation of the vehicle from the pigment in paint. Suitable
for setting specification for the pigment content of paints as well as
monitoring quality control.
Pigment gives its hiding color, and influence many other properties.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF TESTS
Grading of Glass Beads (Sieve Analysis of Glass Spheres):
The size or gradation of glass beads is one measurable aspect of
performance as a retroreflective media. The function of this test is to
measure the size of glass spheres and to determine compliance with
applicable specification.

Roundness of Glass Spheres:

The roundness of glass spheres is one measurable aspect relating to
their performance as a retroreflective media. The function of this test
method is to measure the percent of true spheres as related to
compliance with applicable specification.

Coarse Particles:
Paints must be free of oversize particles and foreign matter to avoid
clogging of application equipment and to assure a smooth film.

In production of paints, smoothness of the paint film is a paramount

importance. Agglomerates or coarse particles larger than 45 um are
difficult to disperse and may prevent obtaining a smooth film.
 THERMOPLASTIC TRAFFIC LINE MATERIAL

THERMOPLASTIC TRAFFIC MARKING a highly filled total solids highway

marking system that when heated to a molten state can be extruded or sprayed onto a
road surface and when cooled forms a solid durable delineator.
COMPOSITION : The material is a homogeneous mixtures of resins, fillers, pigments
and reflective spheres. These materials are combined by heating to obtain a product
with the desired properties suitable for traffic line striping.

PIGMENT titanium dioxide (for white) and lead chromate colorants

(for yellow)
BINDER the organic components of thermoplastic traffic marking
(RESIN) that bind the pigment, glass spheres and filler
together as a unit.
FILLER the inorganic components of thermoplastic
traffic marking not including the pigments or glass
spheres
GLASS reflective spheres/reflective media
SPHERES
COLOR
The thermoplastic material shall be available in both white and yellow.

APPLICATION TEMPERATURE
The thermoplastic material shall readily extrude at temperatures
of 211 7 oC (412.5± 12.5oF) from approved equipment to produce a
line 1/8 to 3/16 in. (3.2 to 4.8 mm) thick which shall be continuous and
uniform in shape having clear and sharp dimensions.

STORAGE LIFE
The material shall meet the requirements of the specification for
a period of one (1) year. The thermoplastic must also melt uniformly
with no evidence of skins or un-melted particles for this one year time
period. Any material not meeting the above requirements shall be
replaced by the manufacturer.
SPECIFICATIONS
AASHTO M 249 – Standard Specification for White and Yellow
Reflective Thermoplastic Striping Materials (Solid Form)
DPWH Standard Specifications 2013:
Item 612 – Reflective Thermoplastic Striping Materials
(Solid Form)

SAMPLING
A minimum weight of 10 kgs. of Reflectorized Thermoplastic
Material shall be taken for every 100 bags or fraction thereof.

TESTING
Shall be tested in accordance with AASHTO T 250 with the
appropriate ASTM Designation.
 DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS (BLUE BOOK – Volume II)
Materials Details/Specifications
Reinforcing Steel:
Item 404 - Reinforcing Steel
Item 710 - Reinforcing Steel and Wire Rope
Item 710.1 - Reinforcing Steel

Concrete Hollow Block

Item 704 - Masonry Units
Item 704.3 - Concrete Masonry Blocks

Concrete Pipes
Item 500 - Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains
Item 706 - Concrete Clay, Plastic and Fiber Pipe
Item 706.2 - Reinforced Concrete Pipe

Galvanized Steel Pipe

Item 712 - Structural Metal
Item 712.6 - Steel Pipe

Paint
Item 411 - Paints
Item 606 - Pavement Markings
Item 612 - Reflective Thermoplastic Striping Material (Solid Form)
LABORATORY TESTING OF
GALVANIZED STEEL SHEETS
AND COILS
AASHTO T65M / T65 - 97
ASTM A90 / A90M - 93
 IMPORTANCE:

• COATING OF ZINC ON IRON OR STEEL ARTICLES PROVIDES PROTECTION AGAINST

CORROSION
• AS THE PROTECTION IS PROVIDED BY THE SACRIFICIAL LOSS OF ZINC, THE DEGREE OF
PROTECTION IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE WEIGHT OF ZINC COATING
 PREPARATION:

• 1 QT / 1,000 SHEETS OR FRACTION THEREOF

• 1 QT / 50 TONS OR FRACTION THEREOF
• TEST SHEET:
THREE SPECIMENS = 60.00 ± 0.25 MM OR 64.52 MM ± 0.25 MM
• STRIPPING SOLUTION:
• HYDROCHLORIC ACID (1 + 1)
• MIX 500 ML OF HCL (SP. GR. 1.19) WITH 500 ML OF REAGENT WATER AND COOL TO ROOM TEMPERATURE.
MICROMETER READING
 ZINC COATING
PROCEDURE:
Clean specimens with Measure original
Weigh the specimen using the
following balance sensitivity:
solvent naphtha or thickness (4x) using If specimen is less than 125 g,
other suitable solvent,
rinse with alcohol, & micrometer before use ± 0.01 g.

dry thoroughly. stripping. If specimen is greater than 125

g, use ± 0.1 g.

Allow to remain in
Immerse the the solution until
specimens in the
stripping solution violent bubbling Next page
(1:1 HCl). stops (approx. 15
to 30 sec).
 ZINC COATING
PROCEDURE:

Wash with Measure thickness

Wipe or blow of the stripped
running dry. specimen (4x)
water. using micrometer.

Weigh using
the same
sensitivity.
 ZINC COATING

• DETERMINATION OF SINGLE-SPOT TEST

• MINIMUM CHECK LIMIT
• LIGHTEST COATING (THINNEST) AMONG THE THREE SPECIMENS

• DETERMINATION OF TRIPLE-SPOT TEST

• COATING MASS = AVERAGE VALUE OF THE THREE SPECIMENS CUT FROM SHEETS.
 SPECIFICATIONS
ITEM 733 - 733.3 COATING PROPERTIES
 SPECIFICATIONS
HIGH TENSILE WIRES, WIRE MESH:
WEIGHT OF COATING, GRAM PER SQUARE METER = 244 MINIMUM

SHEETS: (ITEM 733)

Z100 COATING DESIGNATION:
SINGLE SPOT, GRAM PER SQUARE METER = 85 MINIMUM
TRIPLE SPOT, GRAM PER SQUARE METER = 100 MINIMUM

PIPES:
SINGLE, GRAM PER SQUARE METER = 550 MINIMUM
AVERAGE, GRAM PER SQUARE METER = 490 MINIMUM
 BEND TEST METHOD
• ONE REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE SHALL BE TAKEN FROM EACH LOT OF SHEET FOR SHIPMENT. THE
TEST PIECES SHALL BE TAKEN FOR THE COATED BEND TEST, NOT CLOSER THAN 25 MM FROM
THE SIDE EDGE. THE MINIMUM TEST PIECE WIDTH SHALL BE 50 MM AND A LENGTH TWICE THE
WIDTH.
• THE TEST SPECIMEN SHALL BE BENT THROUGH 180 OR° AT RIGHT ANGLES TO ITS
LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION WITH AN INTERNAL SPACING OF ONE SHEET OF NOMINAL
THICKNESS FOR COMMERCIAL QUALITY.
• GALVANIZED TEST PIECES SHALL WITHSTAND BENDING WITHOUT FLAKING OF COATING OR
CRACKING OR FRACTURING OF THE BASE METAL ON THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE BENT
PORTION. FLAKING OF COATING WITHIN 7 MM FROM EACH SIDE EDGE OF THE TEST
SPECIMEN SHALL NOT BE A CAUSE FOR REJECTION.
 LABORATORY SAFETY
• READ SDS/MSDS BEFORE
USING ANY
REAGENTS/CHEMICALS
 LABORATORY SAFETY
• WEAR APPROPRIATE PERSONAL
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
 LABORATORY REAGENTS OR CHEMICALS
• AT LEAST REAGENT GRADE OR ANALYTICAL GRADE OR ANALYTICAL REAGENT GRADE (AR GRADE)
• REQUEST CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS (COA) OF CHEMICALS TO ENSURE PURITY
• PROPER DISPOSAL OF CHEMICALS IS REQUIRED
• CEMENT - COLLECT FILTRATE (LIQUID) INSTEAD OF DISCARDING, SPENT AND EXPIRED CHEMICALS
• PLACE IN APPROPRIATE CONTAINERS FOR COLLECTION BY ACCREDITED TRANSPORT, TREATMENT, STORAGE
AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES
• ASPHALT – WASHINGS AND CHEMICALS USED IN TESTING

• WATER = DISTILLED/DEIONIZED WATER

 LABORATORY TESTING OF
PAINTS

Reflectorized Traffic Paints Latex Paints Red Lead

 TABLE 1. ASTM DESIGNATIONS:
REFLECTORIZED REFLECTORIZED ALUMINUM LATEX FLAT WALL AND RED LEAD
TEST TRAFFIC PAINT, WHITE TRAFFIC PAINT, PAINT PAINT QUICK DRYING
YELLOW ENAMEL PAINTS

I. PHYSICAL TESTS:

a. Specific Gravity D1475 D1475 D1475 D1475 D1475 D1475

b. Extraction of Pigment D2371 D2371 D2371 No ASTM D2371 D2371

Designation

c. Drying Time D711 D711 D1640 D1640 D1640 D1640

d. Non-volatile Matter D1644 D1644 D1644 D1644 D1644 D1644

e. Grading of Glass Beads D1214 D1214 - - - -

f. Coarse Particle for Red Lead - - - - - D185

II. CHEMICAL TESTS:

a. Titanium Dioxide D1394 - - D1394 D1394 -

b. Lead Chromate - D126 - - - -

c. Lead Oxide - - - - - D50

d. Iron Oxide - - - - - D50

 Paint

Pigment Vehicle
Color Non-Volatile/Binder
Extender/Fillers Volatile/Diluent
Glass Beads
VEHICLE - BINDER ONLY OR BINDER + DILUENT
A. BINDER - FILM-FORMING COMPONENT OF PAINT.
B. DILUENT - IF NECESSARY, TO THIN THE BINDER
- SOLVENT OR WATER

PIGMENT - GRANULAR SOLIDS INCORPORATED IN THE PAINT TO CONTRIBUTE

COLOR
EXTENDER/FILLER - GRANULAR SOLIDS INCORPORATE TO IMPART
TOUGHNESS, TEXTURE, GIVE THE PAINT SPECIAL PROPERTIES, OR TO REDUCE
THE COST OF THE PAINT.
GLASS BEADS - PROVIDE THE REFLECTIVITY IN SUCH PRODUCTS AS TRAFFIC
PAINT, SIGNS AND PAVEMENT MARKING TAPE.
 SOME TYPES OF PAINTS
1. HOUSE PAINT (EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR)
1.1 WATER-BASED OR LATEX PAINT
• FLAT
• GLOSS
• SEMI-GLOSS
1.2 OIL-BASED OR ENAMEL PAINT
• FLAT WALL
• QUICK DRYING ENAMEL (QDE)
• GLOSS
• SEMI-GLOSS

1.3 ALUMINUM PAINT – SOLVENT BASED, WITH ALUMINUM FLAKES

- USED ON METALS SURFACES
- GOOD HEAT AND LIGHT REFLECTOR
1.4 RED LEAD – ANTI-CORROSIVE PRIMER COATING

2. REFLECTORIZED TRAFFIC PAINT - WITH GLASS BEADS (FOR REFLECTION)

3. BLACK PAINTS - ONLY FOR BREAKING COLOR THUS NO PIGMENT ANALYSIS
 TEST METHOD FOR REFLECTORIZED TRAFFIC
PAINTS, WHITE AND YELLOW
MINIMUM TESTING REQUIREMENT

• ONE 20-L CAN FOR EVERY 100 CANS OR

FRACTION THEREOF; OR
• ONE 4-L CAN FOR EVERY 100 CANS OR
FRACTION THEREOF
 TABLE 2. SPECIFICATIONS
for YELLOW PAINTS for WHITE PAINTS
TESTS REQUIREMENTS RESULTS TESTS REQUIREMENTS RESULTS

A. Physical Properties A. Physical Properties

1. Condition in Container Shall be free from all skins, dirts & foreign objects Satisfactory 1. Condition in Container Shall be free from all skins, dirts & foreign objects Satisfactory
2. Specific Gravity 2.15 Max 2. Specific Gravity 2.15 Max
3. Drying Time: No Pick-Up, mins. 10 Max 3. Drying Time: No Pick-Up, mins. 10 Max
4. Softening Point 102.5 ± 9.5 °C 4. Softening Point 102.5 ± 9.5 °C
B. Paint Composition B. Paint Composition
1. Total Dry Solids 82 Max 1. Total Dry Solids 82 Max
(Pigment & Glass Beads) (Pigment & Glass Beads)
2. Lead Chromate, % 10 Min 2. Titanium Dioxide, % 10 Min
3. Extenders(by difference) 42 Max 3. Extenders(by difference) 42 Max
4. Binders, % 18 Min 4. Binders, % 18 Min
5. Glass Beads, % 30 - 40 5. Glass Beads, % 30 - 40
6. Grading, % Passing 6. Grading, % Passing
Sieve Size No. 20 (0.850 mm) 100 Sieve Size No. 20 (0.850 mm) 100
30 (0.600 mm) 75 - 95 30 (0.600 mm) 75 - 95
40 (0.425 mm) - 40 (0.425 mm) -
50 (0.300 mm) 15 - 35 50 (0.300 mm) 15 - 35
80 (0.180 mm) - 80 (0.180 mm) -
100 (0.150 mm) 0-5 100 (0.150 mm) 0-5
 PREPARATION OF SAMPLE

Pour off the thin

Weigh the Open container, portion of the
original sample note odor & paint sample into
condition another
container.

Stir the settled Mix thoroughly in

paste with a figure 8 motion
paddle and followed by Next Page
break up lumps, lifting & beating
if any
 PREPARATION OF SAMPLE

Pour paint several Leave the well

Gradually return times back & forth mixed sample in
poured off portion from one container the second
while stirring to the other until container
uniform

Close tightly to Clean original Get the net weight

minimize container, wipe dry of the contents.
evaporation. and weigh.
 CALIBRATION OF DENSITY CUP

Weigh empty Fill with water Calculate the

cup with cover and weigh density cup
(grams) (grams) volume
 CALIBRATION OF DENSITY CUP

• V = (N – M) / P
• V = VOLUME OF DENSITY CUP, ML
• N = WEIGHT OF DENSITY CUP AND WATER, G
• M = WEIGHT OF EMPTY CUP, G
• P = ABSOLUTE DENSITY OF WATER AT SPECIFIED TEMPERATURE
(29°C) = 0.995972 G/ML
DENSITY/SPECIFIC GRAVITY (ASTM D1475)

Place sample in Fill water in the Compute for the

a Density cup remaining unit mass in Kg.
half-full and portion until full per liter.
weigh and weigh.

e f
DRYING TIME (NO PICK-UP) (ASTM D711)

WHEEL AND RAMP APPARATUS

DRYING TIME (NO PICK-UP) (ASTM D711)
 DRYING TIME (NO PICK-UP) (ASTM D711)
Prepare a test stripe Record time of Butt the glass plate
(≥76 mm width) by application & allow against ramp at
mechanical spreader on panel to dry regular interval and
a clean plate glass horizontally (27°C remove the wheel
panel (wet film thickness = and 50-60 % R.H.).
0.38±0.01mm (Ti) from the rest.

Hold against the rest as

starting point, then free Each roll of the
roll the weighted wheel wheel shall be over Next Page
down the inclined ramp a new wheel path.
and over the paint film.
 DRYING TIME (NO PICK-UP) (ASTM D711)
As end point is Time elapsed between
When no paint approached, roll the the application of the
adheres to the rubber paint and the end
rings = end point for weighted wheel over point = drying time for
no pick-up time (Tf) the paint film every no pick-up time of the
30 seconds traffic paint

Tdrying time = Tf - Ti
NON-VOLATILE MATTER (ISO 1515 / ASTM D1644)
- TOTAL SOLIDS
Dry glass dish &
glass rod in an oven Add 2.0 ± 0.2 g of Making sure sample is
evenly distributed
(105 ± 2°C), allow sample in dish with over the surface of
to cool in desiccator glass rod (m1) the dish.
& weigh

From time to time during

Place the dish with the 3 hours, stir the After 3 hours,
the rod and sample sample with the glass transfer dish & rod
in the oven (105 ± rod to break up any to desiccators, cool
2°C) for 3 hours surface skin and return and weigh. (m2)
to oven
NON-VOLATILE MATTER (ISO 1515 / ASTM D1644)
- TOTAL SOLIDS
 GLASS BEADS

Add extraction
Weigh 250 g of solvent (xylene, Stir and let it stand
paint sample in an benzene, toluene, overnight
empty beaker (a) acetone or
gasoline)

Decant liquid
portion, dry
extracted beads,
weigh (b)
GLASS BEADS
 GRADING OF BEADS (ASTM D1214)

Weigh the
Pass 50 g sample of dried beads in a 0.212 amount of beads
mm (#70), 0.177 mm (#80) & 0.063 mm
(#230) sieves. retained per
sieve size

Compute for
percentage
passing.
 EXTRACTION OF PIGMENT (ASTM D2371)
Fill with sample Add extraction
Weigh the empty about ¼ to 1/3 solvent (xylene,
centrifuge tube (a) full (well mixed benzene, toluene,
paint) and then acetone or gasoline)
weigh (b) mix thoroughly.

Place the tube in Pour off the liquid

the centrifuge and and refill with Next Page
whirl until the extraction solvent
pigment settles.
 EXTRACTION OF PIGMENT (ASTM D2371)

Repeat Dry in an oven to

centrifugation until constant weight Cool and weigh (c)
the pigment is free (105OC)
from oil.
 EXTRACTED PIGMENT ANALYSIS

• TEST FOR TITANIUM DIOXIDE - ASTM D1394 – FOR WHITE PAINTS

• DETERMINATION OF % LEAD CHROMATE (MEDIUM CHROME YELLOW) - ASTM D126 – FOR
YELLOW PAINTS
 TEST FOR TITANIUM DIOXIDE (ASTM D1394)

Add 5 to 7 g of Cover with watch

Weigh 0.5 g of Sodium Sulfate glass and heat to
extracted pigment (Na2SO4) and 20
boiling until solution
in a beaker. (a) is clear and allow to
ml of Sulfuric Acid. cool.

Dilute with 150 ml Filter and discard Next Page

of water. residue.
 TEST FOR TITANIUM DIOXIDE (ASTM D1394)

Filter, & ignite

Add ammonium Stir until residue in muffle
hydroxide to precipitate occurs furnace
filtrate
*Discard filtrate

Weigh and
compute for %
Titanium Dioxide
(b)
TEST FOR TITANIUM DIOXIDE (ASTM D1394)
DETERMINATION OF % LEAD CHROMATE (MEDIUM
CHROME YELLOW) (ASTM D126)

Weigh 1.0 gram of Dissolve with 150 Add 2.4 grams

extracted pigment ml NaCl solution Potassium Iodide
in a flask and add 15 ml HCl. (KI).

Titrate with std.

solution of Sodium Record the volume Note the change in
Thiosulfate using of thiosulfate used color (black to light
starch as an green).
indicator.
DETERMINATION OF % LEAD CHROMATE (MEDIUM
CHROME YELLOW) (ASTM D126)
 TEST METHOD FOR ALUMINUM PAINTS
• PREPARATION OF SAMPLE – SAME AS WITH REFLECTORIZED TRAFFIC PAINTS
• CALIBRATION OF DENSITY CUP – SAME AS WITH REFLECTORIZED TRAFFIC PAINTS
• NON-VOLATILE MATTER – SAME AS WITH REFLECTORIZED TRAFFIC PAINTS
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY – SAME AS WITH REFLECTORIZED TRAFFIC PAINTS EXCEPT COMPLETELY FILL
THE DENSITY CUP INSTEAD OF HALF FULL
 EXTRACTION OF PIGMENT

Weigh empty Fill with sample Add solvent until

container (500-mL about 1/3 full clear
beaker) and weigh

Computation is
Dry the residue, Compute for % the same as in
cool and weigh pigment Reflectorized
Traffic Paint
 DRYING TIME (ASTM D1640)

Dip paint brush in Allow to dry in

sample & brush in Record initial time horizontal position
glass panel (one of application (standard air
coat, single stroke). drying condition)

Touch film from time Set to touch = gentle

to time with gentle pressure of the finger
pressure of finger ≥ shows a tacky Next Page
1.0 cm from the condition but no film
edges of film adhere to finger
 DRYING TIME (ASTM D1640)

After the set to touch, apply on the film from Dry hard condition
time to time the maximum pressure without = no marks remain
twisting the film by pressing the glass between on the film, when it
the thumb and the finger is lightly polished

a a Next Page
 COARSE PARTICLE

• NOT PERFORMED (FOR RED LEAD ONLY)

• ASTM D185
 TEST METHOD FOR RED LEAD

• PREPARATION OF SAMPLE – SAME AS WITH REFLECTORIZED TRAFFIC

PAINTS
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY – SAME AS WITH ALUMINUM PAINTS
• EXTRACTION OF PIGMENT – SAME AS WITH REFLECTORIZED TRAFFIC
PAINTS
• DRYING TIME – SAME AS WITH ALUMINUM PAINTS
• NON-VOLATILE MATTER – SAME AS WITH REFLECTORIZED TRAFFIC PAINTS
 COARSE PARTICLE (ASTM D185)
Pass 30 grams of Wash the sample
Weigh empty sample on sieve with kerosene or
sieve No. 325 OR 10 grams of gasoline until it
pigment wash with exhibits clear
alcohol appearance.

Dry sieve with

sample in oven,
cool to room e f
temperature,
weigh
 DETERMINATION OF % LEAD OXIDE (ASTM D50)
• REAGENTS AND STANDARD SOLUTIONS:
• SODIUM ACETATE
• POTASSIUM IODIDE (KI)
• ACETIC ACID
• STANDARD SODIUM THIOSULFATE
• STARCH INDICATOR
DETERMINATION OF % LEAD OXIDE (ASTM D50)
Beaker = 30 g of In 1 g of the
Sodium Acetate + Dissolve by extracted pigment
2.4 grams Potassium heating in hot in flask, add
Iodide + 15 mL plate, cool to room solution from
acetic acid + 15 mL temperature
H2 O beaker

Titrate with the Record the volume

standard sodium of Thiosulfate used
thiosulfate solution and note the
using starch as change in color
indicator.
DETERMINATION OF % LEAD OXIDE (ASTM D50)
 DETERMINATION OF % IRON OXIDE (ASTM D50)

• REAGENTS AND STANDARD SOLUTIONS:

• HYDROCHLORIC ACID
• STANNOUS CHLORIDE SOLUTION
• MERCURIC CHLORIDE SOLUTION
• SULFURIC-PHOSPHORIC ACID SOLUTION
• STANDARD POTASSIUM DICHROMATE SOLUTION
• BARIUM DIPHENYL AMINE SULFONATE INDICATOR
 DETERMINATION OF % IRON OXIDE (FE2O3)
(ASTM D50)

1.0 g of the Dissolve with 10 Add Stannous

extracted pigment mL HCl and heat Chloride Solution
in flask gently until white

Dilute with water Cool Next Page

up to 125 mL
 DETERMINATION OF % IRON OXIDE (FE2O3)
(ASTM D50)

+ 15 mL mercuric Let stand for 30 + 15 ml Sulfuric

chloride solution minutes
Phosphoric Acid
(HgCl2) Solution

Titrate with standard Potassium Dichromate Record the volume of

Dichromate used and
Soln. using Barium Diphenyl Amine Sulfonate note the change in color
indicator dissolved in a little mL of Sulfuric (usually colorless to
Acid (H2SO4) in a watch glass. violet)
DETERMINATION OF % IRON OXIDE (FE2O3)
(ASTM D50)
 TEST METHOD FOR FLAT WALL AND QUICK DRYING
ENAMEL PAINTS
• PREPARATION OF SAMPLE – SAME AS WITH REFLECTORIZED TRAFFIC PAINTS
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY – SAME AS WITH ALUMINUM PAINTS
• EXTRACTION OF PIGMENT – SAME AS WITH REFLECTORIZED TRAFFIC PAINTS
• DRYING TIME – SAME AS WITH ALUMINUM PAINTS
• NON-VOLATILE MATTER – SAME AS WITH REFLECTORIZED TRAFFIC PAINTS
• COARSE PARTICLES – (NOT PERFORMED FOR RED LEAD ONLY)
• TITANIUM DIOXIDE - THE SAME AS IN REFLECTORIZED TRAFFIC PAINTS,
WHITE
 TEST METHOD FOR LATEX PAINTS
• PREPARATION OF SAMPLE – SAME AS WITH REFLECTORIZED
TRAFFIC PAINTS
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY – SAME AS WITH ALUMINUM PAINTS
• DRYING TIME – SAME AS WITH ALUMINUM PAINTS
• NON-VOLATILE MATTER – SAME AS WITH REFLECTORIZED
TRAFFIC PAINTS EXCEPT THE WEIGHT OF SAMPLE = 0.2 G
• TITANIUM DIOXIDE - THE SAME AS IN REFLECTORIZED TRAFFIC
PAINTS, WHITE
 EXTRACTION OF PIGMENT

Dry the glass dish, 2 ± 0.2 g of sample in

glass rod in an oven Place the dish with the
dish with glass rod rod and sample in the
(105 ± 2°C), allow making sure sample is
oven (105 ± 2°C) for
to cool in desiccator evenly distributed over
the surface of the dish. 3 hours
& weigh

From time to time during

the 3 hours, stir the After 3 hours, Place sample in
sample with the glass transfer dish & rod furnace T=400°C,
rod to break up any to desiccators, cool t=15 min., cool and
surface skin and return and weigh. then weigh.
to oven
EXTRACTION OF PIGMENT
 D.O. 103, SERIES OF 2013
• DPWH standard specification for Item 612 - Reflective Thermoplastic Striping Materials
(Solid Form) with Performance Requirements
D.O. 103, SERIES OF 2013
D.O. 103, SERIES OF 2013
VOLUME III - ITEM 1032
D.O. 103, SERIES OF 2013
 Laboratory Safety
• Read SDS/MSDS before
using any
Reagent/Chemical
 Laboratory Safety
• Wear appropriate Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE)
 Laboratory Analysis of
Item 612 Reflective Thermoplastic
Stripping Materials (Solid Form)

• Also called thermoplastic traffic paint

 References used
• D.O. NO 103, Series of 2013
• Glass beads - AASHTO M 247 (Standard
Specification for Glass Beads Used in Pavement
Markings)
• Thermoplastic traffic paint - AASHTO M 249
 Minimum Testing Requirement

• 10 kg of Reflectorized Thermoplastic Paint for every 100

Bags or Fraction Thereof
 Gradation (Uncoated Premix Glass Beads)
• AASHTO M-247 Type 1 - shall be known as a Standard Gradation
• AASHTO T 346 - Method A - ASTM D1214 - Hand Sieve Method
- Method B - AASHTO PP 74 - Computerized Optical Method

Sieve Mass Sieve Mass Sieve Mass

Designation % Designation % Designation %
mm US Passing mm US Passing mm US Passing
1.18 No. 16 100 0.710 No. 25 - 0.300 No. 50 15-35
1.00 No. 18 - 0.600 No. 30 75-95 0.180 No. 80 0-5
0.850 No. 20 95-100 0.425 No. 40 - 0.150 No. 100 0-5
 ASTM D1214 - Standard Test Method for
Sieve Analysis of Glass Spheres
Apparatus
• Balance - sensitive to 50 milligrams or 0.05 gram
• 200 mm or 8 inch in diameter; and conforming to ASTM E11;
• 1.18 (#16); 1.00 mm (#18); 0.850 mm (#20); 0.710 mm
(#25), 0.600 mm (#30), 0.425 mm (#40), 0.300 mm (#50),
0.180 mm (#80) and 0.150 mm (#100) Sieves
• Oven capable of maintaining a temperature of 105 to 110 °C
 ASTM D1214 - Standard Test Method for
Sieve Analysis of Glass Spheres
Dry the specimen to Stack the sieves on
Take 50 g laboratory substantially constant top of each other in
sample by quartering weight at a the order of
or riffle sampling temperature of 105 decreasing size of
to 110 °C opening from the top
to the bottom

Place a pan at the Weigh 50 g of the

bottom of the stack to dried glass spheres to
catch any glass beads
that pass through the the nearest 0.1g and Next Slide
0.150 mm or US No. place on the 1.18 mm
100 Sieve or US No. 16 Sieve
 ASTM D1214 - Standard Test Method for
Sieve Analysis of Glass Spheres

Cover the 1.18 mm or Slightly incline the set of sieves. Gently strike the
US No. 16 Sieve to side about 150 times per minute against the palm of
prevent loss of your hand. Turn the sieve every 25 strokes about
sample during sieving one sixth of a revolution in the same direction

Continue the operation Before weighing the

until not more than 0.05 material passing
g passes through the through the sieve, tap Next Slide
sieve in 1 minute of the side of the sieve
continuous sieving with the brush handle
 ASTM D1214 - Standard Test Method for
Sieve Analysis of Glass Spheres
Remove the cover of Invert the sieve over
the sieve and transfer a piece of glazed
Label and weigh a the glass beads
clean empty container remaining on the white paper (glossy
sieve to the pre- paper or glossy
weighed container photo paper)

Add the material

Clean the wire cloth collected at the
by brushing the glazed white paper Next Slide
to the glass beads
underside removed from the
sieve.
 ASTM D1214 - Standard Test Method for
Sieve Analysis of Glass Spheres

Weigh the portion of Do this for all of the Calculate the weight
the specimen retained sieves using separate and the percent of
on the sieve to the containers for each glass beads passing
nearest 0.1 g sieve. each of the sieves

Take note that when using a set of sieves at the same Reported the total
time, the total weight of beads passing through a specific percent passing each
sieve should include the mass of beads that pass through sieve to the nearest 0.5
the sieves having sizes of opening smaller than the size %
of opening of the sieve being reported.
Calculation using a set of sieves at the same time
Sieve Designation Mass of Glass Mass
mm US Beads Retained % Passing
1.18 No. 16 j (a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i) / k
1.00 No. 18 i (a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h) / k
0.850 No. 20 h (a + b + c + d + e + f + g) / k
0.710 No. 25 g (a + b + c + d + e + f) / k
0.600 No. 30 f (a + b + c + d + e) / k
0.425 No. 40 e (a + b + c + d) / k
0.300 No. 50 d (a + b + c) / k
0.180 No. 80 c (a + b) / k
0.150 No. 100 b a/k
Pan a N/A
k=a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j
 Roundness (Uncoated Premix Glass Beads)

• AASHTO T 346 Section 6

• Method A - ASTM D1155
• Method B - AASHTO PP74 - Computerized Optical
Method
• The beads shall have minimum of 90 percent true sphere
(D.O. No. 103, Series of 2013)
 ASTM D1155 - Standard Test Method for
Roundness of Glass Spheres
Apparatus
• Electrical Feeder-Vibrator, upon which is mounted a smooth glass
panel, 152.4 mm (6 in.) wide and 381 mm (15 in.) long
• Hinged Base, supporting the vibrator and panel in such a manner
that the angle of slope of the glass panel with the horizontal may
be varied and fixed in any predetermined position
• Vibrator—Means of varying the amplitude or strength of the
vibrations transmitted to the glass panel, at a fixed frequency of 60
impulses per second.
 ASTM D1155 - Standard Test Method for
Roundness of Glass Spheres
Apparatus
• Feeding Device or Pan, affixed to the glass panel in such a manner
that the selected sample of glass may be evenly dropped at a
uniform rate upon the glass panel, from various heights above the
panel and at various points on the slope
• Collecting Pans or Containers, at either end of the sloping panel, in
which to collect the spheres and irregular particles.
• Digital Level, approximately 30 to 60 cm (12 to 24 in.) in length
• 300-μm (No. 50) sieve conforming to ASTM E11
ASTM D1155 - Standard Test Method for
Roundness of Glass Spheres
Apparatus
 ASTM D1155 - Standard Test Method for
Roundness of Glass Spheres - Procedure A
Take approximately Set aside in separate
50 g laboratory Sieve through a 300- containers the retained
glass beads and glass
sample by quartering μm (No. 50) sieve beads that passed
or mechanical splitter through the sieve

set the decimal angle

of the roundometer
Level the glass panel plate to the 300-μm Next Slide
(50 U.S. Sieve) setting
of 2.3 degrees using
a digital level
 ASTM D1155 - Standard Test Method for
Roundness of Glass Spheres - Procedure A
Affix the feed hopper
to the side of the Place retained glass
panel at the upper beads in the feed start the vibrator
one-third point of the pan
slope

Set the vibrator amplitude control at such a position

that irregular particles on the upper half of the Next Slide
panel will move slowly up the slope, while the true
spheres roll down.
 ASTM D1155 - Standard Test Method for
Roundness of Glass Spheres - Procedure A
Feed slowly, at such a
rate that no When the glass panel Stop feeding until
“bunching up” or is well covered with separation of true
flooding of spheres spheres spheres has occurred
on the panel occurs.

Brush or scrape all

Stop the vibrator after particles remaining on
all true spheres have
rolled down the slope the panel into the Next Slide
into the sphere pan upper pan containing
the irregular particles
 ASTM D1155 - Standard Test Method for
Roundness of Glass Spheres - Procedure A
Repeat the placing of retained glass beads in the
feed pan procedure up to the brush or scrape all
particles remaining on the panel into the upper pan
containing the irregular particles until all retained
glass beads have been separated

Using the true spheres collected, repeat the placing

of glass beads in the feed pan procedure up to the
brush or scrape all particles remaining on the panel Next Slide
into the upper pan containing the irregular
particles
 ASTM D1155 - Standard Test Method for
Roundness of Glass Spheres - Procedure A
Using the irregular particles collected in the first Examine the separated
separation, repeat the placing of glass beads in the spheres and irregular
feed pan procedure up to the brush or scrape all particles under a 20-
particles remaining on the panel into the upper pan diameter magnifying
containing the irregular particles glass

Determine the total

Repeat the reruns until weights of the true
satisfactory separation Next Slide
is obtained spheres and of the
irregular particles
 ASTM D1155 - Standard Test Method for
Roundness of Glass Spheres - Procedure A
Run the glass beads that passed through the 300-μm Determine the total
(No. 50) sieve through the same process only weights of the true
changing the decimal angle of the roundometer spheres and of the
plate to 3.9 degrees using a digital level. irregular particles

Calculate the percent of true spheres in the total specimen from the total weight of true
spheres obtained from the retained glass beads and glass beads that passed through the
sieve, using as 100 % the total weight of true spheres plus irregular particles collected in
the test
 ASTM D1155 - Standard Test Method for
Roundness of Glass Spheres - Procedure A

• Percent true sphere =

• a = weight of true spheres from the glass beads retained at 300-μm (No. 50) sieve
• b = weight of true spheres from glass beads that passed through the 300-μm (No. 50)
sieve
• c = weight of irregular particles from the glass beads retained at 300-μm (No. 50) sieve
• d = weight of irregular particles from glass beads that passed through the 300-μm (No.
50) sieve
 ASTM D1155 - Standard Test Method for
Roundness of Glass Spheres - Procedure B

• Uses 600-μm (No. 30), 425-μm (No. 40), 300-μm (No. 50), and (No. 70)
instead of just 300-μm (No. 50) sieve.
• Same procedure except the decimal angle of the roundometer plate and
number of reruns shall be as follows:
Passing Sieve Retained on Sieve Decimal Angle Number of Reruns
600-μm (No. 30) 1.1 until satisfactory separation
600-μm (No. 30) 425-μm 1.5 4
425-μm (No. 40) 300-μm 2.3 4
300-μm (No. 50) 212-μm 3.1 5
212-μm (No. 70) 3.9 5
 ASTM D1155 - Standard Test Method for
Roundness of Glass Spheres - Procedure B

• Percent true sphere =

total weight of true spheres from all size groups

total weight of true spheres from all size groups +
total weight of irregular particles from all size groups
 Refractive Index

• AASHTO T 346 Section 7

• Liquid immersion method (ASTM C1648 - Standard Guide
for Choosing a Method for Determining the Index of
Refraction and Dispersion of Glass - Becke Line Method or
equivalent) at a temperature of 25 ± 5°C
• The beads shall have a refractive index of 1.50–1.55
(D.O. No. 103, Series of 2013)
 ASTM C1648 - Becke Line Method
Apparatus and Materials
• Microscope - Use a microscope having a total magnification of
at least 80× that has a sub-stage condenser with a variable-
aperture iris diaphragm. (A 10× objective lens and a 10×
ocular are very satisfactory)
• Microscope Slides and Cover Glasses - Use standard glass
microscope slides, 1×3-inch, 1-mm thick, and microscope
cover glasses, 18 mm (preferred) or 22 mm2 and 0.35-mm
thick (#1 ½).
 ASTM C1648 - Becke Line Method
Apparatus and Materials
• Bandpass Filters - Narrow spectral bandpass filters, about 1-nm FWHM
(full width at half maximum transmittance), should be used
(measurement with white light reduces the accuracy of a result). These
can be commercial interference filters. Owing to the bandwidth of about
10 nm, the wavelengths of the transmittance maxima of the filters need
not fall at exactly the wavelengths of the spectral lines that are specified
for determining dispersion-numbers. For the Abbe ν-value, standard
interference filters with nominal peak wavelengths of 490 nm, 590 nm,
and 650 nm or 660 nm would work well. The filter should be mounted
close to the substage condenser assembly. This will avoid focusing dirt or
surface defects of the filter onto the plane of the specimen.
 ASTM C1648 - Becke Line Method
Apparatus and Materials
• Calibrated Immersion Oils - Sets of calibrated index oils are available with
indices over the range 1.300 to 2.31. Partial sets, by preset groupings or
by custom selections, can be purchased according to particular need. The
label of each bottle has the index for the sodium D-line at 25°C,
standardized to 2×10-4, the temperature coefficient of index, and the
indices for the hydrogen C and F-lines. Liquids with indices above 1.70
require special handling, as taught by the manufacturer. The oils are
supplied in 7.4-cc (1⁄4 fl oz) bottles; the caps have small glass rods for
transfer of fluid by the drop. The refractive indices of the oils depend on
their temperature; therefore, store the oils at room temperature and
measure the temperature at the time of testing. Temperature-corrections
of the indices of the oils must be made. Note: Toxic
 ASTM C1648 - Becke Line Method
Apparatus and Materials
• Calibrated Immersion Oils - Sets of calibrated index oils are
available with indices over the range 1.460 to 1.640 (adjusted
based on the DPWH refractive index requirement of 1.50–1.55).
The label of each bottle has the index for the sodium D-line at
25°C, standardized to 2×10-4, the temperature coefficient of index,
and the indices for the hydrogen C and F-lines. Supplied in 7.4-cc
(¼ fl oz) bottles; the caps have small glass rods for transfer of fluid
by the drop. Store the oils at room temperature and measure the
temperature at the time of testing. Temperature-corrections of the
indices of the oils must be made.
 ASTM C1648 - Becke Line Method
Apparatus and Materials
• Mortar and Pestle – A small mortar and pestle of agate or of a
hard ceramic is used to prepare the specimens for observation.
• Thermometer - A thermometer that is sensitive and accurate
to 0.5°C is needed
• Alcohol - for cleaning glass samples, no grade required
• 100-mesh and 170-mesh sieves conforming to ASTM E11
 ASTM C1648 - Becke Line Method
Place the glass
sample into the Collect the glass beads
mortar and crush it by Pass the samples that pass through a
pressing down with through 100-mesh 100-mesh sieve but are
and 170-mesh sieves retained by a 170-
the pestle using a mesh sieve
rocking motion

Transfer about 10 glass Three piles can be

beads to the placed on a slide, Next Slide
microscope slide using a spaced about 20-mm
spatula with a small tip apart
 ASTM C1648 - Becke Line Method
Spread the particles
over an area about Lay a cover slip on the spread and dispense 1
10-mm diameter and to 3 drops of a calibrated index oil by touching
remove any the tip of the rod to the edge of the cover slip
exceptionally large and the surface of the slide
particles

Place the slide on the

Close the iris
stage of the microscope diaphragm Next Slide
appreciably
 ASTM C1648 - Becke Line Method
Bring a particle into
focus and adjust the iris
diagram and the focus a
until the boundary
between particle and
oil is sharp (c)

Note the darkness and

breadth of the particle-
oil boundary for
estimating a small or a a Next Slide
large change of index
for the next oil
 ASTM C1648 - Becke Line Method
Repeat these
Raise the focal plane of the microscope above the observations for several
plane of the particle while observing the formation particles and act
of the bright Becke line and its motion into one according to the
medium, whether glass or oil indication of the
majority

Next, choose an oil with index closer to that of

the glass. Repeat the procedure until a match is
achieved (glass fragment will seem to Next Slide
disappear in the oil) or until the 2 closest
(bracketing) oils are found.
 ASTM C1648 - Becke Line Method
If desired to have an Estimate the index by interpolating between the
estimate of the indices of the bracketing oils using relative contrasts
dispersion of the glass,
repeat with bandpass of the boundary when the particle is in focus. The
filters for the C and F- estimate can be as good as one-fourth of the step
lines. of index between the two oils.

The estimate must also

be whether to assign Multiply the difference between 25°C and the
the exact index of 1 oil temperature of the oil (that is, room temperature) by
(for a close match) or to the temperature coefficient of index-variation and
assign the value of the add (algebraically) to obtain the correct index
nearest quarter-step.
 Sampling - AASTO T 250 Section 3
Quartering Method
Apparatus and Materials
• 1.2-by-1.2-m (4-by-4-ft) section of cardboard, smooth wood, or
metal;
• Metal scooping pan;
• Metal splitting device; and
• Unlined 3.8-L (1-gal) cans.
 Sampling - AASTO T 250 Section 3
Quartering Method
Place the 1.2-by-1.2-
m (4-by-4-ft) section Place the 20-kg Using the metal scoop,
mix the material,
of cardboard, smooth sample onto the breaking up any large
wood or metal on a sample area lumps
level section of floor

Shape the pile of Take the metal

thermoplastic into as splitting device and
high a pile as possible, center it over the Next Slide
forming a symmetrical apex of the
inverted cone thermoplastic
 Sampling - AASTO T 250 Section 3
Quartering Method
Take the material The 2 remaining quarters are
Lower the device onto from any 2 to be mixed and split in the
the material, thus opposing quarters same manner as explained
splitting it into four and return it to above, rotating between the
quarter sections the thermoplastic 2 quarters that are retained
bag at the end of each step

Label the outside of

Repeat the process Retain the final 2 the 3.8-L (1-gal)
2 more times or opposing quarters as a sample can with the
until you decrease part of the composite laboratory number,
the mass of each sample and place in the
quarter to 1.25 kg color and type of
unlined 3.8-L (1-gal) can. material
 Sampling - AASTO T 250 Section 3
Splitter Method
Apparatus and Materials
• 1:1 Splitter with pans; and
• Unlined 3.8-L (1-gal) can.
 Sampling - AASTO T 250 Section 3
Splitter Method
Place the 20 kg Place a pan
sample into one of Empty the contents in
the pans and place underneath each of the top pan such that
on top of the 1:1 the two discharge the material passes
sections of the splitter through the splitter
splitter

Take each half and split Split the two

individually to form remaining pans
quarters. Return two Next Slide
opposing pans, or individually to form
quarters, to the bag quarters
 Sampling - AASTO T 250 Section 3
Splitter Method
Repeat the above This splitting procedure
procedure by splitting is performed two times
the two opposing pans or until you decrease
while returning the the mass of each
others to the bag quarter to 1.25 kg

Label the outside of the

Placing the final quarters 3.8-L (1-gal) sample can
into the sample container with the laboratory
number, color and type
of material
 Sampling - AASTO T 250 Section 3
Thieving Method
Apparatus and Materials
• 5-cm (2-in.) ID metal pipe approximately 1 m (3 ft) long;
• Unlined 3.8-L (1-gal) cans.
 Sampling - AASTO T 250 Section 3
Thieving Method
Carefully cut the bag Insert the sample pipe
Place the bag at the top or bottom into the bag and push
containing the 20 kg to allow the pipe to through the
sample on a flat be inserted into the
thermoplastic material
surface through the entire
bag. length of the bag.

Carefully remove the Repeat the process, Label the outside of

pipe and empty the pushing the pipe the 3.8-L (1-gal)
thermoplastic material through a different sample can with the
that is retained in the area of the sample bag laboratory number,
pipe into the unlined until an ~2.5-kg sample color and type of
3.8-L (1-gal) can. has been obtained. material
 Sample Meltdown and Preparation
AASTO T 250 Section 4
Apparatus and Materials
• A stainless steel 4000-mL beaker, 15-cm (6-in.) diameter by 23 cm (9
in.) high, such as a Volrath No. 84000 or equivalent such as an unlined
metal 3.8-L (1-gal) can.
• Suitable heating mantle, such as a Glas-Col heating mantle, Model
TM620 or equivalent.
• Temperature indicator-controller, such as an Omega Engineering
Model 400JF or equivalent.
 Sample Meltdown and Preparation
AASTO T 250 Section 4
Apparatus and Materials
• Thermocouple, such as an Omega Engineering No. TJ36-ICSS-
116G-12 with 1.6-mm (1/16-in.) 304SS sheath, or equivalent.
• Air powered variable speed mixer, such as a Lightning Model 30
with two Lightning A310 stainless steel impellers or similar
equipment.
• Aluminum lid to cover the top of the stainless steel 4000-mL
beaker with slot to clear the air motor agitator shaft and
thermocouple.
 Sample Meltdown and Preparation
AASTO T 250 Section 4
Apparatus and Materials
• Stainless steel ladle with pouring spout, 60-mL (2-oz) capacity.
• Tachometer to measure shaft speed of mixer.
• Copper or stainless steel tubing approximately 3 mm (1/8 in.)
and 25 cm (10 in.) long.
• Porcelain dish, 150 mL.
• Crucibles, 30 mL.
• Glass beaker, 2 L.
Sample Meltdown
and Preparation

AASTO T 250
Section 4

Apparatus Set-up

Detail A
 Sample Meltdown and Preparation
AASTO T 250 Section 4
Wire the heating Mount the controller- Make a test melt to set
mantle power cord to indicators in a panel the proportional band
the temperature that can be wall and other adjustments
indicator controller mounted to keep the to give a controlled
per manufacturer’s unit away from heat, temperature of 218 ±
instructions. dirt, and vibrations 1°C

Change about one-half

the granular sample Turn on the power to
into the appropriate
container and place in the mantle and Next Slide
the heating mantle and controller
attach the stirring shaft
 Sample Meltdown and Preparation
AASTO T 250 Section 4
As the thermoplastic Note: The entire Start the variable-
melts down, add the composite sample speed air agitator
remainder of the from the sampling when plastic has
procedure should be softened sufficiently to
sample melted mix

Maintain temperature Remove the

Continue to mix and at 218 ± 1°C for the thermoplastic sample
heat until temperature number of hours that using a 60-mL (2-oz)
reaches 218°C and the the specific test method ladle and prepare
sample is homogeneous requires before getting samples or run tests as
melted sample required
 Specific Gravity

• AASHTO T 250 Section 16 - Specific Gravity

• ASTM D792 - Standard Test Methods for Density and
Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by
Displacement - Method A [Test Method A for Testing Solid
Plastics in Water (Specimens 1 to 50 g)]
• S.G.max = 2.15 (D.O. No. 103, Series of 2013) (for white
and yellow)
ASTM D792 Method A - Density and Specific Gravity
(Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
Apparatus and Materials
• Analytical Balance - precision of 0.1 mg or better for materials
having densities less than 1.00 g/cm3 and sample weights less than
10 grams. Shall be equipped with a stationary support for the
immersion vessel above the balance pan (“pan straddle”).
• Digital Balance - precision of 1 mg or better for other materials and
sample weights (Analytical balances comply with this requirment).
Shall be equipped with a stationary support for the immersion
vessel above the balance pan (“pan straddle”)
ASTM D792 Method A - Density and Specific Gravity
(Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
Apparatus and Materials
• Sample Holder - corrosion-resistant (for example, wire, gemholder, etc.).
• Sinker - A sinker for use with specimens of plastics that have specific gravities
less than 1.00. The sinker shall: (1) be corrosion-resistant; (2) have a specific
gravity of not less than 7.0; (3) have smooth surfaces and a regular shape; and
(4) be slightly heavier than necessary to sink the specimen. The sinker shall
have an opening to facilitate attachment to the specimen and sample holder.
• Immersion Vessel - A beaker or other wide-mouthed vessel for holding the
water and immersed specimen.
• Thermometer - A thermometer readable to 0.1°C or better.
 ASTM D792 Method A - Density and Specific Gravity
(Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
Make a test specimen Test specimen shall be a single piece with a size and
from the molten shape that fits the testing apparatus, a volume of not
thermoplastic after less than 1 cm3 and its surface and edges smooth.
heating for 4 hours The thickness of the specimen shall be at least 1 mm
(AASHTO T250 for each 1 g of weight. (1 to 5 g is convenient)
Section 16)

Prepare the testing

The specimen shall be apparatus setup
free from oil, grease,
and other foreign based on Next Slide
matter. manufacturer’s
recommendation
 ASTM D792 Method A - Density and Specific Gravity
(Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
Weigh the specimen
Measure and record in air (refer to Refer to manufacturer’s
the water “Apparatus and instruction manual on
temperature Materials” for the how to use the testing
appropriate balance apparatus
to use)

If necessary, attach to the balance a piece of fine wire

sufficiently long to reach from the hook above the pan to
the support for the immersion vessel. Attach the specimen
to the wire such that it is suspended about 25 mm above Next Slide
the vessel support. [mass of the specimen, a = (mass
ofspecimen + wire, in air) − (mass of wire in air)]
 ASTM D792 Method A - Density and Specific Gravity
(Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
Mount the immersion vessel on the support, and Remove any bubbles
completely immerse the suspended specimen adhering to the
specimen, sample
(and sinkers, if used) in water at a temperature holder, or sinker, by
of 23 ± 2°C. The vessel must not touch sample rubbing them with a
holder or specimen wire.

Pay particular attention to holes in the specimen

and sinker. If the bubbles are not removed by
this method or if bubbles are continuously Next Slide
formed (as from dissolved gases), the use of
vacuum is recommended
 ASTM D792 Method A - Density and Specific Gravity
(Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
Determine the mass of Record this apparent
mass as b (the mass of Weigh rapidly in
the suspended specimen the specimen, sinker, if order to minimize
using the same balance
as the one used in used, and the partially absorption of water
weighing in air immersed wire in by the specimen.
liquid).

Weigh the sample

holder (and sinker, if Record this weight as
used) in water with w (mass of the Make two specimens
immersion to the same sample holder in per sample
depth as used in the liquid)
previous step
ASTM D792 Method A - Density and Specific Gravity
(Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
Calculations
• sp gr 23/23°C =
• = apparent mass of specimen, without wire or sinker, in air
• = apparent mass of specimen (and of sinker, if used)
completely immersed and of the wire partially immersed in
liquid, and
• = apparent mass of totally immersed sinker (if used) and of
partially immersed wire.
 Composition - Resin - Binder

• AAHTO T 250 Section 5 - Binder Content

• ASTM D4797 - Standard Test Methods for Gravimetric
Analysis of White and Yellow Thermoplastic Pavement
Marking
• Bindermin = 18.0 (D.O. No. 103, Series of 2013) (for
white and yellow)
 ASTM D4797 - Binder Composition
Apparatus and Reagents

• Balance - analytical, capable of weighing to 0.1 mg or better

• Crucibles - 30+ mL, porcelain or aluminum pan
• Desiccator with dessicant
• Furnace - Muffle, capable of maintaining 540°C
• Hot Plate or Heating Mantle - capable of heating a can of
thermoplastic to 218°C
 ASTM D4797 - Binder Composition
Apparatus and Reagents

• Sieve, 3 in., 45-μm (No. 325) (metal)

• Buchner Funnel
• Vacuum Flask and Rubber Hose
• Vacuum Pump
• Oven capable of reaching 218°C
• Microwave Oven
 ASTM D4797 - Binder Composition
Apparatus and Reagents

• 400 mL Beaker or acid proof container

• Magnetic Stirring Bar
• Magnetic Stirring Plate
• Spatula
• Hydrochloric Acid - Concentrated
 ASTM D4797 - Binder Composition
Take sample during Flow the sample out
the first hour after the Patties approximately 3
entire sample on a smooth clean mm (⅛ in.) thick are
becomes molten non-stick surface and usually easy to break
(AAHTO T 250 allow it to cool to up specimens for the
room temperature. described analysis.
Section 5)

Break the specimen into The binder test can

small pieces and weigh be done on samples
to the nearest 0.1 mg
into a weighed crucible as small as 10 g Next Slide
that is at least twice the (0.353 g) and be
volume of specimen. effective
 ASTM D4797 - Binder Composition
Cover the crucible and
Larger samples can supply place into a muffle furnace
preheated to 540°C and
more glass beads for ash for 1 hour or until no
evaluation later if required carbonaceous material
remains

Remove the crucible with Weigh the

the ashed remains of the crucible and ash
specimen and place into
a desiccator and cool to to the nearest 0.1
room temperature. mg
 ASTM D4797 - Binder Composition
Calculations
• D = (1 – (S ⁄ W)) x 100
• D = percent binder
• S = ashed weight of thermoplastic specimen, g, (crucible +
• ash wt.) – crucible wt.
• W = weight of thermoplastic specimen, g, (crucible +
thermoplastic specimen) – crucible wt.
 Composition - Glass Reflectorizing Sphere - Glass
Beads
• AAHTO T 250 Section 6 – Glass Beads Content
• ASTM D4797 - Standard Test Methods for Gravimetric
Analysis of White and Yellow Thermoplastic Pavement
Marking
• Glass Beads = 30-40 (D.O. No. 103, Series of 2013)
 ASTM D4797 - Glass Beads Composition
Apparatus and Reagents

• Balance - analytical, capable of weighing to 0.1 mg or better

• Crucibles - 30+ mL, porcelain or aluminum pan
• Desiccator with dessicant
• Furnace - Muffle, capable of maintaining 540°C
• Hot Plate or Heating Mantle - capable of heating a can of
thermoplastic to 218°C
 ASTM D4797 - Glass Beads Composition
Apparatus and Reagents

• Sieve, 3 in., 45-μm (No. 325) (metal)

• Buchner Funnel
• Vacuum Flask and Rubber Hose
• Vacuum Pump
• Oven capable of reaching 218°C
• Microwave Oven
 ASTM D4797 - Glass Beads Composition
Apparatus and Reagents

• 2-L Beaker or acid proof container

• Magnetic Stirring Bar
• Magnetic Stirring Plate
• Spatula
• Hydrochloric Acid - Concentrated
 ASTM D4797 - Glass Beads Composition
Take sample during Flow the sample out
the first hour after the Patties approximately 3
entire sample on a smooth clean mm (⅛ in.) thick are
becomes molten non-stick surface and usually easy to break
(AAHTO T 250 allow it to cool to up specimens for the
room temperature. described analysis.
Section 6)

Break the specimen into The binder test can

small pieces and weigh be done on samples
to the nearest 0.1 mg
into a weighed crucible as small as 10 g Next Slide
that is at least twice the (0.353 g) and be
volume of specimen. effective
 ASTM D4797 - Glass Beads Composition
Larger samples can Cover the crucible and Remove the crucible
supply more glass place into a muffle with the ashed remains
furnace preheated to of the specimen and
beads for 540°C and ash for 1 hour place into a desiccator
evaluation later if or until no carbonaceous and cool to room
required material remains temperature.

Weigh the crucible Transfer the ash to a

and ash to 0.1 mg 2-L beaker or other
acid-proof container Next Slide
and calculate the and with minimal
percent ash. pressure
 ASTM D4797 - Glass Beads Composition
Break apart the Stir occasionally
ashed specimen Place in vented hood
without crushing the and add to the ash until most of the
retroreflective
~250 to 750 mL of effervescence has
1+1 HCL ceased
optics.

Immediately dilute the contents with as

much water as possible to allow the
glass beads to settle. Decant the water Next Slide
and particulate carefully so as not to
loose glass beads
 ASTM D4797 - Glass Beads Composition
If all the ash residue has not gone Continue adding
into solution, reintroduce HCL solution HCL or diluting with
and stir using magnetic stirring bar water and
and magnetic stirrer or stirring with decanting until the
a spatula water is clear.

Transfer the residue Wash with enough

into a weighed 3-in. cold water to remove
45-μm (No. 325) sieve
any residue. Repeat Next Slide
or a Buchner funnel
acid washing until the
with filter paper glass beads appear
clean
ASTM D4797 - Glass Beads Composition

If using sieve, dry the sides and the bottom of the sieve
with a paper towel and dry for 1 hour in a gravity oven
preheated to 100°C. If using buchner funnel, use vacuum
to evacuate the water and then dry the glass beads
containing-filters in a oven or microwave oven.

Place in a desiccator Weigh the

and cool to room sieve/filter and glass
temperature. beads to 0.1 mg
 ASTM D4797 - Glass Beads Composition
Calculations

• % Glass Beads = R/W x 100

• R = weight of glass beads after acid wash (g)
(not including sieve/filter weight)
• W = original weight of thermoplastic specimen
(g) (not including crucible weight)
 Composition - Pigment - Titanium dioxide

• ASTM D1394 - Standard Test Methods for Chemical

Analysis of White Titanium Pigments - Total Titanium by
the Jones Reductor Method
• ASTM D4764 - Standard Test Method for Determination
by X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Titanium Dioxide
Content in Paint
 Composition - Pigment - Titanium dioxide

• Titanium dioxidemin= 10.0 (only for white) (D.O. No. 103,

Series of 2013)
• Only for White thermoplastic paint
• For yellow thermoplastic paint - Amount of Yellow
Pigment, calcium carbonate, and inert fillers shall be at
the option of the manufacturer, providing all other
requirements of AASHTO M 249-12 are met.
 ASTM D1394 - Total Titanium by the Jones Reductor
Method
Appartus
• Jones Reductor - having a zinc column at least 450 mm in length, and 19 mm in
diameter. The filtering pad must be tight enough to hold all the particles of
amalgamated zinc resting on it, and made of glass-wool supported by platinum
gauze or a perforated porcelain plate. Use the least amount (0.1 to 1.0 %) of
mercury that will enable satisfactory control of hydrogen evolution, since heavy
amalgamation tends to reduce the rate of reaction. Prepare the amalgam by
washing 20-mesh zinc for 1 min in enough 1 N HCl to cover it, adding the
proper amount of 0.25 M mercuric nitrate or chloride solution, and stirring
rapidly for 3 min. Decant the solution and wash the amalgam with water and
store under water to which a few drops of HCl have been added. After using,
keep the reductor filled with water when not in use, in order that basic salts will
not be formed and clog it.
 ASTM D1394 - Total Titanium by the Jones Reductor
Method
Appartus
• Weighing bottle and cap
• Desiccator with desiccant
• 250 mL chemical and heat-resistant glass beaker
• Chemical and heat-resistant reagent bottles
 ASTM D1394 - Total Titanium by the Jones Reductor
Method
Reagents
• Ammonium Hydroxide (sp gr 0.90) - Concentrated ammonium hydroxide
(NH4OH)
• Ammonium Sulfate ((NH4)2SO4)
• Carbon Steel or Iron - Pure iron or plain carbon steel
• Ferric Sulfate Solution (1 mL = 0.02 g Fe) - Dissolve 20 g of iron or carbon steel
in a slight excess of HCl, oxidize with approximately 12 mL of HNO3, add about
80 mL of H2SO4, and heat to dense white fumes. Cool, dilute with water to 1 L,
digest on a steam bath until sulfates are dissolved, and filter if necessary. To
oxidize any ferrous iron that may be present, add 0.1 N KMnO4 solution until a
faint pink color persists for 5 min. Ferric ammonium sulfate
(FeNH4(SO4)2•12H2O) may also be used to prepare this solution
 ASTM D1394 - Total Titanium by the Jones Reductor
Method
Reagents
• Hydrochloric Acid (sp gr 1.19) - Concentrated hydrochloric acid
(HCl)
• Iron or Carbon Steel - Pure iron or plain carbon steel.
• Nitric Acid (sp gr 1.42) - Concentrated nitric acid (HNO3).
• Sodium Oxalate - National Institute of Standards and
Technology standard reference material No. 40 of sodium
oxalate (Na2C2O4).
 ASTM D1394 - Total Titanium by the Jones Reductor
Method
Reagents
• Potassium Permanganate, Standard Reference Material (0.1 N, 1 mL = 0.008 g
TiO2) - Dissolve 3.16 g of KMnO4 in water and dilute to 1 L. Let stand 8 to 14
days, siphon off the clear solution (or filter through sintered glass, medium
porosity), and standardize against the National Bureau of Standards standard
sample No. 40 of sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4) as follows: In a 400-mL beaker
dissolve 250 to 300 mg Na2C2O4 in 250 mL of hot water (80 to 90°C) and add
15 mL of H2SO4(1+1). Titrate at once with the KMnO4 solution, stirring the
liquid vigorously and continuously. The KMnO4 solution must not be added more
rapidly than 10 to 15 mL/min, and the last 0.5 to 1 mL must be added dropwise
with particular care to allow each drop to be fully decolorized before the next is
introduced. (Continued at next slide)
 ASTM D1394 - Total Titanium by the Jones Reductor
Method
Reagents
The solution shall not be below 60°C by the time the end point has been
reached. (More rapid cooling may be prevented by allowing the beaker to
stand on a small hot plate during the titration. The use of a small type
thermometer as a stirring rod is most convenient.) Keep the KMnO4 solution
in a glass-stoppered bottle painted black to keep out light or in a brown
glass bottle stored in a dark place. Calculate the TiO2 equivalent in grams of
TiO2 per mL of the KMnO4 solution as follows:
TiO2 equivalent = (W /1.192)/V
W = Na2C2O4 used, g, and
V = KMnO4 solution required for the titration, mL
 ASTM D1394 - Total Titanium by the Jones Reductor
Method
Reagents
• Sulfuric Acid (sp gr 1.84) - Concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
• Sulfuric Acid (1+1) - Carefully mix 1 volume of H2SO4 (sp gr
1.84) into 1 volume of water with rapid stirring.
• Sulfuric Acid (1+19)—Carefully mix 1 volume of H2SO4 into 19
volumes of water with rapid stirring.
 ASTM D1394 - Total Titanium by the Jones Reductor
Method
Determine the dry Weight to 0.1 mg Dry the specimen in
weight of a 300 to 350 mg of the opened
weighing bottle and the sample to be weighing bottle for
cap to 0.1 mg analyzed into the 2 hours at 105 to
weighing bottle 110°C

Cool in a desiccator, Calculate the dry

cap the bottle, and weight of the
weigh as rapidly as specimen and use in Next Slide
possible the actual
calculation
 ASTM D1394 - Total Titanium by the Jones Reductor
Method
Transfer the dried
specimen to a dry add 20 mL of H2SO4 Mix well and heat on a
hot plate until dense
250 mL chemical and (sp gr 1.84) and 7 to white fumes are
heat-resistant glass 8 g of (NH4)2SO4 evolved
beaker

Continue the heating over a strong flame until

solution is complete (usually requires not over 5 min
of boiling) or it is apparent that the residue is Next Slide
composed of SiO2 or siliceous matter. Caution should
be observed in visually examining this hot solution
 ASTM D1394 - Total Titanium by the Jones Reductor
Method
Cool the solution, dilute with 100 mL of water, Wash the insoluble
stir, heat carefully to boiling while stirring, let residue with cold
settle, filter through paper, and transfer the H2SO4 (1+19) until
precipitate completely to the paper titanium is removed

Dilute the filtrate to 200 Wash out the Jones

mL and add about 5 mL reductor with H2SO4
of NH4OH to lower the (1+19) and water, leaving
acidity to sufficient water in the Next Slide
approximately 10-15% reductor to fill to the
H2SO4 (by volume) upper level of the zinc
 ASTM D1394 - Total Titanium by the Jones Reductor
Method
These washings should Run 50 mL of H2SO4
Empty the receiver, (1+19) through the
require not more than and put in it 25 mL reductor at such a
1 or 2 drops of 0.1 N
KMnO4 solution to of ferric sulfate uniform rate as to
solution require 5 to 10 min for
obtain a pink color. passage

Follow this with the

titanium solution at
such a uniform rate as Wash out with 100 Next Slide
to require 10 min to mL of H2SO4 (1+19).
pass through the
reductor.
ASTM D1394 - Total Titanium by the Jones Reductor
Method
Run through about 100 Gradually release the
mL of water. Take care suction. Wash
that the reductor is thoroughly the glass
always filled with tube that was
solution or water to the immersed in the ferric
upper level of the zinc. sulfate solution

Remove the receiver, Run a blank

and titrate determination, using the
same reagents and
immediately with 0.1 redactor washing
N KMnO4 solution procedure
 ASTM D1394 - Total Titanium by the Jones Reductor
Method
Calculations

• TiO2, % =

• V1 = KMnO4 solution required for titration of specimen, mL

• B = KMnO4 solution required for titration of the blank, mL
• T = TiO2 equivalent of the KMnO4 solution, g/mL, and
• S = dried specimen, g.
 ASTM D4764 - % TiO2 by X-Ray Fluorescence
Spectroscopy Method
Appartus
• X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer, suitable for measurement of
the baseline corrected intensity of the Kα lines of titanium and
of bromine. For spectrometers equipped with a tungsten or
chromium target and a lithium fluoride (200) analyzing crystal,
these lines are observed at 2θ angles of 86.09° and 29.97°,
respectively
• Paint Shaker
 ASTM D4764 - % TiO2 by X-Ray Fluorescence
Spectroscopy Method
Appartus
• Film Applicator, to produce a 75-μm (3-mil) wet film thickness
• Plastic Sheet,4with no interfering X-ray fluorescence peaks and
not attacked by paint solvent
• Perforated Suction Plate, or other flat surface
• Vials and caps, 20 mL
 ASTM D4764 - % TiO2 by X-Ray Fluorescence
Spectroscopy Method
Reagents
• ASTM D1193 Type II water
• 2-ethoxyethanol, purified grade.
• Tetraethylammonium Bromide, internal standard solution - Into a 100-mL
volumetric flask weigh approximately 10.80 g of tetraethylammonium
bromide (TEAB) to 1 mg. Dissolve the TEAB in 2-ethoxyethanol, fill the
flask to the mark with 2-ethoxyethanol, and mix thoroughly. (TEAB
dissolved in 2-ethoxyethanol can be used as an internal standard for both
water-reducible and solvent-reducible paint. However, water may be
substituted for 2-ethoxyethanol, if only water reducible paint is to be
analyzed.)
 ASTM D4764 - % TiO2 by X-Ray Fluorescence
Spectroscopy Method
Turn on the
spectrometer and Select spectrometer settings to permit
allow it to stabilize measurement of the intensity of the Kα peaks
thoroughly before of titanium & bromine (Check manufacturer’s
beginning collection instruction manual)
of results

Place the disk in the

specimen holder such
that the coated side of Refer to XRF Equipment
the sheet is turned Manual for Sample Next Slide
toward the incident X- preparation options
rays
 ASTM D4764 - % TiO2 by X-Ray Fluorescence
Spectroscopy Method
Record the background Check the spectra for the presence of
spectrum in the ranges of interfering peaks and select for each
the Kα peaks of titanium peak an angle for background
& bromine, including at measurement where interference is at a
least 10° on each side minimum

At the selected angles measure Determine the net

the background intensities and intensity, c/s, of each
the intensities of the Kα peaks peak by subtracting
of titanium and bromine in the background count
counts per second (c/s) from the peak count.
 ASTM D4764 - % TiO2 by X-Ray Fluorescence
Spectroscopy Method
Calculations
• Use the values of the standard paint of known TiO2 content to
calculate Kt, the reference intensity ratio of titanium relative to
bromine in the film, defined as:

• Kt = X = X
 ASTM D4764 - % TiO2 by X-Ray Fluorescence
Spectroscopy Method
Calculations
• = TEAB used in making film, g,
= TEAB used, g, × 2 mL⁄100 mL = TEAB used, g, × 1⁄50
• = TiO2 in film, g,
= paint used, g, × (%TiO2 in dry paint/100) × %nonvolatile matter/100,
= paint used, g, × % TiO2 in liquid paint/100,
= paint used, g, × weight fraction of TiO2 in liquid paint,
• = nonvolatile matter (from paint) in film, g,
= paint used, g, × % nonvolatile matter/100,
= paint used, g, × % weight fraction of nonvolatile matter,
• b = intensity of bromine peak, c/s, and
• t = intensity of titanium peak, c/s.
 ASTM D4764 - X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Method
Calculations

• Kt = X X

• = paint used, g, and

• = weight fraction of TiO2 in liquid paint
• Calculate the mean of the Kt values obtained from the two
disks coated with the standard paint and use in the next
calculation
 ASTM D4764 - X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Method
Calculations

• % TiO2 =
 Composition - Filler - Calcium carbonate and inert
fillers
• ASTM D4797 - Standard Test Methods for Gravimetric Analysis of White
and Yellow Thermoplastic Pavement Marking
• ash, n - the inorganic components of thermoplastic traffic marking including
the pigment, glass spheres, and filler.
• Calcium carbonate and inert fillersmax= 42.0 (only for white) (D.O. No. 103,
Series of 2013)
• Only for White thermoplastic paint
• For yellow thermoplastic paint - Amount of Yellow Pigment, calcium
carbonate, and inert fillers shall be at the option of the manufacturer,
providing all other requirements of AASHTO M 249-12 are met.
 ASTM D4797 - Calcium Carbonate and Inert Fillers
Composition
Calculations
• Ash = pigment, glass spheres, and filler
• Then, filler = ash – ( pigment + glass spheres)
• Pigment = % TiO2
• Glass spheres = % Glass Beads
• Ash = weight of ash after ignition at 540°C from the analysis
of glass beads or TiO2
Composition - Color - Daylight reflectance @ 45° - 0°

• Daylight reflectance @ 45° - 0°min= 75% for white, 45%

for yellow (D.O. No. 103, Series of 2013)
• To determine the settings that need to be entered in the
spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter, we refer to
AASHTO T 249 Section 4.3.1 - Color
Composition - Color - Daylight reflectance @ 45° - 0°
• White: Daytime Luminance factor, Y (%) at 45°/0° - geometry
and illuminant D65 using the 1931 CIE 2° standard observer
≥75. For highway use, the color shall match Federal Test
Standard No. 595b, Color 17886.
• Yellow: Daytime Luminance factor, Y (%) at 45°/0° - geometry
and illuminant D65 using the 1931 CIE 2° standard observer
≥45. For highway use, the color shall match Federal Test
Standard No. 595b - Color 13538.
Composition - Color - Daylight reflectance @ 45° - 0°

• AASHTO T 250 Section 8 - Reflectance, Color and

Yellowness Index
• ASTM D4960 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of
Color for Thermoplastic Traffic Marking Materials
• ASTM E1349 - Standard Test Method for Reflectance
Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using
Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry
 ASTM D4960 & E1349 - Daylight reflectance @ 45° - 0°
Make a test specimen Pour into a clean,
from the molten Allow to cool to room
thermoplastic after non-stick pan, to form temperature for at least
heating for 240 ± 5 an approximately 8- 30 minutes to negate
cm (3-in.) diameter the initial effects of
minutes (AASHTO disk thermochromism
M250 Section 8)

Select the largest

port available for Next Slide
spectrophotometer or
spectrocolorimeter
 ASTM D4960 & E1349 - Daylight reflectance @ 45° - 0°
Standardize or verify the calibration of the Adjust the settings to show
“zero setting of the reflectance scale”, detect Daytime Luminance
“wavelength scale” and “stray-light level”. factor, Y (%) at 45°/0° -
Refer to the specific spectrophotometer or geometry and illuminant D65
spectrocolorimeter instruction manual for the using the 1931 CIE 2°
method of standardization or verification. standard observer

Remove the patty from Take three more

readings without record the average
the non-stick pan and of 4 readings with a
read the color removing the patty
measurement values from the sample port 90 degree rotation
from the flat smooth between each
rotating it 90° reading
side between readings
 Drying time

• ASTM M 249 Section 4.3.2 - Drying Time

• Drying timemax= 2.0 minutes at 10 ± 2 °C or 10.0
minutes at 32 ± 2 °C (D.O. No. 103, Series of 2013)
 ASTM M 249 Section 4.3.2 - Drying Time

• When applied at a temperature range of 211 ± 7°C

and thickness of 3.2 to 4.8 mm (125 to 188 mils), the
material shall set to bear traffic in not more than 2 min
when the air temperature is 10 ± 2°C and not more than
10 min when the air temperature is 32 ± 2°C
 ASTM M 249 Section 4.3.2 - Drying Time

• When applied at a temperature range of 211 ± 7°C

(412.5 ± 12.5°F) and thickness of 3.2 to 4.8 mm (125 to
188 mils), the material shall set to bear traffic in not more
than 2 min when the air temperature is 10 ± 2°C (50 ±
3°F) and not more than 10 min when the air temperature
is 32 ± 2°C (90 ± 3°F).
 Composition - Cracking Resistance @ Low
Temperature
• AASHTO T 250 Section 12 - Low Temperature Stress
Resistance
• Cracking Resistance @ Low Temperature = no cracks
(D.O. No. 103, Series of 2013)
 AASHTO T 250 Section 12 - Cracking Resistance @
Low Temperature
Apparatus
• Concrete blocks, 305 by 305 by 76 mm (12 by 12 by 3 in.), primed
with primer recommended for use by the thermoplastic manufacturer
• 1.9-L (0.5-gal) cans with rims removed.
• Spatula.
• Drawdown blade, 10 cm (4 in.) by 125 mL.
• Cold box or freezer, capable of maintaining a temperature of –9.4
± 2.0°C for 24 h.
 AASHTO T 250 Section 12 - Cracking Resistance @
Low Temperature
Heat the drawdown blade at Take sample from the
218°C for one-half hour (Start molten thermoplastic
heating the drawdown blade after after heating for 240 ±
heating the molten thermoplastic 5 minutes (AASHTO T
for 210 minutes or 3.5 hours) 250 Section 12)

Pour the Draw down a 10-cm

thermoplastic into (4-in.) wide line on Next Slide
the heated the concrete block at
drawdown blade room temperature.
AASHTO T 250 Section 12 - Cracking Resistance @
Low Temperature
When the test At the end of 24 h,
specimen has cooled to remove and
room temperature,
place it in the cold box immediately inspect
or freezer for 24 h at the specimen for
-9.4 ± 2.0°C cracking

Inspect the specimen

from a distance of Any cracking shall
305 mm (12 in.) constitute failure
under diffuse of the test
lighting.
 Composition - Impact Resistance

• AASHTO T 250 Section 14 - Impact Resistance

• ASTM D256, Method A - Standard Test Methods for
Determining the Izod Pendulum Impact Resistance of
Plastics - Cantilever Beam Test
• Impact Resistancemin= 115.0 mm•kg (D.O. No. 103, Series
of 2013)
 AASHTO T 250 Section 14 - Impact Resistance
Apparatus and Materials
• Molds, 25 by 25 by 150 mm (1 by 1 by 6 in.), for casting
impact specimens.
• Izod-type impact test apparatus with 0 to 2.82 J (0 to 25
in.-lb) scale.
 AASHTO T 250 Section 14 - Impact Resistance
Preheat the specimen molds for Take sample from the molten
approximately 1 h at 218°C (Start thermoplastic after heating for
heating the drawdown blade after 4 hours (AASHTO M 250
heating the molten thermoplastic for Section 14) and quickly fill the
180 minutes or 3 hours) heated molds

After cooling, Cut each sample

carefully disassemble into
the molds and approximately Next Slide
remove the solidified 76-mm (3-in.)
material long sections
 AASHTO T 250 Section 14 - Impact Resistance
At least 2 or more Estimate the
individual determinations of breaking energy for
impact resistance must be the specimen and
made on each sample to be select a pendulum of
tested suitable energy

Use the lightest standard Follow the

pendulum that is expected to manufacturer’s
break each specimen in the instructions to Next Slide
group with a loss of not more correct for windage
than 85 % of its energy and friction
 AASHTO T 250 Section 14 - Impact Resistance
If excessive friction Measure and Position the specimen
is indicated, the record the precisely so that it is
machine shall be dimensions of the rigidly, but not too
adjusted before molded sample tightly, clamped in the
starting a test vise

Pay special attention Release the Subtract the windage &

to ensure that the pendulum. Record friction correction from the
“impacted end” of the indicated indicated breaking
the specimen is breaking energy & energy, unless determined
projecting above the appearance of the automatically by the
vise. broken specimen system
 Composition - Softening Point

• AASHTO M249 Section 4.3.5 - Softening Point

• ASTM D36 - Standard Test Method for Softening Point of
Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)
• Softening Point = 102.5 ± 9.5°C (D.O. No. 103, Series
of 2013)
 ASTM D36 - Softening Point
Apparatus
• Rings - Two square-shouldered brass rings conforming to the
dimensions requirements of ASTM D36 Figure 1(a)
• Pouring Plate - A flat, smooth, brass plate approximately 50 by 75
mm [2 by 3 in.]
• Balls - Two steel balls, 9.5 mm [⅜ in.] in diameter, each having a
mass of 3.50 ± 0.05 g
• Ball-Centering Guides - Two brass guides for centering the steel
balls, one for each ring, conforming to the general shape and
dimensions of ASTM D36 Figure 1 (b)
 ASTM D36 - Softening Point
Apparatus
• Bath - A glass vessel, capable of being heated, not less than 85 mm in
inside diameter and not less than 120 mm in depth from the bottom of
the flare. (An 800-mL, low-form Griffin beaker of heat-resistant glass
meets this requirement)
• Ring Holder and Assembly - A brass holder designed to support the two
rings in a horizontal position, conforming to the shape and dimensions of
ASTM D36 Figure 1 (c), supported in the assembly illustrated in ASTM
D36 Figure 1 (d). The bottom of the shouldered rings in the ring holder
shall be 25 mm [1.0 in.] above the upper surface of the bottom plate,
and the lower surface of the bottom plate shall be 16 ± 3 mm [⅝ ± ⅛
in.] from the bottom of the bath.
 ASTM D36 - Softening Point
Apparatus and Reagents
• ASTM High Softening Point Thermometer - range from 30 to 200°C, and
conforming to ASTM E1 - Thermometer 16C; or any other thermometric
device of at least equal accuracy, capable of indicating temperature to
within 1°C and stable to within 1°C for the duration of the exposure.
• USP Glycerin (do not use water as the expected Softening Point is 102.5
± 9.5°C based on the specifications of D.O. No. 103, Series of 2013
which is way above the 80°C maximum to use water)
• Release agent - silicone oil or grease, a mixture of glycerin and dextrin,
talc, or china clay
 ASTM D36 - Softening Point

Take sample from the Assemble the apparatus in the laboratory hood with
molten thermoplastic the specimen rings, ball-centering guides, and
after heating for 240 thermometer in position, and fill the bath so that the
± 5 minutes (AASHTO liquid depth will be 105 ± 3 mm [4⅛ ± ⅛ in.] with
M249 Section 4.3.5) the apparatus in place.

Using forceps, place the two steel balls in the

bottom of the bath for at least 5 min so they will Next Slide
reach the same starting temperature as the rest
of the assembly.
 ASTM D36 - Softening Point
Place the bath in ice water, if necessary, or Again using forceps,
gently heat to establish and maintain the place a ball from
proper starting bath temperature for 15 min the bottom of the
with the apparatus in place. Take care not to bath in each ball-
contaminate the bath liquid. centering guide.

Heat the bath from

below so that the Protect the bath from
temperature indicated
by the thermometer drafts, using shields if Next Slide
rises at a uniform rate necessary.
of 5°C/min
 ASTM D36 - Softening Point
The maximum Reject any test in Record for each ring and ball
permissible which the rate of the temperature indicated by
variation for any 1- temperature rise the thermometer at the instant
min period after does not fall
the thermoplastic surrounding
the first 3 min shall the ball touches the bottom
be ± 0.5°C within these limits plate

Make no correction If the difference Report to the nearest

for the emergent between the two 0.5°C the mean of the
stem of the temperatures exceeds temperatures recorded
thermometer 1°C, repeat the test as the softening point
 Composition - Flowability

• AASHTO T 250 Section 11 - Flowability (Percent Residue)

• Flowabilitymax = 18% (White), 21% (Yellow) (D.O. No.
103, Series of 2013)
 AASHTO T 250 Section 11 - Flowability (Percent
Residue)
Apparatus and Materials
• Round, unlined steel 475-mL (1-pt) can with rim removed from the
inside
• Balance - 0.01 g readability and sensitivity, 0.02 g accuracy
• Holder for cans, allowing suspension of cans at a 45° angle with
point contact.
• Electric hotplate, capable of heating material to 218°C
• Glass stem thermometer -max temperature range of at least 218°C
 AASHTO T 250 Section 11 - Flowability (Percent
Residue)
Take weigh 400.0 ±
0.1 g from the molten Place the sample onto a
thermoplastic after Place in tared 475- hotplate that has been
heating for 240 ± 5 mL can set on the maximum
minutes (AASHTO temperature setting
M249 Section 11.2.1)

Stir using a glass stem

thermometer until the Avoid splashing
material reaches a material on the inside Next Slide
temperature of 218 ± of the can
1°C
 AASHTO T 250 Section 11 - Flowability (Percent
Residue)
Remove the can from Immediately suspend Allow the material to
the hotplate and the can at a 45- flow over the rim where
scrape the material degree angle in a the thermometer was
from the thermometer holder with point scraped until flow
on the rim of the can contact ceases

Record the mass of

Calculate the
each can plus residue flowability (percent
residue)
 Flowability (Percent Residue)
Calculation
Flowability (Percent Residue) = (A x B) x 100
400

A = mass of can plus residue

B = mass of can
VOLUME III - ITEM 1032
VOLUME III - ITEM 1032
 PNS 139, 463, 225, 226, 366, 2113, 227, 462, 612,
2116, 2118, 464, 465
• ISO 3251 - Total solids by weight
• ASTM D 1849 - Storage stability-accelerated at 50 ± 1°C, 1 month (requires 2 cans, 1 to
be opened & tested after 1 month)
• ASTM D 1475 - Density
• ASTM D 562 - Determination of viscosity at 29 ± 1°C
• ASTM D 1200 - Determination of viscosity at 29 ± 1°C, ford viscosity cup
• ASTM D 1210 - Fineness of grind, north standard (NS)
• ASTM D 869 - Degree of settling of paint (requires 6 months storage)
• ISO 4628-1 - Degree of settling of paint
 PNS 139, 463, 225, 226, 366, 2113, 227, 462, 612,
2116, 2118, 464, 465
• ISO 4628-2 - Degree of blistering
• ISO 4628-4 - Degree of cracking
• ISO 4628-5 - Degree of flaking
• ISO 4628-6 - Degree of chalking by tape method
• ASTM D7488 - Wet edge time (open time of latex paints)
• ASTM D 1640 - Dry time 75 µm, WFT
• ASTM D 4062 – Levelling
• ISO 6504-3 - Contrast ratio, %, 75 µm
• ISO 2813 - Specular gloss, 75 µm
 PNS 139, 463, 225, 226, 366, 2113, 227, 462, 612,
2116, 2118, 464, 465
• ASTM D 2486 - Wet abrasion, cycles
• ASTM D 3359 - Adhesion by tape test 75 µm on CRS, 7 days and intercoat adhesion
with gloss enamel
• ISO 11997-1 - Corrosion resistance 30-40 µm dft, spray applied on CRS, 24 hrs, CCT,
panel size, 100x70x0.3 mm
• ASTM D 1308 - Spot test, 75 µm, WFT, 7 d cured, 24 hr spot, (a) engine oil (b) 2% by
weight HCl (c) 2% by weight NaOH
• ASTM D 3363 - Pencil hardness, 75 µm on glass, 7 days curing
• ASTM D 2794 - Impact resistance, 150 µm, WFT, 7 d cure, 500 g weight, 0.75 mm thick
CRS
 PNS 139, 463, 225, 226, 366, 2113, 227, 462, 612,
2116, 2118, 464, 465
• PNS 495 - Flexibility conical mandrel, 150 µm, WFT, 7 d cure
• ISO 15110 - Accelerated weathering (xenon arc or QUV)
• ISO 16474-1, 16474-2 & 16474-3 - Colour fastness to light (xenon arc or QUV)
• ISO 11890-2 - Volatile organic compound content
• ASTM E 1613 / F 2853 - Lead content
• ISO 15528 - Sampling
• ISO 1513 - Examination and preparation of samples
• ISO 1514 - Preparation of standard panels
• ISO 3270 - Sample conditioning
 PAINT
MINIMUM TESTING REQUIREMENT
D.O. NO. 49, SERIES OF 2021

• 20-L CAN: ONE (1) FOR EVERY 100 CANS OR

FRACTION THEREOF
• 4-L CAN: ONE (1) FOR EVERY 100 CANS OR
FRACTION THEREOF