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3.4 Solar Radiation with high temperatures. With the introduction of electric
fan to effectively circulate air and owing to taking into
3.4.1 The best orientation from solar point of view
account the rise in cost of construction of buildings,
requires that the building as a whole should receive the
emphasis should be placed on protection from solar
maximum solar radiation in winter and the minimum
in summer. For practical evaluation, it is necessary to radiation where temperatures are very high. When,
know the duration of sunshine, and hourly solar however, there is less diurnal variation between
intensity on the various external surfaces on morning and mean maximum temperatures along with
representative days of the seasons. The total direct plus high humidity, as in coastal areas, the emphasis should
diffused diurnal solar loads per unit area on vertical be on prevailing winds.
surface facing different directions are given in Table 3 3.5.1.1 For the purpose of orientation, it is necessary
for two days in the year, that is, 22 June and 22 to study the velocity and direction of the wind at each
December, representative of summer and winter, for hour and in each month instead of relying on
latitudes corresponding to some important cities all over generalizations of a month or a period or for the year
India. From Table 3, the total heat intake can be as a whole. This helps to spot the right winds for a
calculated for all possible orientations of the building particular period of day or night.
for these extreme days of summer and winter. Solar
load on vertical surfaces of different orientation can 3.5.1.2 It is generally found that variation up to 30°
be calculated as per the method given in Annex A. with respect to the prevalent wind direction does not
materially affect indoor ventilation (average indoor air
3.4.1.1 Except in cold climatic zone, suitable sun-breakers
speed) inside the building.
have to be provided to cut off the incursion of direct
sunlight to prevent heat radiation and to avoid glare. 3.5.2 In hot-dry climate, advantage can be taken of
evaporative cooling in summer to cool the air before
3.5 Relative Humidity and Prevailing Winds introducing it into the building. But in warm humid
3.5.1 The discomfort due to high relative humidity in climate, it is desirable either to regulate the rate of air
air when temperatures are also high can be movement with the aid of electric fans or to take
counteracted, to a great extent, by circulation of air advantage of prevailing winds.
with electric fans or by ventilation. In the past,
3.6 Aspects of Daylighting
simultaneously with heavy construction and
surrounding Verandahs to counter the effect of sun’s Since the clear design sky concept for daylighting takes
radiation, there was also an over emphasis on prevailing care of the worst possible situation, orientation is not a
winds to minimise the adverse effects of high humidity major problem for daylighting in buildings, except that

Table 3 Total Solar Radiation (Direct Plus Diffused) Incident on Various Surfaces of
Buildings, in W/m2/day, for Summer and for Winter Seasons
(Clause 3.4.1)

Sl Orientation Latitude
No.
9°N 13°N 17°N 21°N 25°N 29°N
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
i) North Summer 1 494 1 251 2 102 1 775 2 173 1 927
Winter 873 859 840 825 802 765
ii) North-East Summer 2 836 2 717 3 144 3 092 3 294 3 189
Winter 1 240 1 158 1 068 1 001 912 835
iii) East Summer 3 344 3 361 3 475 3 598 3 703 3 794
Winter 2 800 2 673 2 525 2 409 2 211 2 055
iv) South-East Summer 2 492 2 660 2 393 2 629 2 586 2 735
Winter 3 936 3 980 3 980 3 995 3 892 3 818
v) South Summer 1 009 1 185 1 035 1 117 1 112 1 350
Winter 4 674 4 847 4 958 5 059 4 942 4 981
vi) South-West Summer 2 492 2 660 2 393 2 629 2 586 2 735
Winter 3 936 3 980 3 980 3 995 3 892 3 818
vii) West Summer 3 341 3 361 3 475 3 598 3 703 3 794
Winter 2 800 2 673 2 525 2 409 2 211 2 055
viii) North-West Summer 2 836 2 717 3 144 3 092 3 294 3 189
Winter 1 240 1 158 1 068 1 001 912 835
ix) Horizontal Summer 8 107 8 139 8 379 8 553 8 817 8 863
Winter 6 409 6 040 5 615 5 231 4 748 4 281

10 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2016

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direct sunshine and glare should be avoided. However, 4.1.2 Planning the Brightness Pattern
due allowance should be given to the mutual shading
The brightness pattern seen within an interior may be
effects of opposite facades.
considered as composed of three main parts — the task
3.7 Planting of Trees itself, immediate background of the task and the general
surroundings of walls, ceiling, floor, equipment and
Planting of trees in streets and in open spaces should be furnishings.
done carefully to take advantage of both shades and
sunshine without handicapping the flow of natural winds. 4.1.2.1 In occupations where the visual demands are
Their advantage in abating glare and in providing cool small, the levels of illumination derived from a criterion
and/or warm pockets in developed areas should also be of visual performance alone may be too low to satisfy
taken. Some trees shed leaves in winter while retaining the other requirements. For such situations, therefore,
thick foliage in summer. Such trees will be very illuminance recommendations are based on standards
advantageous, particularly where southern and western of welfare, safety and amenity judged appropriate to the
exposures are concerned, by allowing maximum sun occupations; they are also sufficient to give these tasks
during winter and effectively blocking it in summer. brightness which ensured that the visual performance
exceeds the specified minimum. Unless there are special
3.8 For detailed information regarding orientation of circumstances associated with the occupation, it is
buildings and recommendations for various climatic recommended that the illuminance of all working areas
zones of country, reference may be made to good within a building should generally be 150 lux.
practice [8-1(1)].
4.1.2.2 Where work takes place over the whole
4 LIGHTING utilizable area of room, the illumination over that area
should be reasonably uniform and it is recommended
4.1 Principles of Lighting that the uniformity ratio (minimum illuminance divided
4.1.1 Aims of Good Lighting by average illuminance levels) should be not less than
0.7 for the working area.
Good lighting is necessary for all buildings and has
three primary aims. The first aim is to promote work 4.1.2.3 When the task brightness appropriate to an
and other activities carried out within the building; the occupation has been determined, the brightness of the
second aim is to promote the safety of the people using other parts of the room should be planned to give a
the building; and the third aim is to create, in proper emphasis to visual comfort and interest.
conjunction with the structure and decoration, a A general guide for the brightness relationship within
pleasing environment conducive to interest of the the normal field of vision should be as follows:
occupants and a sense of their well-being.
a) For high task brightness Maximum
4.1.1.1 Realization of these aims involves the following: (above 100 cd/m2):
a) Careful planning of the brightness and colour
1) Between the visual task and 3:1
pattern within both the working areas and the
the adjacent areas like table tops
surroundings so that attention is drawn naturally
2) Between the visual task and 10:1
to the important areas, detail is seen quickly
the remote areas of the room
and accurately and the room is free from any
sense of gloom or monotony (see 4.1.4); b) For low and medium task brightness (below
100 cd/m2): The task should be brighter than
b) Using directional lighting, where appropriate,
both the background and the surroundings; the
to assist perception of task detail and to give
lower the task brightness, the less critical is
good modeling;
the relationship.
c) Controlling direct and reflected glare from
light sources to eliminate visual discomfort; 4.1.2.4 In case of all buildings and facilities open to
d) In artificial lighting installations, minimizing and used by the public including all forms of public
flicker from certain types of lamps and paying housing by the government/civic bodies and private
attention to the colour rendering properties of developers, the requirements for visual contrast as given
the light; in 13 and Annex B of Part 3 ‘Development Control
and Rules and General Building Requirements’ of the
e) Correlating lighting throughout the building to
Code shall also be complied with for ensuring visual
prevent excessive differences between adjacent
comfort for elders and persons with disabilities.
areas so as to reduce the risk of accidents; and
f) Installing emergency lighting systems, where 4.1.3 Glare
necessary. Excessive contrast or abrupt and large changes in

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND NATURAL VENTILATION 11

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brightness produce the effect of glare. When glare is 4.1.4.1 The different locations and tasks are grouped
present, the efficiency of vision is reduced and small within the following four sections:
details or subtle changes in scene cannot be perceived.
a) Industrial buildings and process;
It may be,
b) Offices, schools and public buildings;
a) direct glare due to light sources within the field c) Surgeries and hospitals; and
of vision;
d) Hotels, restaurants, shops and homes.
b) reflected glare due to reflections from light
sources or surfaces of excessive brightness; 4.1.4.2 The illumination levels recommended in
and Table 4 are those to be maintained at all time on the
c) veiling glare where the peripheral field is task. As circumstances may be significantly different
comparatively very bright. for different interiors used for the same application or
for different conditions for the same kind of activity, a
4.1.3.1 An example of glare sources in daylighting is range of illuminances is recommended for each type
the view of the bright sky through a window or skylight, of interior or activity instead of a single value of
especially when the surrounding wall or ceiling is illuminance. Each range consists of three successive
comparatively dark or weakly illuminated. Glare can steps of the recommended scale of illuminances. They
be minimised in this case either by shielding the open represent good practice and should be regarded as
sky from direct sight by louvers, external hoods or deep giving order of illumination commonly required rather
reveals, curtains or other shading devices or by cross than as having some absolute significance. For working
lighting the surroundings to a comparable level. A interiors the middle value of each range represents the
gradual transition of brightness from one portion to the recommended service illuminance that would be used
other within the field of vision always avoids or unless one or more of the factors mentioned below
minimises the discomfort from glare. apply.
For electric lamps the minimum shielding angles for 4.1.4.2.1 The higher value of the range should be used
lamp luminance shall not be less than the values given when,
in the table below:
a) unusually low reflectances or contrasts are
Lamp Luminance Minimum Shielding Angle present in the task;
kcd/m2 Degree b) errors are costly to rectify;
1 to 20 10 c) visual work is critical;
20 to 50 15 d) accuracy or higher productivity is of great
50 to 500 20 importance; and
³ 500 30 e) visual capacity of the worker makes it
necessary.
The above mentioned shielding angle should not be
applied to luminaires that do not appear in the field of 4.1.4.2.2 The lower value of the range may be used when,
view of a worker during usual work and/or do not give a) reflectances or contrast are unusually high;
the worker any noticeable disability glare. b) speed and accuracy is not important; and
Table 4 also gives recommended value of quality class c) the task is executed only occasionally.
of direct glare limitation for different tasks. These are 4.1.4.3 Where a visual task is required to be carried
numbers assigned to qualitative limits of direct glare: out throughout an interior, general illumination level
high, medium and low quality as 1, 2 and 3, respectively. to the recommended value on the working plane is
For more details reference may be made to good necessary; where the precise height and location of the
practice [8–1(2)]. task are not known or cannot be easily specified, the
4.1.4 Recommended Values of Illuminance recommended value is that on horizontal plane 850 mm
above floor level.
Table 4 gives recommended values of illuminance
NOTE — For an industrial task, working plane for the purpose
commensurate with the general standards of lighting
of general illumination levels is that on a work place which is
described in this Section and related to many generally 750 mm above the floor level. For certain purposes,
occupations and buildings. These are valid under most such as viewing the objects of arts, the illumination levels
of the conditions whether the illumination is by recommended are for the vertical plane at which the art pieces
are placed.
daylighting, artificial lighting or a combination of the
two. The great variety of visual tasks makes it 4.1.4.4 Where the task is localized, the recommended
impossible to list them all and those given should be value is that for the task only; it need not, and sometimes
regarded as representing types of task. should not, be the general level of illumination used

12 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2016

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throughout the interior. Some processes, such as give adequate natural lighting at the immediate
industrial inspection process, call for lighting of entrance, grading to lower levels further inside
specialized design, in which case the level of illumination the entrance area. Where this cannot be done,
is only one of the several factors to be taken into account. supplementary artificial lighting should be
4.1.4.5 In case of all buildings and facilities open to installed to raise the level of illumination to
and used by the public, including all forms of public an appropriate value.
housing by the government/civic bodies and private b) At night it is desirable to light entrance halls and
developers, the minimum luminance level as given in lobbies so that the illumination level reduces
13 and Annex B of Part 3 'Development Control Rules towards the exit and so that no bright fittings are
and General Building Requirements' of the Code shall in the line of sight of people leaving the building.
also be complied with for ensuring sufficient lighting Any entrance steps to the building should be
for accessibility by elders and persons with disabilities. well-lighted by correctly screened fittings.
4.1.5 Lighting for Movement About a Building 4.1.6 Colour Rendering
Most buildings are complexes of working areas and The colour appearance of light and its colour rendering
other areas, such as passages, corridors, stairways, capability are different aspects of the light sources. A
lobbies and entrances. The lighting of all these areas faithful reproduction of an object colour depends on
shall be properly correlated to give safe movement the colour rendering capability of the light source. In
within the building at all times. 1965 International Commission on Illumination (CIE)
In case of all buildings and facilities open to and used developed a quantitative method of assignment of
by the public, including all forms of public housing by colour rendering property, and is denoted as Colour
the government/civic bodies and private developers, the Rendering Index (CRI).
illuminance in these areas shall comply with
CRI is arrived at by a test by which a number of specified
requirements given in 13 and Annex B of Part 3
samples are tested under a standard or reference light
‘Development Control Rules and General Building
source and the chromaticity coordinate are plotted on
Requirements’ of the Code.
the IE triangle as given in Fig. 7 of Part 2 ‘Physics of
4.1.5.1 Corridors, passages and stairways Light, Section 3 Colour’ of National Lighting Code 2010.
Accidents may result if people leave a well-lighted The same test is repeated under the source under test
working area and pass immediately into corridors or and corresponding chromaticity coordinate are plotted
on to stairways where the lighting is inadequate, as the on the same plot. The difference between the position of
time needed for adaptation to the lower level may be each sample for test and standard source is measured to
too long to permit obstacles or the treads of stairs to be scale. The general colour rendering index (Ra) is
seen sufficiently quickly. For the same reason, it is obtained by the average value for eight samples (see
desirable that the illumination level of rooms which Fig. 8 of Part 2 ‘Physics of Light, Section 3 Colour’ of
open off a working area should be fairly high even National Lighting Code 2010). For perfect agreement
though the rooms may be used only occasionally. of colour, the R1 value should be 100. In general:
It is important, when lighting stairways, to prevent Ra = 1/ (R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + ......+ R8)
disability from glare caused by direct sight of bright
sources to emphasize the edges of the treads and to The specific colour rendering index for an individual
avoid confusing shadows. The same precautions should sample is given by:
be taken in the lighting of catwalks and stairways on Ri = 100 – 4.6∆Ei
outdoor industrial plants.
where
4.1.5.2 Entrances
∆Ei = chromaticity shift on the CIE chromaticity
The problems of correctly grading the lighting within diagram for each sample.
a building to allow adequate time for adaptation when
From the obtained value of Ra, as calculated above,
passing from one area to another area are particularly
the colour rendering shall be evaluated as mentioned
acute at building entrances. These are given below:
in the following table:
a) By day, people entering a building will be
adapted to the very high levels of brightness Colour Rendering Ra (General Colour
usually present outdoors and there is risk of Evaluated Rendering Index)
accident if entrance areas, particularly any True 90 - 100
steps, are poorly lighted. This problem may Good 70 - 90
often be overcome by arranging windows to Moderate 50 - 70

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND NATURAL VENTILATION 13

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4.1.7 For detailed information regarding principles of horizontal plane, defines respectively the sky component (SC),
the external reflected component (ERC) and the internal
good lighting, reference may be made to good practice
reflected component (IRC) of the daylight factor.
[8-1(2)].
4.2.4.1 The daylight factors on the horizontal plane only
4.2 Daylighting are usually taken, as the working plane in a room is
The primary source of lighting for daylighting is the generally horizontal; however, the factors in vertical
sun. The light received by the earth from the sun consists planes should also be considered when specifying
of two parts, namely, direct solar illuminance and sky daylighting values for special cases, such as daylighting
illuminance. For the purposes of daylighting design, on classrooms, blackboards, pictures and paintings hung
direct solar illuminance shall not be considered and on walls.
only sky illuminance shall be taken as contributing to 4.2.5 Sky Component (SC)
illumination of the building interiors during the day.
Sky component for a window of any size is computed
4.2.1 The relative amount of sky illuminance depends by the use of the appropriate table of Annex B.
on the position of the sun defined by its altitude, which
in turn, varies with the latitude of the locality, the day a) The recommended sky component level
of the year and the time of the day, as indicated in should be ensured generally on the working
Table 5. plane at the following positions:
1) At a distance of 3 m to 3.75 m from the
4.2.2 The external available horizontal sky illuminance window along the central line
(diffuse illuminance) values which are exceeded for perpendicular to the window,
about 90 percent of the daytime working hours may be
2) At the centre of the room if more
taken as outdoor design illuminance values for ensuring
appropriate, and
adequacy of daylighting design. The outdoor design
sky illuminance varies for different climatic regions of 3) At fixed locations, such as school desks,
the country. The recommended design sky illuminance blackboards and office tables.
values are 6 800 lux for cold climate, 8 000 lux for b) The daylight area of the prescribed sky
composite climate, 9 000 lux for warm humid climate, component should not normally be less than
9 000 lux for temperate climate and 10 500 lux for hot- half the total area of the room.
dry climate. For integration with the artificial lighting 4.2.5.1 The values obtainable from the tables are for
during daytime working hours an increase of 500 lux rectangular, open unglazed windows, with no external
in the recommended sky design illuminance for obstructions. The values shall be corrected for the
daylighting is suggested. presence of window bars, glazing and external
4.2.3 The daylight factor is dependent on the sky obstructions, if any. This assumes the maintenance of
luminance distribution, which varies with atmospheric a regular cleaning schedule.
conditions. A clear design sky with its non-uniform 4.2.5.2 Corrections for window bars
distribution of luminance is adopted for the purposes
of design in this Section. The corrections for window bars shall be made by
multiplying the values read from tables in Annex B by
4.2.4 Components of Daylight Factor
a factor equal to the ratio of the clear opening to the
Daylight factor is the sum of all the daylight reaching overall opening.
on an indoor reference point from the following sources:
4.2.5.3 Correction for glazing
a) Direct sky visible from the point,
Where windows are glazed, the sky components
b) External surfaces reflecting light directly to obtained from Annex A shall be reduced by 10 to
the point (see Note 1), and 20 percent, provided the panes are of clear and clean
c) Internal surfaces reflecting and inter-reflecting glass. Where glass is of the frosted (ground) type, the
light to the point. sky components read from Annex A may be reduced
NOTES by 15 to 30 percent. In case of tinted or reflective glass
1 External surface reflection may be computed approximately the reduction is about 50 percent. Higher indicated
only for points at the centre of the room, and for detailed analysis correction corresponds to larger windows and/or near
procedures are complicated and these may be ignored for actual
calculations. reference points. In the case of openings and glazings
2 Each of the three components, when expressed as a ratio or which are not vertical, suitable correction shall be taken
percent of the simultaneous external illuminance on the into account.

26 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2016

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Table 5 Solar Altitudes (to the Nearest Degree) for Indian Latitudes
(Clause 4.2.1)

Period of 22 June 21 March and 23 September 22 December

Year
Hours of 07 00 08 00 09 00 10 00 11 00 12 00 07 00 08 00 09 00 10 00 11 00 12 00 07 00 08 00 09 00 10 00 11 00 12 00
Day 17 00 16 00 15 00 14 00 13 00 — 17 00 16 00 15 00 14 00 13 00 — 17 00 16 00 15 00 14 00 13 00 —
(Sun or
Solar)
Latitude
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19)

10°N 18 31 45 58 70 77 15 30 44 59 72 80 9 23 35 46 53 57
13°N 19 32 46 60 72 80 15 29 44 58 70 77 8 21 33 43 51 54
16°N 20 33 47 61 74 83 14 29 43 56 68 74 7 19 31 41 48 51
19°N 21 34 48 62 75 86 14 28 42 55 66 71 5 18 29 48 45 48
22°N 22 35 49 62 75 89 14 28 41 53 64 68 4 16 27 36 42 45
25°N 23 36 49 63 76 88 13 27 40 52 61 65 3 14 25 34 39 42
28°N 23 36 49 63 76 86 13 26 39 50 59 62 1 13 23 31 37 39
31°N 24 37 50 62 75 82 13 25 37 48 56 56 — 11 21 28 34 36
34°N 25 37 49 62 73 79 12 25 36 46 53 56 — 9 18 26 31 33

4.2.5.4 Correction for external obstructions 4.2.7 Internal Reflected Component (IRC)
There is no separate correction, except that the values The component of daylight factor contributed by
from tables in Annex B shall be read only for the reflection from the inside surfaces varies directly as
unobstructed portions of the window. the window area and inversely as the total area of
internal surfaces, and depends on the reflection factor
4.2.6 External Reflected Component (ERC)
of the floor, wall and roof surfaces inside and of the
The value of the sky component corresponding to the ground outside. For rooms white-washed on walls and
portion of the window obstructed by the external ceiling and windows of normal sizes, the IRC will have
obstructions may be found by the use of methods sizeable value even at points far away from the window.
described in Annex C of good practice [8-1(3)]. External obstructions, when present, will
proportionately reduce IRC. Where accurate values of
These values when multiplied by the correction factors,
IRC are desired, the same may be done in accordance
corresponding to the mean elevation of obstruction
with the good practice [8-1(3)].
from the point in question as given in Table 6, can be
taken as the external reflected components for that 4.2.8 General Principles of Openings to Afford Good
point. Lighting
4.2.8.1 Generally, while taller openings give greater
Table 6 Correction Factor for ERC
penetrations, broader openings give better distribution
(Clause 4.2.6) of light. It is preferable that some area of the sky at an
altitude of 20° to 25° should light up the working plane.
Sl No. Mean Angle of Elevation Correction Factor
(1) (2) (3) 4.2.8.2 Broader openings may also be equally or more
i) 5° 0.086
efficient, provided their sills are raised by 300 mm to
ii) 15° 0.086 600 mm above the working plane.
iii) 25° 0.142 NOTE — It is to be noted that while placing window with a
iv) 35° 0.192 high sill level might help natural lighting, this is likely to reduce
v) 45° 0.226 ventilation at work levels. While designing the opening for
ventilation also, a compromise may be made by providing the
vi) 55° 0.274
sill level about 150 mm below the head level of workers.
vii) 65° 0.304
viii) 75° 0.324 4.2.8.3 For a given penetration, a number of small
ix) 85° 0.334 openings properly positioned along the same, adjacent
or opposite walls will give better distribution of
4.2.6.1 For method of calculating ERC, reference may illumination than a single large opening. The sky
be made to accepted standard (see Examples 10 and component at any point, due to a number of openings
11 given in Annex B of good practice [8-1(3)]. may be easily determined from the corresponding sky

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND NATURAL VENTILATION 27

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component contour charts appropriately superposed. dispositions of building masses offer much less mutual
The sum of the individual sky component for each obstruction to daylight than others and have a significant
opening at the point gives the overall component due relevance, especially when intensive site planning is
to all the openings. The same charts may also facilitate undertaken. As guidance, the relative availability of
easy drawing of sky component contours due to daylight in multi-storeyed blocks (up to 4 storeys) of
multiple openings. different relative orientations may be taken as given in
Table 7.
4.2.8.4 Unilateral lighting from side openings will, in
general, be unsatisfactory if the effective width of the Table 7 Relative Availability of Daylight on the
room is more than 2 to 2.5 times the distance from the Window Plane at Ground Level in a
floor to the top of the opening. In such cases provision Four-Storeyed Building Blocks (Clear Design-Sky
of light shelves is always advantageous. as Basis, Daylight Availability Taken as Unity on
4.2.8.5 Openings on two opposite sides will give an Unobstructed Facade, Values are for the
greater uniformity of internal daylight illumination, Centre of the Blocks)
especially when the room is 7 m or more across. They (Clause 4.2.9)
also minimise glare by illuminating the wall
surrounding each of the opposing openings. Side Sl Distance of Infinitely Parallel Parallel Blocks
No. Separation Long Blocks facing Gaps
openings on one side and clerestory openings on the Between Parallel Facing Each Between
opposite side may be provided where the situation so Blocks Blocks Other Opposite
requires. (Length = Blocks
2 × Height) (Length =
4.2.8.6 Cross-lighting with openings on adjacent walls 2 × Height)
tends to increase the diffused lighting within a room. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
i) 0.5 Ht 0.15 0.15 0.25
4.2.8.7 Openings in deep reveals tend to minimise glare ii) 1.0 Ht 0.30 0.32 0.38
effects. iii) 1.5 Ht 0.40 0.50 0.55
4.2.8.8 Openings shall be provided with Chajjahs, iv) 2.0 Ht 0.50 0.60 0.68
NOTE — Ht = Height of building.
louvers, baffles or other shading devices to exclude, as
far as possible, direct sunlight entering the room.
Chajjahs, louvers, etc, reduce the effective height of 4.2.10 For specified requirements for daylighting of
the opening for which due allowance shall be made. special occupancies and areas, reference may be made
Broad and low openings are, in general, much easier to good practice [8-1(4)].
to shade against sunlight entry. Direct sunlight, when
it enters, increases the inside illuminance very 4.3 Artificial Lighting
considerably. Glare will result if it falls on walls at low 4.3.1 Artificial lighting may have to be provided,
angles, more so than when it falls on floors, especially
when the floors are dark coloured or less reflective. a) where the recommended illumination levels
have to be obtained by artificial lighting only;
4.2.8.9 Light control media, such as translucent glass b) to supplement daylighting when the level of
panes (opal or matt) surfaced by grinding, etching or illumination falls below the recommended
sandblasting, configurated or corrugated glass, certain value; and
types of prismatic glass, tinted glass and glass blasts c) where visual task may demand a higher level
are often used. They should be provided, either fixed of illumination.
or movable outside or inside, especially in the upper
portions of the openings. The lower portions are usually 4.3.2 Artificial Lighting Design for Interiors
left clear to afford desirable view. The chief purpose For general lighting purposes, the recommended
of such fixtures is to reflect part of the light on to the practice is to design for a level of illumination on the
roof and thereby increase the diffuse lighting within, working plane on the basis of the recommended levels
light up the farther areas in the room and thereby for visual tasks given in Table 4 by a method called
produce a more uniform illumination throughout. They ‘Lumen method’. In order to make the necessary
will also prevent the opening causing serious glare detailed calculations concerning the type and quantity
discomfort to the occupants but will provide some glare of lighting equipment necessary, advance information
when illuminated by direct sunlight. on the surface reflectances of walls, ceilings and floors
4.2.9 Availability of Daylight in Multistoreyed Block is required. Similarly, calculations concerning the
brightness ratio in the interior call for details of the
Proper planning and layout of building can add interior decoration and furnishing. Stepwise guidance
appreciably to daylighting illumination inside. Certain regarding designing the interior lighting systems for a

28 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2016

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building using the ‘Lumen method’ is given in 4.3.2.1 throughout the life of an installation due
to 4.3.2.4. to ageing of the lamp and owing to the
deposition of dirt on the lamps and
4.3.2.1 Determination of the illumination level
luminaires and room surfaces.
Recommended value of illumination shall be taken from 2) The values of the reflection factor of the
Table 4, depending upon the type of work to be carried ceiling and of the wall are as follows:
out in the location in question and the visual tasks White and very light colours : 0.7
involved.
Light colours : 0.5
4.3.2.2 Selection of the light sources and luminaires Middle tints : 0.3
The selection of light sources and luminaires depends Dark colours : 0.1
on the choice of lighting system, namely, general For the walls, taking into account the
lighting, directional lighting and localized or local influence of the windows without
lighting. curtains, shelves, almirahs and doors with
different colours, etc, should be
4.3.2.3 Determination of the luminous flux
estimated.
a) The luminous flux (F) reaching the working c) Calculation for determining the luminous flux
plane depends upon the following: [see Table 22 of SP : 41 (S&T) — 1987
1) Lumen output of the lamps, ‘Handbook on functional requirements of
2) Type of luminaire, buildings other than industrial buildings’]
3) Proportion of the room (room index) (kr), µ.φ
4) Reflectance of internal surfaces of the Eav =
A
room,
5) Depreciation in the lumen output of the Eav . A
or, φ = , for new condition, and
lamps after burning their rated life, and µ
6) Depreciation due to dirt collection on Eav . A
luminaires and room surface. φ= , for working condition
µ.d
b) Coefficient of utilization or utilization factor
1) The compilation of tables for the where
utilization factor requires a considerable φ = total luminous flux of the light sources
amount of calculations, especially if these installed in the room, in lumens;
tables have to cover a wide range of
Eav = average illumination level required on the
lighting practices. For every luminaire,
working plane, in lux;
the exact light distribution has to be
measured in the laboratory and their A = area of the working plane, in m2;
efficiencies have to be calculated and µ = utilization factor in new conditions; and
measured exactly. These measurements d = maintenance factor.
comprise,
In practice, it is easier to calculate straightaway the
i) the luminous flux radiated by the
number of lamps or luminaires from:
luminaires directly to the measuring
surface; Eav .A
ii) the luminous flux reflected and re- N lamp =
µ.d .φ lamp
reflected by the ceiling and the walls
to the measuring surface; and Eav .A
Nluminaires =
iii) the inter-reflections between the µ.d .φluminaires
ceiling and wall which result in the where
measuring surface receiving
additional luminous flux. φlamp = luminous flux of each lamp, in
lumens
All these measurements have to be made
for different reflection factors of the φluminaires = luminous flux of each luminaire, in
ceiling and the walls for all necessary lumens
room indices. These tables have also to Nlamp = total number of lamps
indicate the maintenance factor to be Nluminaires = total number of luminaires.
taken for the luminous flux depreciation

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND NATURAL VENTILATION 29

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4.3.2.4 Arrangement of the luminaires design hours, that is, for solar altitude below 15° or
when dark cloudy conditions occur.
This is done to achieve better uniformly distributed
illumination. The location of the luminaires has an 4.3.3.2 The need may also arise for providing artificial
important effect on the utilization factor. lighting during the day in the innermost parts of the
building which cannot be adequately provided with
a) In general, luminaires are spaced ‘x’ metre
daylighting, or when the outside windows are not of
apart in either direction, while the distance of
adequate size or when there are unavoidable external
the end luminaire from the wall is ‘0.5x’ metre.
obstructions to the incoming daylighting.
The distance ‘x’ is more or less equal to the
mounting height ‘Hm’ between the luminaire 4.3.3.3 The need for supplementary lighting during
and the working plane. The utilization factor the day arises, particularly when the daylighting on the
tables are calculated for this arrangement of working plane falls below 100 lux and the surrounding
luminaires [see Table 22 of SP : 41 (S&T) – luminance drops below 19 cd/m2.
1987 ‘Handbook on functional requirements
4.3.3.4 The requirement of supplementary artificial
of buildings other than industrial buildings’].
lighting increases with the decrease in daylighting
b) For small rooms where the room index (kr) is availability. Therefore, conditions near sunset or sunrise
less than 1, the distance ‘x’ should always be or equivalent conditions due to clouds or obstructions,
less than Hm, since otherwise luminaires etc, represent the worst conditions when the
cannot be properly located. In most cases of supplementary lighting is most needed.
such rooms, four or two luminaires are placed
for good general lighting. If, however, in such 4.3.3.5 The requirement of supplementary artificial
rooms only one luminaire is installed in the lighting when daylighting availability becomes poor
middle, higher utilization factors are obtained, may be determined from Fig. 3 for an assumed ceiling
but the uniformity of distribution is poor. For height of 3.0 m, depending upon floor area, fenestration
such cases, references should be made to the percentage and room surface reflectance. Cool daylight
additional tables for k r = 0.6 to 1.25 for fluorescent tubes are recommended with semi-direct
luminaires located centrally. luminaires. To ensure a good distribution of
illumination, the mounting height should be between
4.3.3 Artificial Lighting to Supplement Daylighting 1.5 m and 2.0 m above the work plane for a separation
4.3.3.1 The need for general supplementary artificial of 2.0 m to 3.0 m between the luminaires. Also the
lighting arises due to diminishing of daylighting beyond number of lamps should preferably be more in the rear
half of the room than in the vicinity of windows. The

FIG . 3 SUPPLEMENTARY ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING FOR 40 W FLUORESCENT T UBES

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following steps may be followed for using Fig. 3 for fenestration and separation to height ratio are marked
determining the number of fluorescent tubes required on left hand ordinate and abscissa, respectively. The
for supplementary daylighting. illumination levels are marked on the right hand
ordinate. The values given within brackets are the
a) Determine fenestration percentage of the floor
illumination levels on the work plane at center and rear
area, that is,
of the room. The wattage of fluorescent tubes required
Window area per m2 of the floor area for different illumination levels
× 100 is shown on each curve.
Floor area
4.4.3.2 Following assumptions have been made in the
b) In Fig. 3, refer to the curve corresponding to
construction of the nomogram:
the percent fenestration determined above and
the set of reflectances of ceiling, walls and a) An average interior finish with ceiling white,
floor actually provided. walls off white and floor grey has been
c) For the referred curve of Fig. 3 read, along assumed.
the ordinate, the number of 40 W fluorescent b) Ceiling height of 3 m, room depths up to 10 m
tubes required, corresponding to the given and floor area between 30 m2 and 50 m2 have
floor area on the abscissa. been assumed. For floor area beyond 50 m 2
and less than 30 m2, the values of percent
4.3.4 For detailed information on the design aspects
fenestration as well as wattage per m2 should
and principles of artificial lighting, reference may be
be multiplied by a factor of 0.85 and 1.15,
made to good practice [8-1(2)].
respectively.
4.3.5 For specific requirements for lighting of special c) It is assumed that windows are of metallic
occupancies and areas, reference may be made to good sashes with louvers of width up to 600 mm or
practice [8-1(5)]. a Chhajja (balcony projection) at ceiling level
4.3.6 Electrical installation aspect for artificial lighting of width up to 2.0 m. For wooden sashes, the
shall be in accordance with Part 8 ‘Building Services, window area should be increased by a factor
Section 2 Electrical and Allied Installations’ of the of about 1.1.
Code. d) Luminaires emanating more light in the
downward direction than upward direction
4.4 Energy Conservation in Lighting (such as reflectors with or without diffusing
4.4.1 A substantial portion of the energy consumed on plastics) and mounted at a height of 1.5 m to
lighting may be saved by utilization of daylight and 2.0 m above the work plane have been
rational design of supplementary artificial lights. considered.

4.4.2 Daytime use of artificial lights may be minimised 4.4.3.3 Method of use
by proper design of windows for adequate daylight The following steps shall be followed for the use of
indoors. Daylighting design should be according to 4.2. nomogram:
4.4.3 Fenestration expressed as percentage of floor area a) Step 1 — Decide the desired illumination level
required for satisfactory visual performance of a few depending upon the task illumination
tasks for different separation to height (S/H) ratio of requirement in the proposed room and read
external obstructions such as opposite buildings may the value of watts per m 2 on the curve
be obtained from the design nomogram (see Fig. 4). corresponding to the required illumination
The obstructions at a distance of three times their height level.
or more (S/H >3) from a window façade are not b) Step 2 — Fix the vertical line corresponding
significant and a window facing such an obstruction to the given separation to height ratio of
may be regarded as a case of unobstructed window. opposite buildings on the abscissa. From the
4.4.3.1 The nomogram consists of horizontal lines point of intersection of this vertical line and
indicating fenestration percentage of floor area and the above curve move along horizontal, and
vertical lines indicating the separation to height ratio read the value of fenestration percent on the
of external obstructions such as opposite buildings. Any left hand ordinate.
vertical line for separation to height ratio other than c) Step 3 — If the floor area is greater than 50 m2
already shown in the nomogram (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0) may or if it is less than 30 m2, the value of watt per
be drawn by designer, if required. For cases where there m2 as well as fenestration percent may be
is no obstruction, the ordinate corresponding to the easily determined for adequate daylighting
value 3.0 may be used. The value of percentage and supplemental artificial lighting for design
PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND NATURAL VENTILATION 31
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FIG. 4 NOMOGRAPH FOR DAYLIGHTING AND SUPPLEMENTAL LIGHTING DESIGN OF BUILDINGS

32 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2016

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purposes. However, if the fenestration luminaires and group replacement of lamps at suitable
provided is less than the required value, the intervals. Choice of light sources with higher luminous
wattage of supplementary artificial lights efficacy and luminaires with appropriate light
should be increased proportionately to make distribution is the most effective means of energy saving
up for the deficiency of natural illumination. in lighting. However, choice of light sources also
depends on the other lighting quality parameters like
4.4.4 For good distribution of day light on the working
colour rendering index and colour temperature or
plane in a room, window height, window width and
appearance. For example, high pressure sodium vapour
height of sill should be chosen in accordance with the
lamps, which have very high luminous efficacy, are not
following recommendations:
suitable for commercial interiors because of poor colour
a) In office buildings windows of height 1.2 m rendering index and colour appearance, but are highly
or more in the centre of a bay with sill level at desirable in heavy industries. Also the choice of light
1.0 to 1.2 m above floor and in residential sources depends on the mounting height in the interiors.
buildings windows of height 1.0 m to 1.1 m For example, fluorescent lamps are not preferred for
with sill height as 0.7 m to 0.9 m above floor mounting beyond 7 m height, when high pressure gas
are recommended for good distribution of discharge lamps are preferred because of better optical
daylight indoors. Window width can control due to their compact size.
accordingly be adjusted depending upon the 4.4.6.1 Efficient artificial light sources and luminaires
required fenestration percentage of the floor
area. Luminous efficacies of some of the lamps used in
lighting of buildings are given in Table 8 along with
b) If the room depth is more than 10 m, windows
average life in burning hours, colour rendering index
should be provided on opposite sides for
and colour temperature.
bilateral lighting.
c) It is desirable to have a white finish for ceiling Following recommendations may be followed in the
and off white (light colour) to white for walls. choice of light sources for different locations:
There is about 7 percent improvement in a) For supplementary artificial lighting of work
lighting levels in changing the finish of walls area in office building care should be taken to
from moderate to white. use fluorescent lamps, which match with
4.4.5 For good distribution and integration of daylight colour temperature of the daylight.
with artificial lights the following guidelines are b) For residential buildings fluorescent lamps
recommended: and/or CFLs of proper CRI and CCT are
recommended to match with the colours and
a) Employ cool daylight fluorescent tubes for interior design of the room.
supplementary artificial lighting.
c) For commercial interiors, depending on the
b) Distribute luminaries with a separation of 2 m mounting heights and interior design,
to 3 m in each bay of 3 m to 4 m width. fluorescent lamps, CFLs and low wattage
c) Provide more supplementary lights such as metal halide lamps are recommended. For
twin tube luminaries in work areas where highlighting the displays in show windows,
daylight is expected to be poor, for example hotels, etc, low wattage tubular or dichroic
in the rear region of a room having single reflector type halogen lamps can be used.
window and in the central region of a room d) For industrial lighting, depending on the
having windows on opposite walls. In the mounting height and colour consideration
vicinity of windows only single tube fluorescent lamps, high pressure mercury
luminaries should be provided. vapour lamps or high pressure sodium vapour
4.4.6 Artificial Lighting lamps are recommended.

Energy conservation in lighting is affected by reducing 4.4.6.2 For the same lumen output, it is possible to
wastage and using energy effective lamps and save 50 to 70 percent energy if CFL lamps are replaced
luminaires without sacrificing lighting quality. with induction lighting, and 40 to 60 percent if replaced
Measures to be followed comprise utilization of with LED lamps. Similar energy effective solutions are
daylight, energy effective artificial lighting design by to be chosen for every application area.
providing required illumination where needed, turning Similarly with white fluorescent tubes recommended
off artificial lights when not needed, maintaining lighter for corridors and staircases, the electrical consumption
finishes of ceiling, walls and furnishings, and reduces to 1/4.5 of the energy consumption with
implementing periodic schedule for cleaning of incandescent lamps.

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND NATURAL VENTILATION 33

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Table 8 Luminous Efficacy, Life, Lumen Maintenance and Colour Rendition of Light Sources
(Clause 4.4.6.1)

Sl Light Source Wattage Efficacy Average Life Lumen Colour Rendition

No. Range lm/W h Maintenance
W
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

i) Incandescent lamps 15 to 200 12 to 20 500 to 1 000 Fair to good Very good

ii) Tungsten halogen 300 to 1 500 20 to 27 200 to 2 000 Good to very good Very good
iii) Standard fluorescent lamps 20 to 80 55 to 65 5 000 Fair to good Good
iv) Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) 5 to 40 60 to 70 7 500 Good Good to very good
v) Slim line fluorescent 18 to 58 57 to 67 5 000 Fair to good Good
v) High pressure mercury vapour lamps 60 to 1 000 50 to 65 5 000 Very low to fair Federate
vi) Blended - light lamps 160 to 250 20 to 30 5 000 Low to fair Federate
vii) High pressure sodium vapour lamps 50 to 1 000 90 to 125 10 000 to 15 000 Fair to good Low to good
viii) Metal halide lamps 35 to 2 000 80 to 95 4 000 to 10 000 Very low Very good
ix) Low pressure sodium 10 to 180 100 to 200 10 000 to 20 000 Good to very good Poor
x) LED 0.5 to 2.0 60 to 100 10 000 Very good Good for white LED

NOTES
1 The table includes lamps and wattages currently in use in buildings in India.
2 Luminous efficacy varies with the wattage of the lamp.
3 Average life values are from available Indian Standards. Where Indian Standard is not available, values given are only indicative.
4 For exact values, it is advisable to contact manufacturers.

4.4.6.3 Efficient luminaire also plays an important role recommended for maximum utilization of daylight and
for energy conservation in lighting. The choice of a artificial lights.
luminaire should be such that it is efficient not only
4.4.8 Photocontrols for Artificial Lights
initially but also throughout its life. Following
luminaries are recommended for different locations: There is a considerable wastage of electrical energy in
a) For offices semi-direct type of luminaries are lighting of buildings due to carelessness in switching
recommended so that both the work plane off lights even when sufficient daylight is available
illumination and surround luminance can be indoors. In offices and commercial buildings, occupants
effectively enhanced. may switch on lights in the morning and keep them on
throughout the day. When sufficient daylight is
b) For corridors and stair cases direct type of
available inside, suitable photo controls can be
luminaries with wide spread of light
employed to switch off the artificial lights and thus
distributions are recommended.
prevent the wastage of energy.
c) In residential buildings, bare fluorescent tubes
are recommended. Wherever the incandescent The photocontrol should have the following features:
lamps are employed, they should be provided a) An integrated photocontrol system continually
with white enameled conical reflectors at an measures the amount of visible light under the
inclination of about 45° from vertical. lighting fixture and maintains the lux levels
4.4.7 Cleaning Schedule for Window Panes and as referred in Table 4.
Luminaires b) An integrated photocontrol system should
Adequate schedule for cleaning of window panes and maintain six daylighting scenarios that can be
luminaries will result in significant advantage of adjusted by the user namely; daytime
enhanced daylight and lumen output from luminaries. occupied, daytime unoccupied, sunset
This will tend to reduce the duration over which occupied, sunset unoccupied, night time
artificial lights will be used and minimise the wastage occupied and night time unoccupied.
of energy. Depending upon the location of the building c) The photocontrol sensor should have
a minimum of three to six months interval for periodic a 60° cone of reference to measure the amount
cleaning of luminaries and window panes is of light on the work surface.

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4.4.9 Solar Photovoltaic Systems (SPV) contaminants are to be removed from air, the amount
of fresh air required for dilution of inside air to prevent
Solar photovoltaic system enables direct conversion of
vitiation of air by body odours, depends on the air space
sunlight into electricity and is a viable option for
available per person and the degree of physical activity;
lighting purpose in remote nongrid areas. The common
the amount of air decreases as the air space available
SPV lighting systems are:
per person increases, and it may vary from 20 m3 to
a) Solar lantern, 30 m3 per person per hour. In rooms occupied by only
b) Fixed type solar home lighting system, and a small number of persons such an air change will
c) Street lighting system. automatically be attained in cool weather by normal
leakage around windows and other openings and this
4.4.9.1 SPV lighting system should preferably be may easily be secured in warm weather by keeping the
provided with CFL for energy efficiency. openings open.
4.4.9.2 Inverters used in buildings for supplying No standards have been laid down under Factories Act,
electricity during the power cut period should be 1948 as regards the amount of fresh air required per
charged through SPV system. worker or the number of air changes per hour. Section
4.4.9.3 Regular maintenance of SPV system is 16 of the Factories Act, 1948 relating to overcrowding
necessary for its satisfactory functioning. requires that at least 14 m3 to 16 m3 of space shall be
provided for every worker and for the purpose of that
4.4.10 Lighting shelves and light pipes may be explored section no account shall be taken of any space in a work
for utilization and integration in the lighting design. room which is more than 4.25 m above the floor level.
5 VENTILATION NOTE — Vitiation of the atmosphere can also occur in factories
by odours given off due to contaminants of the product itself,
say for example, from tobacco processing in a ‘Beedi’ factory.
5.1 General
Here the ventilation will have to be augmented to keep odours
Ventilation of buildings is required to supply fresh air within unobjectionable levels.
for respiration of occupants, to dilute inside air to 5.2.2.1 Recommended values for air changes
prevent vitiation by body odours and to remove any
products of combustion or other contaminants in air The standards of general ventilation are recommended/
and to provide such thermal environments as will assist based on maintenance of required oxygen, carbon
in the maintenance of heat balance of the body in order dioxide and other air quality levels and for the control
to prevent discomfort and injury to health of the of body odours when no products of combustion or
occupants. other contaminants are present in the air; the values of
air changes should be as follows:
5.2 Design Considerations
Sl No. Application Air Change per Hour
5.2.1 Respiration
(1) (2) (3)
Supply of fresh air to provide oxygen for the human
body for elimination of waste products and to maintain 1. Assembly rooms 4-8
carbon dioxide concentration in the air within safe limits 2. Bakeries 20-30
rarely calls for special attention as enough outside air 3. Banks/building societies 4-8
for this purpose normally enters the areas of occupancy 4. Bathrooms 6-10
through crevices and other openings. 5. Bedrooms 2-4
5.2.1.1 In normal habitable rooms devoid of smoke 6. Billiard rooms 6-8
generating source, the content of carbon dioxide in air 7. Boiler rooms see Note 2
rarely exceeds 0.5 percent to 1 percent and is, therefore, 8. Cafes and coffee bars 10-12
incapable of producing any ill effect. The amount of 9. Canteens 8-12
air required to keep the concentration down to 1 percent 10. Cellars 3-10
is very small. The change in oxygen content is also too 11. Changing rooms 6-10
small under normal conditions to have any ill effects; 12. Churches 1-3
the oxygen content may vary quite appreciably without 13. Cinemas and theatres 10-15
noticeable effect, if the carbon dioxide concentration 14. Club rooms 12, Min
is unchanged.
15. Compressor rooms 10-12
5.2.2 Vitiation by Body Odours 16. Conference rooms 8-12
17. Corridors 5-10
Where no products of combustion or other

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5.2.3 Heat Balance of Body
Sl No. Application Air Change per Hour
(1) (2) (3) Especially in hot weather, when thermal environment
inside the room is worsened by heat given off by
18. Dairies 8-12 machinery, occupants and other sources, the prime need
19. Dance halls 12, Min for ventilation is to provide such thermal environment
20. Dye works 20-30 as will assist in the maintenance of heat balance of the
21. Electroplating shops 10-12 body in order to prevent discomfort and injury to health.
22. Engine rooms/DG see Note 2 Excess of heat either from increased metabolism due
Rooms/GG Rooms to physical activity of persons or gains from a hot
23. Entrance halls 3-5 environment has to be offset to maintain normal body
24. Factories and work shops 8-10 temperature (37°C). Heat exchange of the human body
with respect to the surroundings is determined by the
25. Foundries 15-30
temperature and humidity gradient between the skin
26. Garages 6-8
and the surroundings and other factors, such as age of
27. Glass houses 25-60 persons, clothing, etc, and the latter depends on air
28. Gymnasium 6, Min temperature (dry bulb temperature), relative humidity,
29. Hair dressing saloon 10-15 radiation from the solid surroundings and rate of air
30. Hospitals sterilising 15-25 movement. The volume of outside air to be circulated
31. Hospital wards 6-8 through the room is, therefore, governed by the physical
32. Hospital domestic 15-20 considerations of controlling the temperature, air
33. Laboratories 6-15 distribution or air movement. Air movement and air
34. Launderettes 10-15 distribution may, however, be achieved by recirculation
35. Laundries 10-30 of the inside air rather than bringing in all outside air.
36. Lavatories 6-15 However, fresh air supply or the circulated air will
reduce heat stress by dissipating heat from body by
37. Lecture theatres 5-8
evaporation of the sweat, particularly when the relative
38. Libraries 3-5
humidity is high and the air temperature is near body
39. Lift cars 20, Min temperature.
40. Living rooms 3-6
5.2.3.1 Indices of thermal comfort
41. Mushroom houses 6-10
42. Offices 6-10 Thermal comfort is that condition of thermal
43. Paint shops (not cellulose) 10-20 environment under which a person can maintain a body
44. Photo and X-ray dark room 10-15 heat balance at normal body temperature and without
45. Public house bars 12, Min perceptible sweating. Limits of comfort vary
considerably according to studies carried out in India
46. Recording control rooms 15-25
and abroad.
47. Recording studios 10-12
48. Restaurants 8-12 The thermal indices which find applications for Indian
49. Schoolrooms 5-7 climate are as follows:
50. Shops and supermarkets 8-15 a) Effective temperature (ET),
51. Shower baths 15-20 b) Tropical summer index (TSI), and
52. Stores and warehouses 3-6 c) Adaptive thermal comfort.
53. STP rooms 30, Min
54. Squash courts 4, Min 5.2.3.1.1 Effective temperature (ET)
55. Swimming baths 10-15 Effective temperature is defined as the temperature of
56. Toilets 6-10 still, saturated air which has the same general effect
57. Underground vehicle parking 6, Min upon comfort as the atmosphere under investigation.
58. Utility rooms 15-30 Combinations of temperature, humidity and wind
59. Welding shops 15-30 velocity producing the same thermal sensation in an
NOTES individual are taken to have the same effective
1 The ventilation rates may be increased by 50 percent where temperature.
heavy smoking occurs or if the room is below the ground.
Initially two scales were developed, one of which
2 The ventilation rate shall be as per 11.2.2 of Part 8 ‘Building
Services, Section 3 Air Conditioning, Heating and Mechanical referred to men stripped to the waist, and called the
Ventilation’ of the Code. basic scale. The other applies to men fully clad in indoor
clothing and called the normal scale of effective

36 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2016

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temperature. Bedfort (1946) proposed the use of globe appear to assess climatic heat stress with an accuracy
temperature reading instead of the air temperature which is acceptable for most practical purposes.
reading to make allowance for the radiant heat. This
5.2.3.1.2 Tropical summer index (TSI)
scale is known as the corrected effective temperature
(CET) scale. No allowance, however, was made for The TSI is defined as the temperature of calm air,
the different rates of energy expenditure. The scale was at 50 percent relative humidity which imparts the same
compiled only for men either seated or engaged in light thermal sensation as the given environment. The
activity. 50 percent level of relative humidity is chosen for this
index as it is a reasonable intermediate value for the
Figure 5 represents the corrected effective temperature
prevailing humidity conditions. Mathematically, TSI
nomogram. The CET can be obtained by connecting
(°C) is expressed as:
the appropriate points representing the dry bulb (or
globe) and wet bulb temperatures and reading the CET
TSI ! 0.745tg " 0.308tw # 2.06 v " 0.841
value at the intersection of this line with the relevant
air velocity curve from the family of curves for various where
air velocities running diagonally upwards from left to
right. tw = wet bulb temperature, in °C;
The effective temperature scale may be considered to tg = globe temperature, in °C; and
be reasonably accurate in warm climates where the heat V = air speed, in m/s.
stress is not high but it may be misleading at high levels The thermal comfort of a person lies between TSI
of heat stress. There appears to be an inherent error in values of 25°C and 30°C with optimum condition at
this scale if used as an index of physiological strain, 27.5°C. Air movement is necessary in hot and humid
the error increasing with the severity of the weather for body cooling. A certain minimum desirable
environmental conditions. For low and moderate wind speed is needed for achieving thermal comfort at
degrees of heat stress, the effective temperature scales different temperatures and relative humidities. Such

FIG. 5 C ORRECTED EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE NOMOGRAM

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND NATURAL VENTILATION 37

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wind speeds are given in Table 9. These are applicable 5.2.3.1.3 Adaptive thermal comfort
to sedentary work in offices and other places having
For details on adaptive thermal comfort, reference shall
no noticeable sources of heat gain. Where somewhat
be made to Part 8 ‘Building Services, Section 3 Air
warmer conditions are prevalent, such as in godowns
Conditioning, Heating and Mechanical Ventilation’ of
and machine shops and work is of lighter intensity, and
this Code.
higher temperatures can be tolerated without much
discomfort, minimum wind speeds for just acceptable 5.2.3.2 There will be a limit of heat tolerance when air
warm conditions are given in Table 10. For obtaining temperatures are excessive and the degree of physical
values of indoor wind speed above 2.0 m/s, mechanical activity is high. This limit is determined when the bodily
means of ventilation may have to be adopted (see also heat balance is upset, that is, when the bodily heat gain
Part 8 ‘Building Services, Section 3 Air Conditioning, due to conduction, convection and the radiation from
Heating and Mechanical Ventilation’ of the Code). the surroundings exceeds the bodily heat loss, which is
mostly by evaporation of sweat from the surface of the
The warmth of the environment was found tolerable
body. The limits of heat tolerance for Indian workers
between 30°C and 34°C (TSI), and too hot above this
are based on the study conducted by the Chief Adviser
limit. On the lower side, the coolness of the environment
Factories, Government of India, Ministry of Labour
was found tolerable between 19°C and 25°C (TSI) and
and are given in his report on Thermal Stress in Textile
below 19°C (TSI), it was found too cold.
Industry (Report No. 17) issued in 1956. According to
this Report, where workers in industrial buildings
Table 9 Desirable Wind Speeds (m/s) for
wearing light clothing are expected to do work of
Thermal Comfort Conditions
moderate severity with the energy expenditure in the
(Clause 5.2.3.1.2) range 273 to 284 W, the maximum wet bulb temperature
shall not exceed 29°C and adequate air movement
Sl. Dry Bulb Relative Humidity
No. Temperature Percent subject to a minimum air velocity of 30 m/min shall be
°C provided, and in relation to the dry bulb temperature,
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) the wet bulb temperature of air in the work room, as
far as practicable, shall not exceed that given in
i) 28 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1)
Table 11.
ii) 29 1) 1) 1)
0.06 0.19
1) 1)

iii) 30 1) 1) 1)
0.06 0.24 0.53 0.85
iv) 31 1)
0.06 0.24 0.53 1.04 1.47 2.10 Table 11 Maximum Permissible Wet Bulb
v) 32 0.20 0.46 0.94 1.59 2.26 3.04 2) Temperatures for Given Dry Bulb Temperatures
vi) 33 0.77 1.36 2.12 3.00 2) 2) 2)

vii) 34 1.85 2.72 2) 2) 2) 2) 2)

(Clause 5.2.3.2)
viii) 35 3.20 2) 2) 2) 2) 2) 2)

Sl Dry Bulb Maximum Wet-Bulb

No. Temperature Temperature
1)
None. °C °C
2)
Higher than those acceptable in practice. (1) (2) (3)
i) 30 29.0
Table 10 Minimum Wind Speeds (m/s) for Just ii) 35 28.5
Acceptable Warm Conditions iii) 40 28.0
iv) 45 27.5
(Clause 5.2.3.1.2)
v) 50 27.0
Sl Dry Bulb Relative Humidity
No. Temperature Percent NOTES
°C 1 These are limits beyond which the industry should not allow
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 the thermal conditions to go for more than 1h continuously.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) The limits are based on a series of studies conducted on Indian
i) 28 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) subjects in psychrometric chamber and on other data on heat
ii) 29 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) casualties in earlier studies conducted in Kolar Gold Fields and
iii) 30 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) elsewhere.
iv) 31 1) 1) 1)
0.06 0.23
1) 1)
2 Figures given in this table are not intended to convey that
v) 32 1) 1) 1)
0.09 0.29 0.60 0.94 human efficiency at 50°C will remain the same as at 30°C,
vi) 33 1)
0.04 0.24 0.60 1.04 1.85 2.10 provided appropriate wet bulb temperatures are maintained.
vii) 34 0.15 0.46 0.94 1.60 2.26 3.05 2) Efficiency decreases with rise in the dry bulb temperature as
viii) 35 0.68 1.36 2.10 3.05 2) 2) 2)
well, as much as possible. Long exposures to temperature of
ix) 36 1.72 2.70 2) 2) 2) 2) 2)
50°C dry bulb/27°C wet bulb may prove dangerous.
3 Refrigeration or some other method of cooling is
1)
None. recommended in all cases where conditions would be worse
2)
Higher than those acceptable in practice. than those shown in this table.

38 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2016

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5.3 Methods of Ventilation heat treatment, cold riveting or spot welding instead of
hot riveting, etc.
General ventilation involves providing a building with
relatively large quantities of outside air in order to 5.3.1.4 Radiant shielding
improve general environment of the building. This may
Hot surfaces, such as layers of molten metal emanate
be achieved in one of the following ways:
radiant heat, which can best be controlled by placing a
a) Natural supply and natural exhaust of air; shield having a highly reflecting surface between the
b) Natural supply and mechanical exhaust of air; source of heat and the worker, so that a major portion
c) Mechanical supply and natural exhaust of air; of the heat falling on the shield is reflected back to the
and source. Surfaces such as of tin and aluminium have
been used as materials for shields. The efficiency of
d) Mechanical supply and mechanical exhaust of
the shield does not depend on its thickness, but on the
air.
reflectivity and emissivity of its surface. Care should
5.3.1 Control of Heat be taken to see that the shield is not heated up by
conduction and for this purpose adequate provision
Although it is recognized that general ventilation is one
should be made for the free flow upwards of the heated
of the most effective methods of improving thermal
air between the hot surface and the shield by leaving
environmental conditions in factories, in many
the necessary air space and providing opening at the
situations, the application of ventilation should be
top and the bottom of the sides.
preceded by and considered along with some of the
following other methods of control. This would 5.3.2 Volume of Air Required
facilitate better design of buildings for general
The volume of air required shall be calculated by using
ventilation, either natural or mechanical or both, and
both the sensible heat and latent heat gain as the bases.
also reduce their cost.
The larger of the two values obtained should be used
5.3.1.1 Isolation in actual practice.
Sometimes it is possible to locate heat producing In places without sufficient wind speeds and/or in
equipment, such as furnaces in such a position as would buildings where effective cross ventilation is not
expose only a small number of workers to hot possible due to the design of the interior, the indoor air
environment. As far as practicable, such sources of heat may be exhausted by a fan, with outdoor air entering
in factories should be isolated. the building through the open windows.
In situations where relatively few people are exposed 5.3.2.1 Volume of air required for removing sensible
to severe heat stress and their activities are confined to heat
limited areas as in the case of rolling mill operators
and crane operators, it may be possible to enclose the When the amount of sensible heat given off by different
work areas and provide spot cooling or supply sources, namely, the sun, the manufacturing processes,
conditioned air to such enclosures. machinery, occupants and other sources, is known and
a suitable value for the allowable temperature rise is
5.3.1.2 Insulation assumed, the volume of outside air to be provided for
A considerable portion of heat in many factories is due removing the sensible heat may be calculated from:
to the solar radiation falling on the roof surfaces, which,
2.976 8 K s
in turn, radiate heat inside the building. In such Q1 =
situations, insulations of the roof or providing a false t
ceiling or double roofing would be very effective in where
controlling heat. Some reduction can also be achieved
by painting the roof in heat reflective shades. Q1 = quantity of air, in m3/h;
Ks = sensible heat gained, in W; and
Hot surfaces of equipment, such as pipes, vessels, etc,
in the building should also be insulated to reduce their t = allowable temperature rise, in °C.
surface temperature. 5.3.2.2 Temperature rise refers mainly to the difference
between the air temperatures at the outlet (roof exit)
5.3.1.3 Substitution
and at the inlet openings for outside air. As very little
Sometimes, it is possible to substitute a hot process by inlet data exist on allowable temperature rise values
a method that involves application of localized or more for supply of outside air in summer months, the values
efficiently controlled method of heating. Examples given in Table 12 related to industrial buildings may
include induction hardening instead of conventional be used for general guidance.

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND NATURAL VENTILATION 39

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Table 12 Allowable Temperature Rise Values between inside and outside the room and the
(Clause 5.3.2.2) difference of height between the outlet and
inlet openings (stack effect).
Sl No. Height of Outlet Opening Temperature Rise
m °C 5.4.1 Ventilation of Non-Industrial Buildings
(1) (2) (3)
Ventilation in non-industrial buildings due to stack
i) 6 3 to 4.5 effect, unless there is a significant internal load, could
ii) 9 4.5 to 6.5
iii) 12 6.5 to 11
be neglected, except in cold regions, and wind action
may be assumed to be predominant.
NOTES
1 The conditions are limited to light or medium heavy 5.4.1.1 In hot dry regions, the main problem in summer
manufacturing processes, freedom from radiant heat and inlet is to provide protection from sun’s heat so as to keep
openings not more than 3 to 4.5 m above floor level. the indoor temperature lower than those outside under
2 At the working zone between floor level and 1.5 m above the sun. For this purpose windows and other openings
floor level, the recommended maximum allowable temperature
rise for air is 2°C to 3°C above the air temperature at the inlet
are generally kept closed during day time and only
openings. minimum ventilation is provided for the control of
odours or for removal of products of combustion.
5.3.2.3 Volume of air required for removing latent heat 5.4.1.2 In warm humid regions, the problem in the
If the latent heat gained from the manufacturing design of non-industrial buildings is to provide free
processes and occupants is also known and a suitable passage of air to keep the indoor temperature as near
value for the allowable rise in the vapour pressure is to those outside in the shade as possible, and for this
assumed: purpose the buildings are oriented to face the direction
of prevailing winds and windows and other openings
4 127.26 K1 are kept open on both windward and leeward sides.
Q2 =
h
5.4.1.3 In winter months in cold regions, the windows
where and other openings are generally kept shut, particularly
Q2 = quantity of air, in m3/h; during night; and ventilation necessary for the control
K1 = latent heat gained, in W; and of odours and for the removal of products of combustion
can be achieved either by stack action or by some
h = allowable vapour pressure difference of infiltration of outside air due to wind action.
mercury, in mm.
NOTE — In majority of the cases, the sensible heat gain will 5.4.2 Ventilation of Industrial Buildings
far exceed the latent heat gain, so that the amount of outside
air to be drawn by ventilating equipment can be calculated in
In providing natural ventilation of all industrial
most cases on the basis of the equation given in 5.3.2.1. buildings having significant internal heat loads due to
manufacturing process, proper consideration should be
5.3.2.4 Ventilation is also expressed as m3/h/m2 of floor
given to the size and distribution of windows and other
area. This relationship fails to evaluate the actual heat
inlet openings in relation to outlet openings so as to
relief provided by a ventilation system, but it does give
give, with due regard to orientation, prevailing winds,
a relationship which is independent of building height.
size and configuration of the building and
This is a more rational approach, because, with the same
manufacturing processes carried on, maximum possible
internal load, the same amount of ventilation air,
control of thermal environment.
properly applied to the work zone with adequate
velocity, will provide the desired heat relief quite 5.4.2.1 In the case of industrial buildings wider than
independently of the ceiling height of the space, with 30 m, the ventilation through windows may be
few exceptions. Ventilation rates of 30 to 60 m 3/h/m2 augmented by roof ventilation.
have been found to give good results in many plants.
5.4.3 Design Guidelines for Natural Ventilation
5.4 Natural Ventilation
5.4.3.1 By wind action
The rate of ventilation by natural means through
1) A building need not necessarily be oriented
windows or other openings depends on,
perpendicular to the prevailing outdoor wind;
a) direction and velocity of wind outside and it may be oriented at any convenient angle
sizes and disposition of openings (wind between 0° and 30° without losing any
action); and beneficial aspect of the breeze. If the
b) convection effects arising from temperature prevailing wind is from East or West, building
of vapour pressure difference (or both) may be oriented at 45° to the incident wind so

40 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2016

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as to diminish the solar heat without much 7) For a total area of openings (inlet and outlet)
reduction in air motion indoors. of 20 percent to 30 percent of floor area, the
2) Inlet openings in the buildings should be well average indoor wind velocity is around
distributed and should be located on the 30 percent of outdoor velocity. Further
windward side at a low level, and outlet increase in window size increases the available
openings should be located on the leeward velocity but not in the same proportion as
side. Inlet and outlet openings at high levels shown in Fig. 6. In fact, even under most
may only clear the top air at that level without favourable conditions the maximum average
producing air movement at the level of indoor wind speed does not exceed 40 percent
occupancy. of outdoor velocity.
3) Maximum air movement at a particular plane 8) Where the direction of wind is quite constant
is achieved by keeping the sill height of the and dependable, the size of the inlet should
opening at 85 percent of the critical height be kept within 30 to 50 percent of the total
(such as head level) for the following area of openings and the building should be
recommended levels of occupancy: oriented perpendicular to the incident wind.
a) For sitting on chair 0.75 m, Where direction of the wind is quite variable
the openings may be arranged so that as far as
b) For sitting on bed 0.60 m, and
possible there is approximately equal area on
c) For sitting on floor 0.40 m. all sides. Thus no matter what the wind
4) Inlet openings should not as far as possible direction be, there would be some openings
be obstructed by adjoining buildings, trees, directly exposed to wind pressure and others
sign boards or other obstructions or by to air suction and effective air movement
partitions inside in the path of air flow. through the building would be assured.
5) In rooms of normal size having identical 9) Windows of living rooms should open directly
windows on opposite walls the average indoor to an open space. In places where building
air speed increases rapidly by increasing the sites are restricted, open space may have to
width of window up to two-third of the wall be created in the buildings by providing
width; beyond that the increase is in much adequate courtyards.
smaller proportion than the increase of the 10) In the case of rooms with only one wall
window width. The air motion in the working exposed to outside, provision of two windows
zone is maximum when window height is on that wall is preferred to that of a single
1.1m. Further increase in window height window.
promotes air motion at higher level of window,
11) Windows located diagonally opposite to each
but does not contribute additional benefits as
other with the windward window near the
regards air motion in the occupancy zones in
upstream corner give better performance than
buildings.
other window arrangements for most of the
6) Greatest flow per unit area of openings is building orientations.
obtained by using inlet and outlet openings of
12) Horizontal louvers, that is, sunshades atop
nearby equal areas at the same level.
windows deflect the incident wind upward and
reduce air motion in the zone of occupancy. A
horizontal slot between the wall and horizontal
louver prevents upward deflection of air in the
interior of rooms. Provision of inverted L type
(Γ) louver increases the room air motion
provided that the vertical projection does not
obstruct the incident wind (see Fig. 7).
13) Provision of horizontal sashes inclined at an
angle of 45° in appropriate direction helps to
promote the indoor air motion. Sashes
projecting outward are more effective than
projecting inward.
14) Air motion at working plane 0.4 m above the
FIG . 6 EFFECT OF AREA OF OPENING ON AVERAGE floor can be enhanced by 30 percent using a
INDOOR WIND VELOCITY pelmet type wind deflector (see Fig. 8).

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND NATURAL VENTILATION 41

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17) Cross ventilation can be obtained through one
side of the building to the other, in case of
narrow buildings with the width common in
the multistoreyed type by the provision of
large and suitably placed windows or
combination of windows and wall ventilators
for the inflow and outflow of air.
18) Verandah open on three sides is to be preferred
since it causes an increase in the room air
motion for most of the orientations of the
F IG. 7 L-TYPE LOUVER building with respect to the outdoor wind.
19) A partition placed parallel to the incident wind
15) Roof overhangs help promoting air motion in has little influence on the pattern of the air
the working zone inside buildings. flow, but when located perpendicular to the
16) In case of room with windows on one wall, main flow, the same partition creates a wind
with single window, the room wind velocity shadow. Provision of a partition with spacing
inside the room on the windward side is of 0.3 m underneath helps augmenting air
10 percent of outdoor velocity at points up to motion near floor level in the leeward
a distance of one-sixth of room width from the compartment of wide span buildings.
window and then decreases rapidly and hardly 20) Air motion in a building unit having windows
any air movement is produced in the leeward tangential to the incident wind is accelerated
half portion of the room. The average indoor when another unit is located at end-on position
wind velocity is generally less than 10 percent on downstream side (see Fig. 9).
of outdoor velocity. When two windows are 21) Air motion in two wings oriented parallel to
provided and wind impinges obliquely on the prevailing breeze is promoted by connecting
them, the inside velocity increases up to them with a block on downstream side.
15 percent of the outdoor velocity.

FIG . 8 SKETCH OF A PELMET TYPE WIND DEFLECTOR

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mound having a slant surface with a slope of
10° on upstream side.
27) In case of industrial buildings the window
height should be about 1.6 m and width about
two-third of wall width. These should be
located at a height of 1.1 m above the floor.
In addition to this, openings around 0.9 m high
should be provided over two-third length of
the glazed area in the roof lights.
28) Height of industrial buildings, although
determined by the requirements of industrial
processes involved, generally kept large
enough to protect the workers against hot
stagnant air below the ceiling as also to dilute
the concentration of contaminant inside.
However, if high level openings in roof or
walls are provided, building height can be
reduced to 4 m without in any way impairing
the ventilation performance.
29) The maximum width up to which buildings of
height usually found in factories, being
effectively ventilated by natural means by
wind action, is 30 m, beyond which sufficient
reliance cannot be placed on prevailing winds.
F IG. 9 TWO UNITS LOCATED AT THE E ND-ON POSITION Approximately half the ventilating area of
openings should be between floor level and a
22) Air motion in a building is not affected by height of 2.25 m from the floor.
constructing another building of equal or NOTE — For data on outdoor wind speeds at a place, reference
smaller height on the leeward side; but it is may be made to ‘The Climatic Data Handbook’ prepared by
Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee, 1999’.
slightly reduced if the leeward building is
taller than the windward block. 5.4.3.2 By stack effect
23) Air motion in a shielded building is less than Natural ventilation by stack effect occurs when air
that in an unobstructed building. To minimise inside a building is at a different temperature than air
shielding effect, the distances between two outside. Thus in heated buildings or in buildings
rows should be 8 H for semi-detached houses wherein hot processes are carried on and in ordinary
and 10 H for long rows houses. However, for buildings during summer nights and during pre-
smaller spacing the shielding effect is also monsoon periods, the inside temperature is higher than
diminished by raising the height of the that of outside, cool outside air will tend to enter through
shielded building. openings at low level and warm air will tend to leave
24) Hedges and shrubs defect the air away from through openings at high level. It would, therefore, be
the inlet openings and cause a reduction in advantageous to provide ventilators as close to ceilings
indoor air motion. These elements should not as possible. Ventilators can also be provided in roofs
be planted at a distance of about 8 m from the as, for example, cowl, vent pipe, covered roof and ridge
building because the induced air motion is vent.
reduced to minimum in that case. However,
air motion in the leeward part of the building 5.5 Mechanical Ventilation
can be enhanced by planting a low hedge at a
The requirements of mechanical ventilation shall be in
distance of 2 m from the building.
accordance with Part 8 ‘Building Services, Section 3
25) Trees with large foliage mass having trunk Air Conditioning, Heating and Mechanical Ventilation’
bare of branches up to the top level of window, of the Code.
deflect the outdoor wind downwards and
promotes air motion in the leeward portion of 5.6 Determining Rate of Ventilation
buildings,
5.6.1 Natural Ventilation
26) Ventilation conditions indoors can be
ameliorated by constructing buildings on earth This is difficult to measure as it varies from time to

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND NATURAL VENTILATION 43

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time. The amount of outside air through windows and resulting air flow is not equal to the two flows estimated
other openings depends on the direction and velocity separately.
of wind outside (wind action) and/or convection effects
When acting simultaneously, the rate of air flow through
arising from temperature or vapour pressure differences
the building may be computed by the following
(or both) between inside and outside of the building
equation:
(stack effect).
5.6.1.1 Wind action Q 2 = Qw 2 + Qt 2
For determining the rate of ventilation based on wind where
action the wind may be assumed to come from any Q = resultant volume of air flow, in m3/min;
direction within 45° of the direction of prevailing wind.
Qw = volume of air flow due to wind force, in m3/
Ventilation due to external wind is given by the
min; and
following formula:
Qt = volume of air flow due to thermal force, in
Qw = K.A.V m3/min.
where Wind velocity and direction, outdoor temperature, and
indoor distribution cannot be predicted with certainty,
Qw = rate of air flow, in m3/h;
and refinement in calculation is not justified. A simple
K = coefficient of effectiveness, which may be method is to calculate the sum of the flows produced
taken as 0.6 for wind perpendicular to by each force separately. Then using the ratio of the
openings and 0.3 for wind at an angle less flow produced by thermal forces to the aforementioned
than 45° to the openings; sum, the actual flow due to the combined forces can be
A = free area of inlet openings, in m2; and approximated from Fig. 10. When the two flows are
V = wind speed, in m/h. equal, the actual flow is about 30 percent greater than
NOTE — For wind data at a place, the local Meteorological
the flow caused by either force acting independently
Department may be consulted. (see Fig. 10).
5.6.1.2 Stack effect (thermal action)
Ventilation due to convection effects arising from
temperature difference between inside and outside is
given by:

QT = 7.0 A h (tr − to )

where
QT = rate of air flow, in m3/h;
A = free area of inlet openings, in m2;
h = vertical distance between inlets and outlets,
in m;
tr = average temperature of indoor air at height
h, in °C; and
to = temperature of outdoor air, in °C.
NOTE — The equation is based on 0.65 times the effectiveness
of openings. This should be reduced to 0.50, if conditions are
not favourable.

5.6.1.3 When areas of inlet and outlet openings are

unequal, the value of A may be calculated using the
equation:
2 1 1 FIG . 10 DETERMINATION OF FLOW CAUSED BY
= +
A2 Ainlet 2 Aoutlet2 COMBINED FORCES OF WIND AND T EMPERATURE
DIFFERENCE
5.6.1.4 Combined Effect of Wind and Thermal Action Judgment is necessary for proper location of openings
When both forces (wind and thermal) act together in in a building specially in the roof, where heat, smoke
the same direction, even without interference, the and fumes are to be removed. Usually, windward

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monitor openings should be closed, but if wind is so 5.7 Energy Conservation in Ventilation System
slight that temperature head can overcome it, all
5.7.1 Maximum possible use should be made of wind
openings may be opened.
induced natural ventilation. This may be accomplished
5.6.1.5 For method for determining the rate of by following the design guidelines given in 5.7.1.1.
ventilation based on probable indoor wind speed with
5.7.1.1 Adequate number of circulating fans should be
typical illustrative example for residential building,
installed to serve all interior working areas during summer
reference may be made to A-4 of good practice [9-1(6)].
months in the hot dry and warm humid regions to provide
5.6.2 Mechanical Ventilation necessary air movement at times when ventilation due to
wind action alone does not afford sufficient relief.
The determination of rate of ventilation in case of
mechanical ventilation shall be done in accordance with 5.7.1.1.1 The capacity of a ceiling fan to meet the
Part 8 ‘Building Services, Section 3 Air Conditioning, requirement of a room with the longer dimension D
Heating and Mechanical Ventilation’ of the Code. metre should be about 55D m3/min.
5.6.3 Combined effect of Different Methods of 5.7.1.1.2 The height of fan blades above the floor
Ventilation should be (3H + W )/4, where H is the height of the
room, and W is the height of work plane.
When combination of two or more methods of general
ventilation is used, the total rate of ventilation shall be 5.7.1.1.3 The minimum distance between fan blades
reckoned as the highest of the following three, and this and the ceiling should be about 0.3 m.
rule shall be followed until an exact formula is
5.7.2 Electronic regulators should be used instead of
established by research:
resistance type regulators for controlling the speed of
a) 1.25 times the rate of natural ventilation, fans.
b) Rate of positive ventilation, and 5.7.3 When actual ventilated zone does not cover the
c) Rate of exhaust of air. entire room area, then optimum size of ceiling fan
5.6.4 Measurement of Air Movement should be chosen based on the actual usable area of
room, rather than the total floor area of the room. Thus
The rate of air movement of turbulent type at the smaller size of fan can be employed and energy saving
working zone shall be measured either with a Kata could be achieved.
thermometer (dry silvered type) or heated thermometer
or properly calibrated thermocouple anemometer. 5.7.4 Power consumption by larger fans is obviously
Whereas anemometer gives the air velocity directly, higher, but their power consumption per square metre
the Kata thermometer and heated thermometer give of floor area is less and service value higher. Evidently,
cooling power of air and the rate of air movement is improper use of fans irrespective of the rooms’
found by reference to a suitable nomogram using the dimensions is likely to result in higher power
ambient temperature. consumption. From the point of view of energy
consumption, the number of fans and the optimum sizes
for rooms of different dimensions are given in Table 13.

Table 13 Optimum Size/Number of Fans for Rooms of Different Sizes

(Clause 5.7.4)

Sl Room Optimum Size, mm/Number of Fans

No. Width for Room Length
m
4m 5m 6m 7m 8m 9m 10 m 11 m 12 m 14 m 16 m
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)
i) 3 1 200/1 1 400/1 1 500/1 1 050/2 1 200/2 1 400/2 1 400/2 1 400/2 1 200/3 1 400/3 1 400/3
ii) 4 1 200/1 1 400/1 1 200/2 1 200/2 1 200/2 1 400/2 1 400/2 1 500/2 1 200/3 1 400/3 1 500/3
iii) 5 1 400/1 1 400/1 1 400/2 1 400/2 1 400/2 1 400/2 1 400/2 1 500/2 1 400/3 1 400/3 1 500/3
iv) 6 1 200/2 1 400/2 900/4 1 050/4 1 200/4 1 400/4 1 400/4 1 500/4 1 200/6 1 400/6 1 500/6
v) 7 1 200/2 1 400/2 1 050/4 1 050/4 1 200/4 1 400/4 1 400/4 1 500/4 1 200/6 1 400/6 1 500/6
vi) 8 1 200/2 1 400/2 1 200/4 1 200/4 1 200/4 1 400/4 1 400/4 1 500/4 1 200/6 1 400/6 1 500/6
vii) 9 1 400/2 1 400/2 1 400/4 1 400/4 1 400/4 1 400/4 1 400/4 1 500/4 1 400/6 1 400/6 1 500/6
viii) 10 1 400/2 1 400/2 1 400/4 1 400/4 1 400/4 1 400/4 1 400/4 1 500/4 1 400/6 1 400/6 1 500/6
ix) 11 1 500/2 1 500/2 1 500/4 1 500/4 1 500/4 1 500/4 1 500/4 1 500/4 1 500/6 1 500/6 1 500/6
x) 12 1 200/3 1 400/3 1 200/6 1 200/6 1 200/6 1 400/6 1 400/6 1 500/6 1 200/7 1 400/9 1 400/9
xi) 13 1 400/3 1 400/3 1 200/6 1 200/6 1 200/6 1 400/6 1 400/6 1 500/6 1 400/9 1 400/9 1 500/9
xii) 14 1 400/3 1 400/3 1 400/6 1 400/6 1 400/6 1 400/6 1 400/6 1 500/6 1 400/9 1 400/9 1 500/9

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND NATURAL VENTILATION 45

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ANNEX A
(Clause 3.4.1)
METHOD OF CALCULATING SOLAR LOAD ON VERTICAL
SURFACES OF DIFFERENT ORIENTATION
A-1 DETAILS OF CALCULATION
A-1.1 The solar energy above the earth’s atmosphere
is constant and the amount incident on unit area normal
to sun’s rays is called solar constant (1.360 8 kWm–2
or 2 cal/cm2/min). This energy, in reaching the earth’s
surface, is depleted in, the atmosphere due to scattering
by air molecules, water vapour, dust particles, and
absorption by water vapour and ozone. The depletion
varies with varying atmospheric conditions. Another
important cause of depletion is the length of path
traversed by sun’s rays through the atmosphere. This
path is the shortest when sun is at the zenith and, as the
altitude of the sun decreases, the length of path in the
atmosphere increases. Figure 11 gives the computed
incident solar energy/hour on unit surface area normal
to the rays under standard atmospheric conditions (see
Note below) for different altitudes of the sun.
NOTE — The standard atmospheric conditions assumed for FIG . 11 DIRECT S OLAR INTENSITIES NORMAL TO SUN AT
this computation are: cloud-free, 300 dust particles per cm3,
15 mm of precipitable water, 2.5 mm of ozone, at sea level.
SEA LEVEL FOR STANDARD CONDITION (COMPUTED )

A-1.2 In order to calculate the solar energy on any

surface other than normal to the rays, the altitude of
the sun at that time should be known. The corresponding
value of direct solar radiation (IN) should then be found
with the help of Fig. 12. The solar radiation incident
on any surface (IS) is given by:

IS = I N (sin β sin φ + cos β cos α cos φ )

where
β = solar altitude,
φ = angle tilt of the surface from the vertical
(see Fig. 12), and
α = wall solar azimuth angle.
A-2 EXAMPLE TO FIND OUT ORIENTATION F IG. 12 DEFINITION OF SOLAR ANGLES
ON THE BASIS OF SOLAR LOAD
not shining on them, the total solar load in a day on a
A-2.1 Example surface can be obtained by multiplying the total load
per unit area per day (see Table 3) by the area of the
A-2.1.1 As an example, a simple building with flat surface. For four principal orientations of the building,
roof, 10 m × 20 m, and 4 m high is dealt with below. the total solar load on the building is worked out in
For the sake of generalization, no shading device or Table 14.
verandah is taken.
A-2.1.4 From Table 14, it can be seen that for the above
A-2.1.2 As the roof is horizontal, it will receive the type of building, orientation 3 (longer surface facing
same solar heat in any orientation. North and South) is appropriate as it affords maximum
A-2.1.3 The area of the vertical surfaces are 4 m × solar heat gain in winter and in summer. This is true for
10 m = A (say) and 4 m × 20 m = 2A. Since, the external all places of India from the point of solar heat gain. By
wall surface are not in shade except when the sun is further increasing the length to breadth ratio, the

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Table 14 Solar Heat Gained Due to Orientation of Buildings
(Clause A-2.1.3)

8° N THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 13° N CHENNAI

May 16 Dec 22 May 16 Dec 22

1. North 2 177 × A = 2 177A — 1 625 × A = 1 625A —

East 2 618 × 2A = 5 236A 2 177 × 2A = 4 354A 2 697 × 2A = 5 394A 2 019 × 2A = 4 038A
South — 4 164 × A = 4 164A — 4 385 × A = 4 385A
West 2 618 × 2A = 5 236A 2 177 × 2A = 4 354A 2 697 × 2A = 5 394A 2 019 × 2A = 4 038A
Total 12 649A 12 872A 12 413A 12 461A
2. NE 2 650 × A = 2 650A 410 × A = 410A 2 492 × A = 2 492A 315 × A = 315A
SE 1 167 × 2A = 2 334A 3 391 × 2A = 6 782A 1 341 × 2A = 2 682A 3 423 × 2A = 6 846A
SW 1 167 × 2A = 2 334A 3 391 × A = 3 391A 1 341 × A = 1 341A 3 423 × A = 3 423A
NW 2 650 × 2A = 5 300A 410 × 2A = 820A 2 492 × A = 4 984A 315 × 2A = 630A
Total 12 618A 11 403A 11 499A 11 214A
3. North 2 177 × 2A = 4 354A — 1 625 × 2A = 3 250A —
East 2 618 × A = 2 618A 2 177 × A = 2 177A 2 697 × A = 2 697A 2 019 × A = 2 019A
South — 4 164 × 2A = 8 328A — 4 385 × 2A = 8 770A
West 2 618 × A = 2 618A 2 177 × A = 2 177A 2 697 × A = 2 697A 2 019 × A = 2 019A
Total 9 590A 12 602A 8 644A 12 808A
4. NE 2 650 × 2A = 5 300A — 2 492 × A = 4 984A 315 × 2A = 630A
SE 1 167 × A = 1 167A 2 177 × A = 2 177A 1 341 × A = 1 341A 3 423 × A = 3 423A
SW 1 167 × 2A = 2 334A 4 164 × 2A = 8 328A 1 341 × 2A = 2 682A 3 423 × 2A = 6 846A
NW 2 650 × A = 2 650A 2 177 × A = 2 177A 2 492 × A = 2 492A 315 × A = 315A
Total 11 451A 12 682A 11 499A 11 214A

19° N MUMBAI 23° N KOLKATA

May 16 Dec 22 May 16 Dec 22

1. North 962 × A = 962A — 741 × A = 741A —

East 2 795 × 2A = 5 590A 1 830 × 2A = 3 660A 2 871 × 2A = 5 742A 1 703 × 2A = 3 406A
South — 4 574 × A = 4 574A 205 × A = 205A 4 637 × A = 4 637A
West 2 795 × 2A = 5 590A 1 830 × 2A = 3 660A 2 871 × 2A = 5 742A 1 703 × 2A = 3 406A
Total 12 142A 11 894A 12 430A 11 449A
2. NE 2 255 × A = 2 255A 237 × A = 237A 2 192 × A = 2 192A 173 × A = 173A
SE 1 640 × 2A = 3 280A 3 438 × 2A = 6 876A 1 845 × 2A = 3 690A 3 454 × 2A = 6 908A
SW 1 640 × A = 1 640A 3 438 × A = 3 438A 1 845 × A = 1 845A 3 454 × A = 3 454A
NW 2 255 × 2A = 4 510A 237 × 2A = 474A 2 192 × 2A = 4 384A 173 × 2A = 346A
Total 11 685A 11 025A 12 111A 10 881A
3. North 962 × 2A = 1 924A — 741 × 2A = 1 482A —
East 2 795 × A = 2 795A 1 830 × A = 1 830A 2 871 × A = 2 871A 1 703 × A = 1 703A
South — 4 574 × 2A = 9 148A 205 × 2A = 410A 4 637 × 2A = 9 274A
West 2 795 × A = 2 795A 1 830 × A = 1 830A 2 871 × A = 2 871A 1 703 × A = 1 703A
Total 7 514A 12 808A 7 634A 12 680A
4. NE 2 255 × 2A = 4 510A 237 × 2A = 474A 2 192 × 2A = 4 384A 173 × 2A = 346A
SE 1 640 × A = 1 640A 3 438 × A = 3 438A 1 845 × A = 1 845A 3 454 × A = 3 454A
SW 1 640 × 2A = 3 280A 3 438 × 2A = 6 876A 1 845 × 2A = 3 690A 3 454 × 2A = 6 908A
NW 2 255 × A = 2 255A 237 × A = 237A 2 192 × A = 2 192A 173 × A = 173A
Total 11 685A 11 025A 12 111A 10 881A

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND NATURAL VENTILATION 47

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Table 14 — (Concluded)

29° N DELHI

May 16 Dec 22

1. North 536 × A = 536A —

East 2 950 × 2A = 5 900A 1 467 × 2A = 2 934A
South 741 × A = 741A 4 543 × A = 4 543A
West 2 950 × 2A = 5 900A 1 467 × 2A = 2 934A

Total 13 077A 10 411A

2. NE 2 098 × A = 2 098A 110 × A = 110A

SE 2 192 × 2A = 4 384A 3 265 × 2A = 6 530A
SW 2 192 × A = 2 192A 3 265 × A = 3 265A
NW 2 098 × 2A = 4 196A 110 × 2A = 220A

Total 12 870A 10 125A

3. North 536 × 2A = 1 072A —

East 2 950 × A = 2 950A 1 467 × A = 1 467A
South 741 × 2A = 1 482A 4 543 × 2A = 9 086A
West 2 950 × A = 2 950A 1 467 × A = 1 467A

Total 8 454A 12 020A

4. NE 2 098 × 2A = 4 196A 110 × 2A = 220A

SE 2 192 × A = 2 192A 3 265 × A = 3 265A
SW 2 192 × 2A = 4 384A 3 265 × 2A = 6 530A
NW 2 098 × A = 4 196A 110 × A = 110A

Total 12 870A 10 125A

advantage of this orientation will be more pronounced. in latitude and that on the south western wall increases.
It may also be noted that in higher altitudes, the relative It would, therefore, be advantageous to face only
merit of this orientation is more. smaller surface of the building to greater solar load in
A-2.1.5 It is also seen that the total solar heat on the the summer afternoons, when the air temperature also
building is the same for orientation 2 and 4. But if the is higher.
site considerations require a choice between these two,
orientation 2 should be preferred at places north of A-2.1.6 At hill stations, winter season cause more
latitude 23°N and orientation 4 at southern places. This discomfort and so sole criterion for optimum orientation
is so because the total solar load per unit area in summer should be based on receiving maximum solar energy
on the north western wall decreases with the increase on building in winter.

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ANNEX B
(Clauses 4.2.5, 4.2.5.2, 4.2.5.4 and 4.2.6.1)
SKY COMPONENT TABLES

B-1 DESCRIPTION OF TABLES component at given point is explained with help of the
following example.
B-1.1 The three sky component tables are as given
below: B-1.6.2 Example
a) Table 15 — Percentage sky components on It is desired to calculate the sky component due to a
the horizontal plane due to a vertical window ABCD with width 1.8 m and height
vertical rectangular opening for 1.5 m at a point P on a horizontal plane 3.0 m from the
the clear design sky. window wall located as shown in the Fig. 14. Foot of
b) Table 16 — Percentage sky components on the perpendicular N is 0.6 m below the sill and 0.9 m
the vertical plane perpendicular to the left of AD.
to a vertical rectangular opening
for the clear design sky.
c) Table 17 — Percentage sky components on
the vertical plane parallel to a
vertical rectangular opening for
the clear design sky.
B-1.2 All the tables are for an unglazed opening
illuminated by the clear design sky.
B-1.3 The values tabulated are the components at a
point P distant from the opening on a line perpendicular
to the plane of the opening through one of its lower
corners, and l and h are the width and height
respectively of the rectangular opening (see Fig. 13).

FIG. 14
Consider ABCD extended to NB′CD′
1) For NB' CD'
l/d = (1.8 + 0.9)/3 = 0.9
h/d = (1.5 + 0.6)/3 = 0.7
F1 = 5.708 percent (from Table 15)
2) For NA' DD'
l/d = 0.9/3 = 0.3
FIG. 13 h/d = (1.5 + 0.6)/3 = 0.7
F2 = 2.441 percent (from Table 15)
B-1.4 Sky component for different h/d and l/d values
are tabulated, that is, for windows of different size and 3) For NB' BA'
for different distances of the point P from the window. l/d = (1.8 + 0.9)/3 = 0.9
B-1.5 By suitable combination of the values obtained h/d = 0.6/3 = 0.2
from the three tables, for a given point for a given F3 = 0.878 percent (from Table 15)
window, the sky component in any plane passing 4) For NA' AA'
through the point may be obtained.
l/d = 0.9/3 = 0.3
B-1.6 Method of Using the Tables h/d = 0.6/3 = 0.2
B-1.6.1 Method of using the Tables to get the sky F4= 0.403 percent (from Table 15)

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Since ABCD = NB' CD' –NA'DD'–NB' BA' + NA'AA' Rfw = average reflection factor of the floor and
those parts of the wall below the plane of
Sky Component, F = F1 – F2 – F3 + F4
the mid-height of the window (excluding the
= 5.708 – 2.441 – 0.878 + 0.403
= 2.792 window wall);
Rcw = average reflection factor of the ceiling and
B-2 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS those parts of the wall above the plane of
B-2.1 For irregular obstructions like row of trees the mid-height of the window (excluding the
parallel to the plane of the window, equivalent straight window wall);
boundaries horizontal and vertical, may be drawn. A = area of all the surfaces in the room (ceiling
B-2.2 For extremely irregular obstruction or walls, floor and windows); and
obstructions not in a plane parallel to the window, R = average reflection factor of all surfaces in
diagrammatic methods, such as Waldrams diagrams the room (ceiling, walls, floor and windows)
may have to be employed. expressed as a decimal part of unity.
B-2.3 For bay windows, dormer windows or corner B-3.2 Example
windows the effective dimensions of window opening
computed should be taken when using the tables to find Consider two rooms of dimensions:
the sky components. Room X = 6 m (l) × 5 m (w) × 3 m (ht)
B-3 CALCULATION OF IRC Room Y = 3.7 m × 3 m × 3 m
B-3.1 The internal reflected component is a variable
Let the window area be 15 percent of the floor area
quantity which varies from point to point in a room
and be glazed.
depending upon the interior finish. IRC value is
maximum at the centre of the room and decreases Window size in room X = 2.5 m × 1.8 m
elsewhere in all directions. For processing calculations
of IRC at any given point of the room, special Window size in room 3.7 m × 3 m
techniques have to be made out. The internal reflected The window are on the Y = 6 m × 3 m side in room X
component may be calculated by using the formula: and 3.7 m × 3 m side in room Y, and the sill heights are
0.85W 0.9 m from floor level.
IRC = (CRfw + 10 Rcw )
A(1 − R) Reflection coefficients of:
where walls and ceiling = 70 percent
W = window area; floor = 20 percent
C = constant of value 78 when there is no external glazing = 15 percent
obstruction but it has different values as Value of IRC in room X:
shown in the following table when there are
a) Total interior area, A = 2 (30 + 18 + 15)
obstructions:
= 126 m2
Angle of Sky + External
b) Average reflection factor of interior:
Obstruction Obstruction, C
Degree 61.5 × 0.7 + 30 × 0.7 + 30 × 0.2 + 4.5 × 0.15
R= = 0.56
(1) (2) 61.5 + 30 + 30 + 4.5
5 68.9 c) 1 – R = 0.44
15 50.6
d) Mid-height of window is 1.83 m from floor,
25 36.2
average reflection factor of room below
35 26.7
1.83 m level excluding the wall containing the
45 20.1
55 15.8 window:
65 12.9 29.28 × 0.7 + 30 × 0.2
75 11.1 Rfw = = 0.45
85 10.36 29.28 + 30

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e) Average reflection factor of room above given as the sky varies so much in its brightness from
1.83 m level excluding the wall containing the hour to hour, and from season to season.
window: B-4.2 Different visual tasks need differing amounts of
18.72 × 0.7 + 30 × 0.7 lights for the same visual efficiency. The correct amount
Rcw = = 0.7 of light for any task is determined by the following:
18.72 + 30
a) Characteristics of the tasks — Size of
0.85 × 4.5 significant detail, contrast of detail with
f) IRC = (78 × 0.45 + 10 × 0.7)
126 × 0.44 background and how close it is to the eyes;
= 2.904 b) Sight of the worker — For example, old
people need more light;
Value of IRC in room Y:
c) Speed and accuracy necessary in the
a) Total interior area: performance of work. If no errors are
permissible, much more light is needed; and
A = 2(3.7 × 3 + 3.7 × 3 + 3 × 3) = 62.4 m 2
d) Ease and comfort of working — Long and
b) Average reflection factor: sustained tasks shall be done easily whereas
workers can make a special effort for tasks of
38 × 55 × 0.7 × 3 × 0.7 + 3.7 × 3 very short duration.
× 0.2 + 1.5 ×1.1× 0.15 These factors have been made the subject of careful
R= = 0.596
38.55 + 11.1 + 11.1 + 1.65 analysis as a result of which tables of necessary levels
c) Mid-height of window from floor = 1.46 m of illumination have been draw up.

d) Average reflection factor below 1.46 m level B-4.3 Levels of lighting determined analytically shall
be translated into levels of daylight and then into size
3.7 × 3 × 0.7 + 1.54 × 9.7 × 0.7 of window opening or vice versa for checking the size
Rfw = = 0.7
11.1 + 14.94 of window assumed for required levels of daylight.
e) Average reflection factor above 1.46 m level B-4.4 One of the many important factors involved in
the translation is the lightness of the room surface. The
3.7 × 3 × 0.7 + 1.54 × 9.7 × 0.7
Rcw = = 0.7 illumination levels in a given room with a finite window
11.1 + 14.94 will be higher when the walls are light coloured than
0.85 × 1.65 when these are dark coloured. It is necessary, therefore,
f) IRC = (78 × 0.48 + 10 × 0.7) at an early stage to consider the colouring of the rooms
62.4 × 0.404
of the building and not to leave this until later. Lighting
= 2.472 is not merely a matter of window openings and quite
half the eventual level of lighting may be dependent on
B-4 GENERAL NOTE ON DAYLIGHTING OF
the decoration in the room. Whatever may be the colour
BUILDNG
the occupant wants to use, it is most desirable to
B-4.1 The main aim of day lighting design is how to maintain proper values of reflectance factors for ceiling,
admit enough light for good visibility without setting wall and floors so that the level of daylight illumination
up uncomfortable glare. No simple solution may be is maintained.

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND NATURAL VENTILATION 51

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52

Table 15 Percentage Sky Components on the Horizontal Plane Due to a Vertical

Rectangular Opening for the Clear Design Sky
(Clauses B-1.1 and B-1.6.2)

l/d 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 10.0 INF
h/d
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26)

0.1 0.036 0.071 0.104 0.133 0.158 0.179 0.198 0.213 0.225 0.235 0.243 0.250 0.256 0.261 0.264 0.268 0.270 0.272 0.274 0.276 0.284 0.286 0.287 0.288 0.288
0.2 0.141 0.277 0.403 0.516 0.614 0.699 0.770 0.829 0.878 0.918 0.950 0.977 0.999 1.018 1.033 1.046 1.056 1.065 1.072 1.079 1.110 1.118 1.122 1.125 1.125
0.3 0.300 0.589 0.859 1.102 1.315 1.499 1.653 1.782 1.888 1.976 2.048 2.108 2.157 2.197 2.231 2.259 2.282 2.302 2.318 2.333 2.401 2.421 2.429 2.436 2.437
0.4 0.460 0.905 1.322 1.702 2.041 2.337 2.590 2.804 2.984 3.134 3.258 3.361 3.446 3.516 3.574 3.623 3.664 3.699 3.728 3.753 3.873 3.909 3.922 3.935 3.937
0.5 0.604 1.189 1.741 2.247 2.700 3.099 3.444 3.740 3.992 4.204 3.383 4.553 4.659 4.765 4.853 4.928 4.990 5.043 5.088 5.126 5.312 5.366 5.387 5.408 5.410
0.6 0.732 1.443 2.114 2.732 3.289 3.781 4.211 4.582 4.900 5.171 5.401 5.596 5.761 5.901 6.020 6.121 6.208 6.281 6.344 6.397 6.661 6.739 6.769 6.798 6.802
0.7 0.844 1.665 2.441 3.159 3.808 4.385 4.891 5.330 5.708 6.034 6.311 6.548 6.751 6.924 7.071 7.198 7.307 7.400 7.481 7.551 7.902 8.006 8.047 8.087 8.092
0.8 0.942 1.858 2.727 3.532 4.262 4.914 5.488 5.989 6.423 6.798 7.119 7.395 7.632 7.836 8.011 8.162 8.292 8.405 8.502 8.587 9.029 9.164 9.217 9.268 9.276
0.9 1.026 2.025 2.974 3.855 4.657 5.375 6.011 6.567 7.051 7.470 7.832 8.144 8.413 8.645 8.846 9.019 9.170 9.301 9.415 9.515 10.045 10.214 10.280 10.345 10.355
1.0 1.099 2.169 3.188 4.135 5.000 5.776 6.465 7.071 7.600 8.060 8.458 8.803 9.102 9.361 9.585 9.780 9.950 10.098 10.228 10.343 10.957 11.162 11.243 11.323 11.335
1.1 1.161 2.294 3.372 4.377 5.296 6.124 6.861 7.510 8.079 8.576 9.008 9.383 9.709 9.992 10.239 10.454 10.642 10.806 10.951 11.078 11.776 12.017 12.114 12.209 12.224
1.2 1.215 2.401 3.531 4.586 5.553 6.425 7.204 7.893 8.498 9.027 9.489 9.892 10.243 10.549 10.816 11.050 11.254 11.434 11.593 11.732 12.509 12.786 12.900 13.013 13.030
1.3 1.262 2.493 3.668 4.767 5.775 6.687 7.503 8.226 8.863 9.422 9.912 10.339 10.713 11.040 11.326 11.577 11.797 11.992 12.163 12.314 13.167 13.478 13.609 13.742 13.762
1.4 1.302 2.573 3.787 4.924 5.968 6.915 7.764 8.517 9.183 9.769 10.283 10.733 11.127 11.473 11.777 12.044 12.279 12.487 12.670 12.833 13.758 14.102 14.251 14.404 14.427
1.5 1.337 2.643 3.891 5.060 6.136 7.114 7.991 8.772 9.664 10.073 10.609 11.080 11.493 11.857 12.176 12.458 12.707 12.927 13.122 13.295 14.289 14.666 14.832 15.006 15.033
1.6 1.367 2.703 3.981 5.179 6.283 7.287 8.190 8.996 9.710 10.341 10.897 11.386 11.817 12.196 12.531 12.826 13.088 13.319 13.525 13.708 14.768 15.176 15.359 15.555 15.585
1.7 1.394 2.756 4.060 5.283 6.412 7.440 8.366 9.192 9.927 10.577 11.151 11.657 12.104 12.498 12.846 13.154 13.427 13.669 13.885 14.078 15.199 15.638 15.838 16.056 16.091
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2016

1.8 1.417 2.803 4.129 5.375 6.526 7.574 8.520 9.366 10.119 10.786 11.376 11.898 12.359 12.766 13.127 13.446 13.730 13.983 14.208 14.409 15.590 16.058 16.274 16.516 16.554
1.9 1.438 2.844 4.190 5.456 6.626 7.693 8.656 9.520 10.289 10.972 11.577 12.112 12.587 13.006 13.378 13.708 14.002 14.264 14.498 14.707 15.944 16.441 16.673 16.937 16.980
2.0 1.456 2.880 4.244 5.527 6.714 7.798 8.778 9.656 10.440 11.137 11.755 12.303 12.789 13.220 13.603 13.943 14.246 14.516 14.758 14.975 16.265 16.790 17.037 17.325 17.372
3.0 1.559 3.087 4.553 5.937 7.223 8.403 9.478 10.448 11.321 12.103 12.804 13.431 13.993 14.496 14.947 15.353 15.718 16.048 16.346 16.676 18.301 19.051 19.432 19.943 20.046
4.0 1.600 3.168 4.676 6.100 7.426 8.646 9.759 10.768 11.678 12.498 13.235 13.897 14.493 15.030 15.514 15.951 16.347 16.706 17.033 17.330 19.241 20.142 20.623 21.322 21.495
5.0 1.620 3.208 4.735 6.179 7.525 8.765 9.897 10.925 11.854 12.693 13.448 14.128 14.742 15.296 15.798 16.252 16.664 17.040 17.382 17.695 19.740 20.740 21.293 22.148 22.393
10.0 1.648 3.263 4.818 6.289 7.662 8.930 10.089 11.144 12.100 12.965 13.747 14.454 15.094 15.674 16.201 16.681 17.118 17.518 17.885 18.222 20.491 21.681 22.390 23.676 24.238
INF 1.657 3.282 4.846 6.327 7.710 8.986 10.155 11.220 12.186 13.060 13.851 14.567 15.217 15.806 16.342 16.831 17.278 17.688 18.064 18.410 20.770 22.046 22.838 24.463 26.111
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PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND NATURAL VENTILATION

Table 16 Percentage Sky Components on the Vertical Plane Perpendicular

to a Vertical Rectangular Opening for the Clear Design Sky
(Clause B-1.1)
l/d 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 10.0 INF
h/d
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26)

0.1 0.036 0.141 0.303 0.506 0.734 0.971 1.207 1.432 1.643 2.836 1.011 2.168 2.308 2.433 2.544 2.642 2.730 2.808 2.878 2.940 3.309 3.461 3.536 3.641 3.678
0.2 0.071 0.277 0.594 0.993 1.442 1.910 2.374 2.820 3.236 3.618 3.964 4.276 4.554 4.802 5.022 5.219 5.393 5.549 5.688 5.812 6.547 6.850 7.000 7.211 7.284
0.3 0.103 0.401 0.863 1.445 2.100 2.793 3.475 4.180 4.743 5.306 5.818 6.278 6.690 7.058 7.385 7.677 7.936 8.168 8.375 8.560 9.657 10.110 10.335 10.651 10.760
0.4 0.126 0.491 1.059 1.779 2.597 3.460 4.326 5.166 5.958 6.691 7.359 7.967 8.507 8.900 9.420 9.804 10.146 10.451 10.724 10.968 12.421 13.024 13.323 13.743 13.889
0.5 0.142 0.554 1.197 2.015 2.947 3.937 4.938 5.914 6.842 7.707 8.503 9.228 9.883 10.472 10.999 11.476 11.897 12.273 12.610 12.912 14.712 15.462 15.835 16.360 16.542
0.6 0.154 0.600 1.298 2.187 3.204 4.288 5.389 6.468 7.498 8.464 9.358 10.177 10.922 11.596 12.204 12.752 13.244 13.686 14.084 14.441 16.583 17.478 17.924 18.552 18.771
0.7 0.162 0.634 1.372 2.316 3.397 4.552 5.729 6.887 7.997 9.042 10.013 10.907 11.723 12.465 13.138 13.746 14.296 14.793 15.241 15.646 18.111 19.148 19.665 20.397 20.653
0.8 0.169 0.660 1.429 2.413 3.543 4.754 5.990 7.209 8.382 9.490 10.523 11.476 12.350 13.147 13.873 14.531 15.129 15.670 16.161 16.606 19.361 20.538 21.127 21.961 22.253
0.9 0.174 0.680 1.472 2.487 3.655 4.909 6.192 7.460 8.683 9.841 10.924 11.926 12.847 13.690 14.459 15.159 15.796 16.375 16.902 17.381 20.387 21.701 22.360 23.397 23.625
1.0 0.178 0.695 1.505 2.545 3.743 5.030 6.350 7.657 8.921 10.120 11.243 12.284 13.245 14.126 14.931 15.666 16.337 16.948 17.504 18.012 21.237 22.680 23.408 24.446 24.810
1.1 0.181 0.707 1.532 2.591 3.812 5.126 6.475 7.814 9.110 10.342 11.498 12.573 13.356 14.478 15.314 16.079 16.778 17.416 17.999 18.531 21.946 23.508 24.303 25.441 25.841
1.2 0.183 0.716 1.552 2.626 3.866 5.202 6.575 7.939 9.261 10.521 11.705 12.807 13.827 14.766 15.628 16.418 17.141 17.802 18.407 18.961 22.543 24.208 25.072 26.309 26.745
1.3 0.185 0.723 1.568 2.655 3.910 5.263 6.655 8.040 9.384 10.666 11.873 12.998 14.041 15.003 15.887 16.698 17.442 18.123 18.747 19.320 23.049 24.809 25.735 27.070 27.542
1.4 0.186 0.729 1.582 2.678 3.945 5.312 6.720 8.122 9.484 10.785 12.011 13.155 14.217 15.198 16.101 16.931 17.692 18.391 19.032 19.621 23.480 25.326 26.308 27.441 28.249
1.5 0.188 0.734 1.592 2.697 3.973 5.352 6.773 8.189 9.566 10.883 12.124 13.285 14.364 15.361 16.280 17.125 17.902 18.616 19.272 19.875 23.850 25.772 26.808 28.336 28.880
1.6 0.189 0.738 1.601 2.712 3.996 5.385 6.816 8.244 9.634 10.963 12.219 13.394 14.486 15.497 16.430 17.289 18.079 18.806 19.475 20.090 24.169 26.161 27.245 28.866 29.445
1.7 0.189 0.741 1.608 2.724 4.016 5.412 6.852 8.290 9.690 11.031 12.298 13.484 14.589 15.511 16.556 17.427 18.229 18.968 19.648 20.274 24.444 26.501 27.629 29.340 29.955
1.8 0.190 0.744 1.614 2.735 4.032 5.434 6.882 8.328 9.737 11.087 12.364 13.561 14.675 15.708 16.663 17.545 18.357 19.105 19.795 20.431 24.684 26.799 27.969 29.765 30.416
1.9 0.191 0.746 1.619 2.743 4.045 5.453 6.908 8.360 9.777 11.135 12.420 13.625 14.749 15.791 16.755 17.645 18.466 19.224 19.922 20.567 24.893 27.062 28.270 30.149 30.835
2.0 0.191 0.748 1.623 2.751 4.056 5.469 6.929 8.387 9.811 11.175 12.468 13.680 14.811 15.861 16.833 17.731 18.560 19.325 20.031 20.684 25.077 27.294 28.537 30.496 31.217
3.0 0.193 0.756 1.642 2.785 4.109 5.544 7.030 8.517 9.972 11.371 12.699 13.950 15.120 16.211 17.224 18.164 19.036 19.844 20.594 21.289 26.082 28.619 30.108 32.676 32.742
4.0 0.194 0.759 1.648 2.794 4.124 5.566 7.058 8.540 10.018 11.427 12.767 14.029 15.212 16.316 17.343 18.298 19.185 20.008 20.772 21.483 26.439 29.128 30.745 33.687 35.064
5.0 0.194 0.760 1.650 2.798 4.129 5.574 7.069 8.568 10.036 11.449 12.793 14.060 15.248 16.357 17.390 18.351 19.243 20.073 20.844 21.562 26.592 29.359 31.049 34.232 35.872
10.0 0.194 0.761 1.652 2.801 4.135 5.581 7.080 8.582 10.053 11.470 12.818 14.095 15.283 16.398 17.436 18.403 19.302 20.138 20.917 21.641 26.758 29.624 31.419 35.049 37.513
INF 0.194 0.761 1.652 2.802 4.136 5.582 7.081 8.584 10.056 11.473 12.822 14.095 15.288 16.404 17.443 18.411 19.311 20.148 20.928 21.654 26.785 29.672 31.490 35.274 39.172
53
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Table 17 Percentage Sky Components on the Vertical Plane Parallel

54

to a Vertical Rectangular Opening for the Clear Design Sky

(Clause B-1.1)

l/d 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 10.0 INF
h/d
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26)

0.1 0.728 1.429 2.078 2.600 3.167 3.660 3.964 4.265 4.513 4.717 4.883 5.020 5.132 5.225 5.301 5.365 5.418 5.463 5.501 5.533 5.687 5.733 5.749 5.765 5.766
0.2 1.429 2.803 4.007 5.221 6.220 7.073 7.790 8.385 8.876 9.278 9.609 9.880 10.103 10.286 10.439 10.565 10.671 10.760 10.835 10.899 11.207 11.296 11.330 11.362 11.365
0.3 2.068 4.061 5.913 7.580 9.040 10.285 11.337 12.212 12.934 13.528 14.016 14.417 14.747 15.020 15.246 15.434 15.591 15.724 15.836 15.931 16.390 16.523 16.574 16.623 16.627
0.4 2.529 4.970 7.249 9.312 11.133 12.707 14.042 15.164 16.097 16.870 17.507 18.025 18.458 18.816 19.113 19.360 19.568 19.742 19.890 20.015 20.624 20.801 20.868 20.933 20.939
0.5 2.852 5.608 8.186 10.529 12.606 14.401 15.952 17.256 18.350 19.262 20.021 20.652 21.177 21.613 21.978 22.275 22.530 22.746 22.923 23.082 23.836 24.056 24.140 24.222 24.229
0.6 3.086 6.070 8.867 11.415 13.681 15.656 17.353 18.793 20.008 21.027 21.879 22.592 23.189 23.689 24.109 24.462 24.761 25.014 25.229 25.412 26.229 26.561 26.662 26.759 26.768
0.7 3.259 6.413 9.373 12.074 14.482 16.588 18.402 19.949 21.257 22.359 23.285 24.063 24.716 25.267 25.731 26.124 26.458 26.742 26.984 27.192 28.214 28.517 28.634 28.748 28.758
0.8 3.389 6.672 9.755 12.573 15.090 17.296 19.201 20.830 22.212 23.380 24.365 25.195 25.895 26.486 26.987 27.412 27.775 28.084 28.350 28.578 29.720 30.065 30.198 30.327 30.339
0.9 3.489 6.869 10.046 12.955 15.556 17.840 19.817 21.511 22.952 24.173 25.206 26.078 26.816 27.441 27.972 28.424 28.810 29.141 29.426 29.672 30.927 31.303 31.451 31.596 31.610
1.0 3.565 7.024 10.272 13.250 15.917 18.263 20.297 22.043 23.531 24.795 25.866 26.773 27.542 28.196 28.572 29.226 29.633 29.982 30.283 30.544 31.889 32.302 32.467 32.627 32.643
1.1 3.625 7.139 10.447 13.481 16.200 18.594 20.674 22.462 23.989 25.288 26.391 27.326 28.121 28.798 29.375 29.869 30.293 30.658 30.973 31.246 32.670 33.117 33.297 33.473 33.491
1.2 3.672 7.233 10.586 13.663 16.423 18.857 20.973 22.795 24.353 25.681 26.810 27.770 28.587 29.283 29.878 30.388 30.826 31.204 31.532 31.816 33.309 33.796 33.981 34.173 34.193
1.3 3.709 7.307 10.696 13.807 16.602 19.067 21.213 23.062 24.646 25.998 27.148 28.128 28.963 29.676 30.286 30.810 31.261 31.651 31.989 32.283 33.836 34.350 34.550 34.756 34.779
1.4 3.739 7.366 10.784 13.924 16.745 19.236 21.406 23.278 24.884 26.255 27.424 28.420 29.271 29.998 30.621 31.157 31.618 32.018 32.365 32.667 34.374 34.813 35.035 35.247 35.271
1.5 3.763 7.414 10.856 14.018 16.861 19.373 21.563 23.454 25.077 26.465 27.649 28.660 29.523 30.262 30.897 31.443 31.914 32.322 32.677 32.986 34.641 35.202 35.436 35.663 35.689
1.6 3.783 7.453 10.914 14.095 16.956 19.485 21.692 23.599 25.236 26.638 27.835 28.857 29.732 30.482 31.226 31.680 32.160 32.575 32.937 33.253 34.950 35.532 35.776 36.017 36.046
1.7 3.799 7.485 10.962 14.158 17.034 19.578 21.798 23.718 25.368 26.781 27.989 29.022 29.906 30.665 31.317 31.879 32.366 32.888 33.156 33.477 35.211 35.812 36.067 36.321 36.352
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2016

1.8 3.812 7.512 11.002 14.211 17.099 19.655 21.886 23.817 25.478 26.900 28.118 29.160 30.052 30.818 31.477 32.046 32.539 32.967 33.340 33.666 35.435 36.052 36.316 36.584 36.617
1.9 3.824 7.534 11.035 14.254 17.153 19.719 21.960 23.900 25.570 27.001 28.226 26.276 30.175 30.948 31.613 32.188 32.686 33.119 33.497 33.828 35.626 35.259 36.532 36.812 36.847
2.0 3.833 7.553 11.062 14.291 17.199 19.773 22.022 23.970 25.647 27.086 28.318 29.374 31.279 31.058 31.728 32.308 32.811 33.249 33.631 33.965 35.791 36.438 36.719 37.011 37.048
3.0 3.876 7.639 11.192 14.463 17.412 20.027 22.316 24.302 26.016 27.491 28.757 29.846 30.783 31.592 32.291 32.898 33.427 33.889 34.294 34.551 36.640 37.380 37.715 38.107 38.157
4.0 3.888 7.663 11.228 14.511 17.471 20.098 22.398 24.398 26.121 27.606 28.884 29.983 30.930 31.748 32.457 33.074 33.611 34.082 34.496 34.860 36.915 37.699 38.063 38.510 38.579
5.0 3.893 7.672 11.241 14.529 17.494 20.125 22.430 24.432 26.161 27.650 28.932 30.035 30.986 31.808 32.521 33.142 33.683 34.157 34.574 34.943 37.028 37.834 38.214 38.696 38.781
10.0 3.897 7681 11.254 14.546 17.515 20.150 22.459 24.466 26.199 27.693 28.978 30.085 31.041 31.867 32.584 33.208 33.753 34.231 34.652 35.024 37.144 37.978. 38.382 38.927 39.057
INF 3.898 7.682 11.256 44.548 17.518 20.154 22.464 24.471 26.205 27.699 28.985 30.093 31.049 31.876 32.593 33.218 33.764 34.243 34.664 35.037 37.162 38.003 38.411 38.978 39.172
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LIST OF STANDARDS

The following list records those standards which are IS No. Title
acceptable as ‘good practice’ and ‘accepted standards’ 7942 : 1976 Code of practice for daylighting
in the fulfillment of the requirements of the Code. The of educational buildings
latest version of a standard shall be adopted at the time (5) 1944 Code of practice for lighting of
of enforcement of the Code. The standards listed may public thoroughfares:
be used by the Authority for conformance with the (Parts 1 and 2) : Parts 1 and 2 For main and
requirements of the referred clauses in the Code. 1970 secondary roads (Group A and B)
(first revision)
In the following list, the number appearing in first
Part 6 : 1981 Lighting for town and city centres
column within parentheses indicates the number of the
and areas of civic importance
reference in this Section.
(Group E)
IS No. Title 2672 : 1966 Code of practice for library lighting
(1) 7662 Recommendations for orientation 4347 : 1967 Code of practice for hospital
(Part 1) : 1974 of buildings: Part 1 Non-industrial lighting
buildings 6074 : 1971 Functional requirements of hotels,
(2) 3646 Code of practice for interior restaurants and other food service
(Part 1) : 1992 illumination: Part 1 General establishments
requirements and recommen- 6665 : 1972 Code of practice for industrial
dations for building interiors (first lighting
revision) 10894 : 1984 Code of practice for lighting of
(3) 2440 : 1975 Guide for daylighting of buildings educational institutions
(second revision) 10947 : 1984 Code of practice for lighting for
(4) 6060 : 1971 Code of practice for daylighting ports and harbours
of factory buildings (6) 3362 : 1977 Code of practice for natural
ventilation of residential buildings
(first revision)

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 1 LIGHTING AND NATURAL VENTILATION 55