UNIT 3

Chemical Calculation

Mole

• mol is the SI unit of amount of substance

• When Avogadro number (6.022×1023) of units are taken from a certain substance we refer to that
quantity as a mole

Avogadro constant

• Avogadro constant (NA / L) = 6.022×1023 mol-1

N
N% =
n

• The number of "#!C atoms found inside exactly 12.00 g of "#!C isotope is equal to the Avogadro number

Atomic mass unit

• Since atoms are so small g/kg are not used to express their masses
• Instead, atomic mass unit is used
• Atomic mass unit is, 1/12th the mass of the 𝟏𝟐𝐂 isotope

!
1 u = !" × mass of !"#C atom

• 1 u = 1.66×10-24 g

Relative atomic mass

• Here we state out atom of interest is weighing how many times as an atomic mass unit

$%&& () *+, %*($

Relative atomic mass = #
× $%&& () #$%. %*($
#$

1
• For a molecule we take this as relative molecular mass
• Relative atomic mass is unit less

Average atomic mass

• As some elements are having isotopes, average atomic mass is defined

Molar mass

• For any element / compound mass of one mole is referred to as molar mass
• unit – g mol-1

m
n=
M

1. Find the molar mass of the following compounds

i. CaCO3
ii. NaCl
iii. Mg(NO3)2
iv. CH3COOH
v. H2SO3
(Ca – 40, C- 12, O – 16, Na – 23, Cl – 35.5, H – 1, Mg – 24, N – 14, S – 32)

2. Complete the following table with the appropriate number of moles

NaCl Na+ Cl-

1
1 mol
MgBr2 Mg2+ Br-
2
0.5 mol
H2 O H O
3
4 mol
Cr(OH)3 Cr3+ OH-
4
0.2 mol
CaCO3 Ca O
5
5 mol
H2SO4 H2SO4 SO"0
/
6
49 g
C2H5OH H C
7
46 g
CH3COOH H O
8
2 mol
CuSO4.5H2O SO"0
/ H2 O
9
1 mol
Na2CO3.10H2O H2 O Na
10
2 mol

2
3. A mass of 10.6 g is taken from Na2CO3
i. Find the number of moles of Na2CO3
ii. Find the mass of Na
iii. Find the number of moles of carbonate
(Na – 23, C – 12, O – 16)

4. A mass of 62.38 g is taken from CuSO4.5H2O

i. Find the number of moles of CuSO4
ii. Find the number of moles of H2O
iii. Find the mass of Cu
(Cu – 63.5, S-32, O-16, H-1)

5. A mixture is containing 0.4 g of NaOH and 0.74 g of Ca(OH)2

i. Find the total moles of OH- in the mixture
ii. Find the moles of Na and Ca separately
(Na – 23, Ca – 40, O – 16, H – 1)

6. Compound A contains 0.3 mol in a mass of 30 g. What is the molar mass of compound A

Types of chemical formula

Empirical formula

• Empirical formula of a compound is the simplest positive integer ratio of atoms present in a
compound

Molecular formula

• Molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of a compound

Molecular formula = empirical formula × n

where n is a full number

1. Determine the empirical formula and the molecular formula of a compound with the elemental
percentage of Cl = 71.65%, C = 24.27%, H = 4.07%. Molar mass of the compound is 98 g mol-1

2. The elements present in an organic compound A and their mass % are given below. Find the empirical
formula of compound A

C H N Cl
Mass % 55.6 6.2 10.8 27.4

3. Elements in the compound B and their mass percentages are given below

Mn S H O
Mass % 21.2 12.3 4.6 61.8

(Mn – 55, S -32, H -1, O -16)

3
 i. Find the empirical formula of compound B
ii. If all the H atoms exist as water, find the molecular formula
iii. Draw the Lewis structure of anion in compound B

4. Compound X is consisting of C, H, O and Na only. Mass percentages of elements are H – 2.35%, C –

14.2%, O – 56.41%
i. Deduce the empirical formula of X
ii. Deduce the molecular formula of X, if relative molecular mass is approximately 170 and H
exists as water only in the compound

5. Y is a hydrated salt containing Na, S, H and O only. It contains 18.5% of Na, 25.8% S and 4% of H
by mass. In this compound H is present as H2O only

i. Determine the empirical formula of Y

ii. If the relative molecular mass of Y is 248, deduce its molecular formula
iii. Draw the structure of the anion of Y
iv. Give a commonly used name for Y

Different ways of writing the composition of a substance in a mixture

• Mixtures contain more than 1 component/substance

Mass fraction, mass %

Volume fraction, volume %

Mole fraction, mole %

Molarity

- Commonly used to express concentration

- Molarity is the number of moles of solute in one cubic decimetre volume of a solution
SI unit – mol m-3
commonly used – mol dm-3

n
c=
V
ppt / ppm / ppb

- In a homogeneous mixture when the mass of the solute is very small compared to the mass
of the solution, the composition of the solute can be expressed as follows
- In a homogeneous mixture, composition is uniform throughout

4
 - In a homogeneous mixture when the volume of the solute is very small compared to the
volume of the solution, the composition of the solute can be expressed as follows

- For dilute solutions composition can be expressed using weight/volume. It can be expressed
in ppm and ppb. These can be given in alternative units of mg dm-3 and 𝜇g dm-3 respectively

1. Calculate the mole fraction and the mole percentage of a 20% H2O2 solution by mass

2. Calculate the mass % of C, H and O in glucose (C6H12O6)

(C –12, H – 1, O – 16)

3. An alloy has 5.6 g of Fe, 1.2 g of Mg and 5.2 g of Cr. Find the mole fraction of each in the mixture
(Fe – 56, Mg – 24, Cr – 52)

4. A solution was prepared by dissolving 9.5 g of MgCl2 in water. The final volume of the solution was
adjusted to 250 cm3. Find the molarity of MgCl2 and Cl- in the solution (Mg – 24, Cl – 35.5)

5. A solution of NaCl is prepared by mixing 10 mg of NaCl and 500 g of water. Calculate the composition
of the solution in ppm

6. A gas mixture contains only N2 and O2. If the mass ratio of N2 : O2 is 7 : 8, find the mole fraction of
each gas (N – 14, O – 16)

7. A mixture of NaCl and KCl weighed 5.48 g. The sample was dissolved in water and treated with excess
of AgNO3. The resulting AgCl weighed 12.7 g. Calculate the mass % of NaCl in the mixture
(Ag – 107, Cl – 35.5, Na – 23, K – 39)

8. Density of a NaOH solution is 1.04 g cm-3. If the mass % of NaOH is 40%, what is the molarity of the
solution (Na – 23, O –16, H – 1)

5
9. Mass % of ethanol present in whisky is 40%. Which of the following statement/s is/are correct
regarding this mixture (C – 12, O – 16, H – 1)
a) 100 g of whisky contains 40 g of ethanol
b) 100 cm3 of whisky contains 40 cm3 of ethanol
c) Mole fraction of water is greater than mole fraction of ethanol in whisky
d) Mole fraction of ethanol is greater than mole fraction of H2O

10. The composition of a NaCl solution is 585 ppm. Find the concentration of the solution
(Na – 23, Cl – 35.5)

11. The composition of MgSO4 solution is 120 ppm. Find the concentration of Mg2+ in ppm
(Mg – 24, S – 32, O – 16)

12. Concentration of a Na2CO3 solution is 0.01 mol dm-3

i. What is the composition of a Na2CO3 in ppm
ii. What is the composition of a Na+ in ppm
(Na – 23, C – 12, O – 16)

13. Concentration of Br- in a MgBr2 solution is 0.25 mol dm-3. Find the concentration of MgBr2 in ppm
(Mg – 24, Br – 80)

14. Density of a concentrated H2SO4 solution is 1.2 g cm-3. If the (w/w)% is 98%, what is the volume of
this solution required to prepare 500 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm-3 H2SO4 solution.

15. A student prepares a solution by mixing 4.0 mg of sodium ions, 4.00 g of glucose and 96 g of water
i. What is the molality of glucose in solution
ii. How many ppm of Na+ does this solution contain

Stoichiometry and limiting reagent

• When a reaction is taking place, the simplest ratio between consumption of reactants and
formation of products is the stoichiometry

• Limiting reagent is the reactant that is completely consumed during a reaction

6
1. 100.0 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 HCl solution was mixed with 100.0 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 NaOH solution.
i. What is the limiting reagent
ii. Find the concentration of OH- in the final solution

2. 250.0 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 HCl solution was mixed with 250.0 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 H2SO4 solution.
Find the concentration of H+ in the final solution. (Consider the complete dissociation of H2SO4)

3. 10 g of CaCO3 is reacting with 500 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 HCl. What is the number of moles of CO2 that
will get liberated (Ca – 40, C – 12, O – 16)

4. Volume required from 0.1 mol dm-3 HNO3 to react with 25.00 cm3 solution of Ba(OH)2 is 34.00 cm3.
Calculate the concentration of Ba(OH)2 solution

5. Calculate the mass of BaSO4 that gets precipitated when a solution of 0.1 mol dm-3 Ba(OH)2
completely reacts with 30.00 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 H2SO4
(Ba – 137, O – 32, S – 32)

Balancing simple nuclear reactions

• Radioactive nuclide can undergo radioactive decay by ejecting nuclear particles / electrons or
producing energy in the form of gamma

• Radioactivity means the spontaneous change of a radioactive isotope of one element into an
isotope of a different or same element

7
 Solution preparation

1. Preparation of 500.00 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 Na2CO3 solution

• Calculate the required number of moles and then required mass of Na2CO3
• Accurately weigh the required amount of Na2CO3 using a balance
• Place the Na2CO3 weighed in a 500.0 cm3 volumetric flask and dissolve well with distilled
water (you may dissolve the solute completely by using a minimum amount of water)
• Dilute the solution up to 500.0 cm3 mark, using distilled water and mix well to make a
homogeneous solution

2. Preparation of 250.00 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 HCl solution (36% w/w with a density of 1.17 g cm-3)

• 1st calculate the concentration of conc. HCl solution

• Calculate the number of moles required to prepare the desired solution

• Calculate the required volume of the conc. HCl solution

• Accurately measure ……………………. of conc. HCl and dilute up to the mark of the 250.00
cm3 volumetric flask to prepare the solution of 250.00 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3

Another method

8
3. Preparation of 100.0 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 Na2CO3 solution using 1.0 mol dm-3 Na2CO3 as the stock
solution

• Calculate the number of moles in 100.00 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 Na2CO3 solution
• Calculate the volume of 1.0 mol dm-3 Na2CO3 needed to prepare 100.0 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3
Na2CO3 as the stock
• Accurately measure the calculated volume from 1.0 mol dm-3 Na2CO3 solution and place the
solution in a 100.0 cm3 volumetric flask
• Dilute the solution up to 100.00 cm3 mark using distilled water

4. Preparation of 250.00 cm3 1.0 mol dm-3 HCl solution from 6 mol dm-3 stock solution of HCl

Accurately measure the volume of ……………. of the 6 mol dm-3 HCl solution and add into a 25.00
cm3 volumetric flask. Dilute up to the mark with distilled water to prepare the required solution.

5. Preparation of 250.00 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 HCl solution by mixing 2 stock solutions with concentration
3 mol dm-3 and 0.5 mol dm-3 HCl

9
 Redox

Oxidation number

• Oxidation number describes the loss or gain of electrons from an atom in a chemical compound
• Oxidation number could be negative / positive / zero

Oxidation number Example

Atoms in the elemental state 0

Mono atomic ions
Equal to the charge
Group 1

Group 2

Group 13

Group 14

Group 15

Group 16

Group 17

Group 18

1. Find the oxidation number of all the atoms in S" O"0

1
2. Find the oxidation number of all the atoms in following compounds
1. NH3 11. H2S 21. H2O2
2. CO2 12. SO"0
/ 22. K2O2
3. CO 13. CO"0
1 23. KO2
4. N2O3 14. C" O"0
/
24. NaCl
5. NO2 15. H3PO3 25. MgBr2
6. P2O5 16. H3PO4 26. CaO
7. SO2 17. CH4 27. NO01
8. SO3 18. CCl4 28. HCN
9. NO2" 19. CHCl3 29. Cr" O"0
3
10. NO0
" 20. CH2Cl2 30. MnO0 /

10
Oxidation reduction half reactions

Balancing redox reactions

11
1. How many moles of SO2 is required to completely react with 25 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 K2Cr2O7

2. Calculate the volume of 0.6 mol dm-3 KMnO4 required to react completely with 27.00 cm3 of 0.25
mol dm-3 Fe(NO3)2

3. Calculate the mass of KMnO4 required to react with 0.1 mol of FeC2O4 (Mn – 55, K – 39, O – 16)

4. 0.8 g of pure Fe2O3 was dissolved completely in dil. H2SO4 and the resultant solution was treated with
excess KI. The volume of 0.2 mol dm-3 Na2S2O3 required to react with the liberated I2 completely is
(Fe – 56, O – 16)

5. 1 m3 sample of air, polluted with ozone (O3) was bubbled in to 1 dm3 of KI solution (excess of KI). 50
cm3 of the resultant solution was titrated with Na2S2O3. 40 cm3 of 0.01 mol dm-3 Na2S2O3 solution was
needed to complete the titration. What is the O3 concentration in air in ppm
(Density of air under this condition is 1.5 kg m-3)

6. 10 g of A mixture containing FeO and Fe2O3 was dissolved in dilute H2SO4 and excess KI was added
to that. The Resultant solution is labelled as X. The total volume of X was 200.0 cm3. A volume of
25.0 cm3 of solution X was titrated with 0.25 mol dm-3 Na2S2O3 and the end point was recorded at
20.00 cm3. Another 25.0 cm3 of solution X was titrated with 0.05 mol dm-3 K2Cr2O7. The volume of
K2Cr2O7 consumed was 25.0 cm3.

i. Write the balanced chemical equation for the dissolution of the mixture in H2SO4
ii. Write the balanced ionic equation for the reaction takes place after the addition of KI
iii. Write the balanced ionic equation relevant to the titration with Na2S2O3
iv. Write the balanced ionic equation for the reaction between solution X and H+/K2Cr2O7
v. Find the mass % of FeO and Fe2O3 separately in the mixture

7. A mass of 1.5 g of an impure K2Cr2O7 was dissolved in dilute H2SO4 and water was added to make
the final volume 250.0 cm3. A volume of 25.0 cm3 of that was taken in to a flask and excess KI was
added to that. The formed I2 was titrated with 0.1 mol dm-3 Na2S2O3 and end point was recorded at
24.00 cm3. (K-39, Cr-52, O-16)

i. Write balanced chemical equations for all the reactions taking place
ii. Find the mass % of K2Cr2O7 in the impure sample

12
 Titrations

• Purpose of a titration is to find the concentration of an unknown solution using a solution with
a known concentration

• Properties of a primary standard

1. Extremely pure
2. Stable
3. Not hydrated
4. Highly water soluble
5. Higher molecular weights
• Ex – anhydrous Na2CO3, Na2C2O4, K2Cr2O7, KIO3, KHT

• A secondary standard is a chemical that has been standardized against a primary standard to be used
in specific analysis
• Ex – KMnO4, NaOH, KOH, HCl

Titration set up

Main glass wares used in a titration

Burette, titration flask, pipette

Washing steps for the glass wares used

• Wash the pipette first with water, followed by the solution to be filled with
• Burette is first washed with water and then by the solution to be filled with
• The titration flask is washed only with water

13
 Steps to be followed in an acid-base titration

• Using a pipette take a known volume of one solution in to the titration flask
Note – don’t blow the last drop of the pipette into the solution

• Fill the burette with the other solution and record the initial volume
Note – it is not necessary to fill the burette to the 0th mark as we can get a difference between the
initial reading and the final reading to get the volume added

• Add 2-3 drops of a suitable indicator to the titration flask

• Slowly add the solution in the burette to the titration flask (while swirling the titration flask),
until a clear colour change is observed
Note – the point where indicator changes the colour is called “end point”

• As soon as the end point is reached, close the tap of the burette and take the final burette reading

• For a more reasonable reading, the titration is repeated and an average value is taken
Note – when obtaining the average value, readings which are considerably apart are not considered

Colours of phenolphthalein and methyl orange

Indicator Acidic colour Basic colour

phenolphthalein colourless pink

Methyl orange red Yellowish - orange

14
1. 50.00 cm3 of HCl solution with an unknown concentration was titrated with a 0.1 mol dm-3 NaOH
solution using phenolphthalein as the indicator. The volume of NaOH used in the titration was 25.00
cm3. Find the concentration of the HCl solution

2. To find the concentration of a NaOH solution, a titration was done with a HNO3 solution having a
concentration of 0.2 mol dm-3 in the presence of methyl orange indicator. Titration is repeated for three
times for three portions of 25.00 cm3 of NaOH and the following end point readings were recorded
24.20 cm3, 24.40 cm3, 25.15 cm3

Find the concentration of the NaOH solution

3. A volume of 25.00 cm3 from a NaOH solution was titrated with 0.2 mol dm-3 HCl solution using
methyl orange as the indicator. The end point was recorded at 12.50 cm3.
i. What is the reaction taking place during the titration
ii. State the colour change observed at the end point
iii. Find the concentration of the NaOH solution

4. A volume of 40.00 cm3 from 0.2 mol dm-3 NaOH was titrated with an unknown H2SO4 solution
using phenolphthalein as the indicator. End point was recorded at 20.00 cm3.
i. What is the reaction taking place during the titration
ii. State the colour change observed at the end point
iii. Find the concentration of the H2SO4 solution

5. A mass of 1.37 g of Ba(OH)2 was dissolved in water to obtain a 100 cm3 solution. A portion of 50 cm3
of this solution was separated and titrated with 0.1 mol dm-3 H2SO4 solution using phenolphthalein as
the indicator. What would be the burette reading at the end point (Ba – 137, O – 16, H – 1)

6. An aqueous solution is containing Ba(OH)2 and NaOH in 2:1 ratio. A volume of 10.0 cm3 of this
solution was titrated with 0.3 mol dm-3 H2SO4 using methyl orange as the indicator. End point reading
was recorded at 10.00 cm3. Calculate the concentrations of Ba(OH)2 and NaOH in the initial solution

7. A solution was made by mixing 50.0 cm3 of 0.4 mol dm-3 H2SO4 and 200 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 HCl.
To neutralize 50.0 cm3 of this solution, 0.5 mol dm-3 KOH solution was used. Calculate the volume of
KOH required to neutralize that sample

15