KANHAN VALLEY SCHOOL,

DUNGARIYA

DISTT. CHHINDWARA (M.P.)

(AFFILIATED TO CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION)

Physics Investigatory Project

(Session 2024-2025)

Topic – Study of Phenomenon of Electromagnetic

Induction

Submitted to -
Submitted by -
Mr. Ravi Ragase Sir
Shweta Somkuwar
KVS Dungariya
12th (PCB)
Date:-
Roll No. :-
 INDEX
o Certificate

o Acknowledgement

o Aim of Project

o Introduction

o Theory

o Material Required

o Procedure

o Observations

o Result

o Conclusion

o Bibliography
 CERTIFICATE
This is certifying that the Physics project entitled “Study of
Phenomenon of Electromagnetic Induction” has been
completed by Shweta Somkuwar of class 12th ‘Biology’
Kanhan Valley School Dungariya, in the partial fulfillment by
Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) leading to the
award of the annual examination of the year 2024-25.

Teacher’s Signature Principal’s Signature

External’s Signature
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
As a student of class 12th, I did this project as a part of studies
entitled “Study of Phenomenon of Electromagnetic
Induction” I owe a deep sense of gratitude to my physics
teacher Mr. Ravi Ragase Sir whose valuable advice, guidance
helped me in doing this project from conception to
completion. At the same time, I can't forget to express my
gratitude to our principal Mr. Akhilendra Singh Sir for
extending support, patronage and constant encouragement.
Finally I'm thankful to my parents for helping me financially,
economically and my friends for being a helping hand at
every step of this project.
 AIM
To study the phenomenon of electromagnetic
induction
 INTODUCTION

Electro Magnet:
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced
by electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off.
Induction:
This process of generating current in a conductor by placing the conductor in a
changing magnetic field is called induction.

Electromagnetic Induction:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference (voltage)
across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.
Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic field causes molecule in
other object to flow. Induction can produce electricity (in coils), heat (in ferrous
metals) or waves (in a radio transmitter).
Finally, it is refers to the phenomenon where an EMF is induced when the
magnetic flux linking a conductor change.

Magnetic Flux:
Is defined as the product of the magnetic flux density and the area normal to the
field through which the field is passing. It is a scalar quantity and its SI unit is
Weber (Wb).

φ=BA
Principle :-
Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a process
where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic field (or a moving
through a stationary magnetic field) causes the production of a
voltage across the conductor. This process of electromagnetic
induction, in turn, causes an electrical current – it is said to induce the
current.
 THEORY
Invention:-
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831
though it may have been anticipated by the work of Francesco Zantedschi in
1829. Around 1830 – 1832, Josef Henry made a similar discovery, but did not
publish his findings until later.

Induced EMFs:-
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an E.m.f. will be generated in the
coil. This effect was first observed by and explained by Ampere and Faraday
between 1825&1831. Faraday discovered that an E.m.f. could be generated
either by,
(a) Moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other or by
(b) Changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux in some way.
Note that E.m.f. is only produced while the flux is changing.

Lenz’s Law:-
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to Faraday’s
law, the polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a current whose
magnetic field opposes the change which produces it. The induced magnetic
field inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux in the loop
constant. In the examples below, if the magnetic field is increasing, the induced
field acts in an opposition to it.
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION –
Electrical generator:-
The EMF generated by Faraday’s law of induction due to relative
movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon
underlying electrical generators. When a permanent magnet is moved
relative to conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive force is created.
If the wire is connected to an electrical load, current will flow, and
thus electrical energy is generated, converting the mechanical energy
of motion to electrical energy.

Electrical transformer:-
The EMF predicted by Faraday’s law is also responsible for chemical
transformers. When the electric current in a loop of wire changes, the
changing current creates a changing magnetic field. A second wire in
reach of this magnetic field will experience this change in magnetic
field as a change in its coupled magnetic flux, dφ B / dt. Therefore, an
emf is set up in the second loop called the induced EMF or
transformer EMF. If the two ends of this loop are connected through
an electrical load, current will flow.
Faraday’s Experiment:-

 One of the scientists Faraday performed series of experiments and

based on the results he gave law on induction.
 He introduced the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.
 Induction means to induce or to generate something.
 Electromagnetic induction means production of electric current
due to magnetic field.
 Magnetic field is capable of producing current in a conductor.
 Faraday took a coil and attached a galvanometer to it.
 As there is no battery attached therefore there is no source of
current.
 He brought the magnetic near the coil.
 When the magnet is moved towards the coil galvanometer showed
deflection.
 Galvanometer even showed the deflection in the opposite
direction when the magnet is taken away from the coil.
 When magnet was not moved there was no deflection in the
galvanometer.
 This show current is related to magnet.
 Faster the magnet is moved the more is the deflection in the
galvanometer. This showed more and more current flows if the
magnet is moved very fast.
 Same effect was observed if the coil is moved and the magnet was
not moved.
 MATERIAL REQUIRED
Magnet bar, a galvanometer, coil and connecting wires.

PROCEDURE
1. Make a coin of wire having a large number of turns .
2. Connect the end of the coil to a galvanometer.
3. Take a strong bar magnet and move its North Pole into the coil and
observe the changes in the galvanometer needle.
4. Repeat earlier step with the South Pole of the bar magnet.
5. Now repeat the procedure with the coil having a different number
of turns and variation in the deflection of galvanometer niddle.
 OBSERVATIONS
1. When we move the magnet in or out of the coil, the needle of
galvanometer gets deflected in different directions.
2. When we insert the North Pole (N) of bar magnet into the coil,
the deflection is towards right.
3. When we insert the South Pole (S) of bar magnet into the coil,
the deflection is towards left.
4. When we move the bar magnet in or out of the coil with varying
speed, the speed of deflection changes accordingly.
5. As we increase the number of turns in the coil, the deflection
increases.
6. Relative motion between magnet and coil induced electric
current in the coil.
 RESULT
1. The deflection of galvanometer needle indicates the presence of
current in the coil.
2. The direction of deflection gives the direction of flow of current.
3. The speed of deflection gives the rate at which the current is
induced.
4. The deflection in galvanometer changes with the change in
number of turns in the coil - more the number of turns in the
coil greater is the deflection.

CONCLUSION
From this experiment, Faraday concluded that whenever there
is relative motion between a conductor and a magnetic field,
the flux Linkage with a coil changes and this change in flux
induces a voltage across a coil.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Physics NCERT Book for class XII

 Wikipedia.com

 Google Search Engine

 Seminarsonaly.com
 KANHAN VALLEY SCHOOL,
DUNGARIYA

DISTT. CHHINDWARA (M.P.)

(AFFILIATED TO CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION)

English Investigatory Project

(Session 2024-2025)

Topic – Cyber bullying

Submitted to -
Submitted by -
Ms.Sarita Sengar ma m
Shweta Somkuwar
KVS Dungariya
12th (PCB)
Date:- Roll
No. :-
 CERTIFICATE
This is certifying that the English project entitled “Cyber
Bullying” has been completed by Shweta Somkuwar of class
12th ‘Biology’ Kanhan Valley School Dungariya, in the partial
fulfillment by Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)
leading to the award of the annual examination of the year
2024-25.

Teacher’s Signature Principal’s Signature

External’s Signature
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
As a student of class 12th, I did this project as a part of studies
entitled “Cyber Bullying” I owe a deep sense of gratitude to
my physics teacher Ms.Sarita Sengar mam whose valuable
advice, guidance helped me in doing this project from
conception to completion. At the same time, I can't forget to
express my gratitude to our principal Mr. Akhilendra Singh
Sir for extending support, patronage and constant
encouragement. Finally I'm thankful to my parents for helping
me financially, economically and my friends for being a
helping hand at every step of this project.