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DSP Filter Structures Guide

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19 views37 pages

DSP Filter Structures Guide

Uploaded by

sam torent

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ECE 3203

Digital Signal Processing

Filter Structures

Shah Muhammad Azmat Ullah

Lecturer,
Dept. of ECE, KUET.
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology
Introduction
For the design of digital filters
• System transfer function H(z) or, impulse response h(n) must be
specified.

• The digital filter structure can be implemented or synthesized in

hardware/software from by its difference equation obtained directly
from H(z) or h(n).

• H(z) can be implemented by digital computed or special purpose digital

hardware or special programmable integrated circuit.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) 2

Filter Implementation
Transfer function :
𝑀 −𝑘
𝑏
𝑘=0 𝑘 𝑧
𝐻 𝑧 = 𝑁 −𝑘
𝑎
𝑘=0 𝑘 𝑧

or the corresponding difference equation:

𝑁 𝑀

𝑎𝑘 𝑦 𝑛 − 𝑘 = 𝑏𝑘 𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑘)
𝑘=0 𝑘=0
𝑁 𝑀

𝑦 𝑛 =− 𝑎𝑘 𝑦 𝑛 − 𝑘 + 𝑏𝑘 𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑘)
𝑘=1 𝑘=0

Where 𝑎𝑘 and 𝑏𝑘 are constant with 𝑎0 ≠ 0 and 𝑀 ≤ 𝑁

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) 3
Filter Implementation

Figure: Basic operations in block diagram

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) 4

Filter Implementation

Advantages:
• Just by inspections, the computation algorithm can be easily written.
• The hardware implements can be easily determined.
• A variety of equivalent block diagram represents can be easily developed
from H(z).
• The relationship between the output and the input can be determined.

Canonic and Non-canonic structures:

If the number of delays in the realization block diagram is equal to the order
of the difference equation or the order of the transfer function of a digital
filter , then the realization structure is called canonic. Otherwise it is a non-
canonic structure.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) 5

Basic Filter Structures

 Direct Forms
• Direct Form I
• Direct Form II

 Transpose form
 Cascade form
 Parallel form
 Ladder form
 State space form

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) 6

Direct Form Realisation of IIR Systems
𝑀 −𝑘
𝑌(𝑧) 𝑏
𝑘=0 𝑘 𝑧
𝐻 𝑧 = = 𝑁 −𝑘
𝑋(𝑧) 𝑘=0 𝑎 𝑘 𝑧
• This equation is the standard form of the system transfer function. By
inspection of this equation, the block diagram representation can be
drawn directly for the direct form realisation.

• The multipliers in the feed forward paths are the numerator coefficients
and the multipliers in the feedback paths are the negatives of the
denominator coefficients.

• Since the multiplier coefficients in the structures are exactly the

coefficients of the transfer function, they are called direct form structures.
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) 7
Direct Form I

In this case, the system

function is divided into two
parts connected in cascade,
the first part containing only
the zeros, followed by the
part containing only the
poles.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) 8

Direct Form I
The sample-by-sample processing algorithm can be derived by defining
the internal states of the filter to be:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) 9

Direct Form I

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) 10

Direct Form I

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) 11

Direct Form I

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) 12

Direct Form I