ADVANCED

MATERIALS
 WHAT IS ADVANCED MATERIALS?
New materials and modifications to existing materials to obtain
superior performance in one or more characteristics that are
critical for the application under consideration.

Typically have properties that are superior to and outperform

conventional materials in their applications.

Significant room for growth in terms of the improvement of the

performance characteristics (technology lifecycle) and their sales
volume (product lifecycle).

Advanced materials and their associated process technologies,

with the potential to be exploited in high value-added products, is
both a multidisciplinary area within itself and cross-cutting over
technology areas and market sectors.
Basic Trend in Advanced Materials

Green
Low cost
/Sustainable

Ventilation High Durability

Temperature Lightning

Energy
Clean
Conservation
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
A composite material is a material made from
two or more constituent materials with
significantly different physical or chemical
properties that, when combined, produce a
material with characteristics different from the
individual components.

• Technology and Classification of Composite

Materials
• Metal Matrix Composites
• Ceramic Matrix Composites
• Polymer Matrix Composites
• Guide to Processing Composite Materials
A materials Examples:
system composed • Cemented carbides (WC with Co binder)
of two or more • Plastic molding compounds containing fillers
physically distinct • Rubber mixed with carbon black
phases that result in • Wood (a natural composite as distinguished
a finished material from a synthesized composite)
with better overall
properties than the
starting
constituents

An engineered combination of materials that

result in a finished material with better overall
properties than the starting constituents.
 Composite Materials
in Building and
Construction
Applications

The use of composites in the building industry is growing

rapidly.

Traditional benefits offered by composites are being recognized and utilized

to address design limitations and can be used to reduce life cycle
environmental and cost impacts.
 Classification of Composite Materials
1. Traditional composites – composite materials that occur in nature or
have been produced by civilizations for many years
• Examples: wood, concrete, asphalt

2. Synthetic composites - modern material systems normally associated with

the manufacturing industries, in which the components are first
produced separately and then combined in a controlled way to achieve
the desired structure, properties, and part geometry
• Examples: plastic, glass

P E G A S U S
 “ Traditional” Composites

Engineered wood Concrete is a Disc brake pads

Wood is a natural
is wood fibers, composite of are composites of
composite of
strands or veneers aggregate, hard ceramic
cellulose fibers in
bound using cement, additives particles
a lignin matrix.
adhesives. and water. embedded in soft
metal.
P E G A S U S
 Polymer Matrix Composites
A composite made from a polymer and a reinforcing and/or particulate material

The polymer binds the reinforcement & particulate together.

Reinforcement material Particulate material
• Glass fibers • Sand, talc and other fillers
• Natural fibers • Color chips
• Carbon fibers • Recycled glass

More Structural More Aesthetic

P E G A S U S
 Why Composites are Important

Very strong and stiff, very light in

weight, so ratios of strength-to-weight
and stiffness-to-weight are several
times greater than steel or aluminium Composites can be designed
that do not corrode like steel
Fatigue properties are
generally better than for
common engineering metals Possible to achieve
combinations of properties
not attainable with metals,
Toughness is often greater ceramics, or polymers alone
too

P E G A S U S
 Benefits of Composites

Extremely Durable Thermal Properties

Corrosion Resistance Water Exposure

Light Weight Design Flexibility

Energy-Saving

P E G A S U S
What does all this
mean for the
Building &
Construction
Industry?
Benefits of Composites
Extremely Durable
Corrosion Resistance
Low Weight
Heat Resistance
Impact Resistance
Toughness

Design Flexibility
Sound Dampening

High Strength to Weight ratio

Insulation Properties

Part Consolidation
P E G A S U S
 Durable
• Polymer matrix composites are extremely durable, long-lasting materials,
• Require low maintenance
• Increased service life vs. conventional materials
• Re-use opportunities
• Composites have very good environmental durability relative to wood.
Do not swell, warp, rot
Very good resistance to animals and insects

KEYWORD HERE

P E G A S U S
 Corrosion Resistance
• Composites offer very good corrosion resistance relative to metals and concrete.
• They find widespread use in corrosive environments.
• Pipes and tanks
• Ductwork
• Cladding for roofs & walls
• Seawalls
 Lightweight
• Composites are lighter than steel, aluminum, concrete and brick.
• Composites have a high strength to weight ratio
• Enhancing performance of other building materials.
• Example:
• Hybrid Composite Beams: Composite skins with concrete and
composite re-bar

• 33% lighter than all concrete beam

• High strength
• Improved corrosion resistance
• Estimated 100+ year life span
 Energy-Saving
• Construction Energy:
✓Lightweight, easy to transport and install

• Embodied Energy:
✓Materials can be designed to be
• Reusable
• More durable
• Manufactured with recycled and rapidly renewable
 Thermal Properties
• Composite have a very low coefficient of thermal expansion.
✓Not prone to expansion & contraction

• Composites offer low thermal conductivity

 Water Exposure
• Composites perform well in water exposed conditions.
✓Holds water in or keeps water out!
✓Does not rot, swell, rust, or spall
Design Flexibility
Design Flexibility
 Strength to Weight
Prototype Investigation

•Replace failing masonry cladding in high rise building

•The low weight composite allows floor space to be added
•Uses existing building structure and foundations
Low Thermal & Electrical Conductivity

Control of Water & Moisture

 Disadvantages and Limitations of Composite Materials
• Properties of many important composites are anisotropic - the properties
differ depending on the direction in which they are measured – this may be
an advantage or a disadvantage
• Many of the polymer-based composites are subject to attack by chemicals or
solvents, just as the polymers themselves are susceptible to attack
• Composite materials are generally expensive
• Manufacturing methods for shaping composite materials are often slow and
costly
Components in a Composite Material
Nearly all composite materials consist of two phases:

1. Primary phase - forms the matrix within which the

secondary phase is imbedded

2. Secondary phase - imbedded phase sometimes

referred to as a reinforcing agent, because it
usually serves to strengthen the composite
• The reinforcing phase may be in the form of fibers,
particles, or various other geometries
 Primary Phase (Matrix)
Metal Ceramic Polymer
Secondary Phase (Reinforcement)

Unfiltrated Powder Some molding compounds

Metal Cermets
metallurgy parts Brake linings
Cermets
SiC whisker-reinforced Plastic molding compounds
Ceramic Cemented carbides
Al2O3 Fiberglass-reinforced plastic
Fiber-reinforced metals

Polymer NA NA Kevlar-reinforced epoxy

Elements Rubber with carbon black

Fiber-reinforced metals NA
(eg: C,B) B- or C- reinforced plastics
Classification Scheme for Composite Materials
1. Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) - mixtures of ceramics and metals,
such as cemented carbides and other cermets
2. Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) - Al2O3 and SiC imbedded with
fibers to improve properties, especially in high temperature
applications
• The least common composite matrix
3. Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs) - thermosetting resins are widely
used in PMCs
• Examples: epoxy and polyester with fiber reinforcement, and phenolic with
powders
 Functions of the Matrix Material (Primary Phase)
• Provides the bulk form of the part or product made of the composite material
• Holds the imbedded phase in place, usually enclosing and often concealing it
• When a load is applied, the matrix shares the load with the secondary phase, in some cases
deforming so that the stress is essentially born by the reinforcing agent

The Reinforcing Phase (Secondary Phase)

• Function is to reinforce the primary phase
• Imbedded phase is most commonly one of the following shapes:
• Fibers
• Particles
• Flakes
• In addition, the secondary phase can take the form of an infiltrated phase in a skeletal or
porous matrix
• Example: a powder metallurgy part infiltrated with polymer
Possible physical shapes of imbedded phases in composite materials:
(a) fiber, (b) particle, and (c) flake
Fibers
• Filaments of reinforcing material, usually circular in cross-section
• Diameters range from less than 0.0025 mm to about 0.13 mm, depending on material
• Filaments provide greatest opportunity for strength enhancement of composites
• The filament form of most materials is significantly stronger than the bulk form
• As diameter is reduced, the material becomes oriented in the fiber axis direction and
probability of defects in the structure decreases significantly
Continuous vs. Discontinuous Fibers
• Continuous fibers - very long; in theory, they offer a continuous path by which
a load can be carried by the composite part
• Discontinuous fibers (chopped sections of continuous fibers) - short lengths
(L/D = roughly 100)
• Important type of discontinuous fiber are whiskers - hair-like single crystals with
diameters down to about 0.001 mm (0.00004 in.) with very high strength
 Fiber Orientation – Three Cases
• One-dimensional reinforcement, in which maximum strength and stiffness are
obtained in the direction of the fiber
• Planar reinforcement, in some cases in the form of a two-dimensional woven
fabric
• Random or three-dimensional in which the composite material tends to possess
isotropic properties

(a) one-dimensional, continuous fibers; (b) planar, continuous fibers in the form of a woven
fabric; and (c) random, discontinuous fibers
Particles and Flakes
• A second common shape of imbedded phase is particulate, ranging in size
from microscopic to macroscopic
• Flakes are basically two-dimensional particles - small flat platelets
• The distribution of particles in the composite matrix is random, and therefore
strength and other properties of the composite material are usually isotropic
• Strengthening mechanism depends on particle size
 Interface
 There is always an interface between constituent phases in a composite
material
 For the composite to operate effectively, the phases must bond where
they join at the interface

Interfaces between phases in a composite material: (a) direct bonding

between primary and secondary phases
Interphase
• In some cases, a third ingredient must be added to achieve bonding of
primary and secondary phases
• Called an interphase, this third ingredient can be thought of as an adhesive

Interfaces between phases: (b) addition of a third ingredient to bond the primary
phases and form an interphase
Another Interphase
• Interphase consisting of a solution of primary and secondary phases

Interfaces and interphases between phases in a composite material:

(c) formation of an interphase by solution of the primary and secondary phases at their
boundary
Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC)
❑ FRC is a composite material consisting of fibrous material which
increases its structural integrity

❑includes mixtures of cement, mortar or concrete and discontinuous,

discrete, uniformly dispersed suitable fibers

❑Fibers are usually used in concrete to control cracking due to plastic

shrinkage and to drying shrinkage

❑also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce the bleeding
of water.
 Advantages of FRC
•Useful where high tensile strength and reduced cracking are desirable or when
conventional reinforcement cannot be placed

•Improves the impact strength of concrete, limits the crack growth and leads to a greater
strain capacity of the composite material

•For industrial projects, macro-synthetic fibers are used to improve concrete’s durability.
Made from synthetic materials, these fibers are long and thick in size and may be used as a
replacement for bar or fabric reinforcement

•Adding fibers to the concrete will improve its freeze-thaw resistance and help keep the
concrete strong and attractive for extended periods.

•Improve mix cohesion, improving pumpability over long distances

•Increase resistance to plastic shrinkage during curing

Advantages of FRC…cont.

•Minimizes steel reinforcement requirements

•Controls the crack widths tightly, thus improving durability

•Reduces segregation and bleed-water

•FRC, toughness is about 10 to 40 times that of plain concrete

•The addition of fibers increases fatigue strength

•Fibers increase the shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams

Fibers for concrete are available in different sizes
and shapes.
Steel Fiber
The major factors affecting the characteristic of Reinforced
fiber-reinforced concrete are a water-cement ratio, Concrete
percentage of fibers, diameter and length of fibers. Polypropyle
Macro ne Fiber
synthetic Reinforced
fibers (PFR)
Concrete
Micro
Types and
synthetic
Applications
fibers

Cellulose Glass Fiber

Carbon
fibers Reinforced
fibers
Concrete
Natural
fibers Polyester
fibers
 Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete
- is a metal reinforcement.

- A certain amount of steel fiber in concrete can

cause qualitative changes in concrete’s physical
property.

- It can greatly increase resistance to cracking,

impact, fatigue, and bending, tenacity,
durability, and others.

- For improving long-term behavior, enhancing

strength, toughness, and stress resistance

- used in structures such as flooring, housing,

precast, bridges, tunneling, heavy-duty
pavement, and mining.

- types of steel fibers are defined by ASTM A820

are, Type I: cold-drawn wire, Type II; cut sheet,
Type III: melt-extracted, Type IV: mill cut and
Type V: modified cold-drawn wire
 Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced (PFR) Concrete
• also known as polypropene or PP. It is a synthetic fiber,
transformed from propylene, and used in a variety of
applications
• usually used in concrete to control cracking due to plastic
shrinkage and drying shrinkage.
• reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce the
bleeding of water.
• Polypropylene fiber belongs to the group of polyolefins
and is partially crystalline and non-polar. It has similar
properties as polyethylene, but it is harder and more heat
resistant.
• It is a white rugged material with high chemical
resistance.
• Polypropylene is manufactured from propylene gas in the
presence of a catalyst such as titanium chloride.
• Polypropylene fiber displays good heat-insulating
properties and is highly resistant to acids, alkalies, and
organic solvents.
 Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete
• is a material consisting of numerous extremely fine
fibers of glass.

• has roughly comparable mechanical properties to

other fibers such as polymers and carbon fiber.

• Although not as rigid as carbon fiber, it is much

cheaper and significantly less brittle when used in
composites.

• used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer

products; to form a very strong and relatively
lightweight fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite
material called glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), also
popularly known as “fiberglass”. This material
contains little or no air or gas, is denser, and is a much
poorer thermal insulator than is glass wool.
Polyester fibers
• used in fiber-reinforced concrete for industrial and
warehouse floors, pavements and overlays and
precast products.

• Polyester micro- and macro-fibers are used in

concrete to provide superior resistance to the
formation of plastic shrinkage cracks versus welded
wire fabric and to enhance toughness and the ability
to deliver structural capacity when properly
designed, respectively.

• Polyester micro- and macro-fibers are used in

concrete to provide superior resistance to the
formation of plastic shrinkage cracks versus welded
wire fabric and to enhance toughness and the ability
to deliver structural capacity when properly
designed, respectively.
 Carbon fibers
• are fibers about 5–10 micrometers in diameter and
composed mostly of carbon atoms.
• have several advantages including high stiffness, high
tensile strength, low weight, high chemical resistance,
high-temperature tolerance and low thermal expansion.
• usually combined with other materials to form a
composite. When impregnated with a plastic resin and
baked it forms carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (often
referred to as carbon fiber) which has a very high
strength-to-weight ratio, and is extremely rigid although
somewhat brittle.
• are also composited with other materials, such as
graphite, to form reinforced carbon composites, which
have a very high heat tolerance.
 Macro synthetic fibers
• are made from a blend of polymers and were originally
developed to provide an alternative to steel fibers in some
applications.
• Initially, they were identified as a potential alternative to
steel fibers in sprayed concrete, but increasing research
and development showed that they had a role to play in
the design and construction of ground-supported slabs and
a wide range of other applications.
• They are particularly suitable for providing nominal
reinforcement in aggressive environments, such as marine
and coastal structures, as they do not suffer the problems
of staining and spalling that can result from the corrosion
of steel.
• Besides, because they are non-conducting, they have
been used in tram and light railway developments.
 Micro-synthetic
fibers
• provide superior resistance to the
formation of plastic shrinkage cracks
versus welded wire reinforcement
• they are unable to provide any
resistance to further crack width
openings caused by drying shrinkage,
structural load or other forms of
stress.
• However, these products should be
regularly specified in any type of
concrete to improve cracking
resistance, spall protection, freeze-
thaw durability and improve the
homogeneity of concrete during
placement.
Natural fibers
• obtainable from an animal, vegetable, or mineral source
and convertible into nonwoven fabrics such as felt or paper
or, after spinning into yarns, into woven cloth.
• may be further defined as an agglomeration of cells in
which the diameter is negligible in comparison with the
length.
• Although nature abounds in fibrous materials, especially
cellulosic types such as cotton, wood, grains, and straw.
• The use of natural fibers in making concrete is
recommended since several types of these fibers are
available locally and are plentiful.
• The idea of using such fibers to improve the strength and
durability of brittle materials is not new; for example, straw
and horsehair are used to make bricks and plaster. Natural
fibers are suitable for reinforcing concrete and are easily
available in developing countries.
 Cellulose fibers
- made with ethers or esters of cellulose, which
can be obtained from the bark, wood or leaves
of plants, or other plant-based material.

- In addition to cellulose, the fibers may also

contain hemicellulose and lignin, with
different percentages of these components
altering the mechanical properties of the
fibers.

- The main applications of cellulose fibers are in

the textile industry, as chemical filters, and as
fiber-reinforcement composites, due to their
similar properties to engineered fibers, being
another option for biocomposites and
polymer composites.
 Application of Fiber-reinforced concrete

Aircraft Tunnel
Runway Pavements
Parking Lining

Slope
Thin Shell Walls Pipes
Stabilization

Hydraulic Elevated
Manholes Dams
Structure decks

Warehouse
Roads Bridges
floors
Example: STEEL FIBER in
CONCRETE
Advantages
• Reinforcing concrete with Steel fibres results in durable concrete with a high flexural and
fatigue flexural strength, improved abrasion, spalling and impact resistance.

• The elimination of conventional reinforcement, and in some cases the reduction in section
thickness can contribute to some significant productivity improvements

• deliver significant cost savings, together with reduced material volume, more rapid
construction and reduced labour costs.

• The random distribution of Steel fibres in concrete ensures that crack free stress
accommodation occurs throughout the concrete. Thus micro cracks are intercepted before
they develop and impair the performance of the concrete.

• Steel fibres are a far more economical design alternative.

 Properties of Composite Materials
In selecting a composite material, an optimum combination of properties is usually
sought, rather than one particular property
• Example: fuselage and wings of an aircraft must be lightweight and be strong,
stiff, and tough
➢Several fiber-reinforced polymers possess this combination of properties
• Example: natural rubber alone is relatively weak
➢Adding significant amounts of carbon black to NR increases its strength
dramatically
Properties are determined by three factors:
The materials used as component The manner in which the phases
phases in the composite. interact with one another.

The geometric shapes of the constituents and

resulting structure of the composite system.
(a) Model of a fiber-reinforced composite material showing direction in which elastic
modulus is being estimated by the rule of mixtures
(b) (b) Stress-strain relationships for the composite material and its constituents. The fiber
is stiff but brittle, while the matrix (commonly a polymer) is soft but ductile.
Variation in elastic modulus and tensile strength as a function of
direction of measurement relative to longitudinal axis of carbon
fiber-reinforced epoxy composite
 Fibers Illustrate Importance of Geometric Shape

• Most materials have tensile strengths several times greater as fibers than
in bulk
• By imbedding the fibers in a polymer matrix, a composite material is
obtained that avoids the problems of fibers but utilizes their strengths
• The matrix provides the bulk shape to protect the fiber surfaces and resist
buckling
• When a load is applied, the low-strength matrix deforms and distributes the stress
to the high-strength fibers
 Other Composite Structures
• Laminar composite structure – conventional
• Sandwich structure
• Honeycomb sandwich structure
Laminar Composite Structure

Two or more layers bonded together in an integral piece

• Example: plywood in which layers are the same wood,
but grains are oriented differently to increase overall
strength of the laminated piece

Laminar composite structures:

(a) conventional laminar structure
Sandwich Structure – Foam Core

• Consists of a relatively thick core of low density

foam bonded on both faces to thin sheets of a
different material

Laminar composite structures:

(b) sandwich structure using foam core
 Sandwich Structure – Honeycomb Core
• An alternative to foam core
• To allow the minimization of the amount of used material
to reach minimal weight and minimal material cost
• Either foam or honeycomb achieves high
strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios
• Widely used in the aerospace industry

Laminar composite structures:

(c) sandwich structure using honeycomb core
 Other Laminar Composite Structures
• Automotive tires - consists of multiple layers
bonded together
• FRPs - multi-layered fiber-reinforced plastic
panels for aircraft, automobile body panels, boat
hulls
• Printed circuit boards - layers of reinforced plastic
and copper for electrical conductivity and
insulation
• Snow skis - composite structures consisting of
layers of metals, particle board, and phenolic
plastic
• Windshield glass - two layers of glass on either
side of a sheet of tough plastic
 Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)
• Mixtures of ceramics and metals such as cemented
carbides and other cermets
• A metal matrix reinforced by a second phase
• Reinforcing phases:
1. Particles of ceramic (these MMCs are
commonly called cermets)
2. Fibers of various materials: other metals,
ceramics, carbon, and boron
Cermets
MMC with ceramic contained in a metallic matrix
• The ceramic often dominates the mixture,
sometimes up to 96% by volume
• Bonding can be enhanced by slight solubility
between phases at elevated temperatures
used in processing
• Cermets can be subdivided into
1. Cemented carbides – most common
2. Oxide-based cermets – less common
Cermet: Cemented Carbides
One or more carbide compounds bonded in
a metallic matrix
• The term cermet is not used for all of these
materials, even though it is technically
correct
• Common cemented carbides are based on
tungsten carbide (WC), titanium carbide
(TiC), and chromium carbide (Cr3C2)
• Tantalum carbide (TaC) and others are less
common
• Metallic binders: usually cobalt (Co) or
nickel (Ni)
Photomicrograph (about 1500X)
of cemented carbide with
85% reinforce (WC) and 15%
Typical plot of hardness and transverse
matrix (Co) (photo courtesy
rupture strength as a function of cobalt
of Kennametal Inc.)
content
 Applications of Cemented Carbides

• Tungsten carbide cermets (Co binder) - cutting tools are most common;
other: wire drawing dies, rock drilling bits and other mining tools, dies for
powder metallurgy, indenters for hardness testers
• Titanium carbide cermets (Ni binder) - high temperature applications such
as gas-turbine nozzle vanes, valve seats, thermocouple protection tubes,
torch tips, cutting tools for steels
• Chromium carbides cermets (Ni binder) - gage blocks, valve liners, spray
nozzles, bearing seal rings
 Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs)
• Are used in applications where resistance to high temperature and corrosive environment
is desired. CMCs are strong and stiff but they lack toughness (ductility)
• A ceramic primary phase imbedded with a secondary phase, which usually consists of
fibers
• Attractive properties of ceramics: high stiffness, hardness, hot hardness, and compressive
strength; and relatively low density
• Weaknesses of ceramics: low toughness and bulk tensile strength, susceptibility to
thermal cracking
• CMCs represent an attempt to retain the desirable properties of ceramics while
compensating for their weaknesses
Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)
• A polymer primary phase in which a secondary
phase is imbedded as fibers, particles, or flakes
• Thermosetting resins are widely used in PMCs
• Commercially, PMCs are more important than
MMCs or CMCs
• Examples: most plastic molding compounds,
rubber reinforced with carbon black, and
fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs)
• FRPs are most closely identified with the term
composite
Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (FRPs)
• A PMC consisting of a polymer matrix imbedded
with high-strength fibers
• Polymer matrix materials:
• Usually a thermosetting (TS) plastic such as
unsaturated polyester or epoxy
• Can also be thermoplastic (TP), such as nylons
(polyamides), polycarbonate, polystyrene, and
polyvinylchloride
• Fiber reinforcement is widely used in rubber
products such as tires and conveyor belts
Fibers in PMCs
• Various forms: discontinuous (chopped), continuous, or woven as a
fabric
• Principal fiber materials in FRPs are glass, carbon, and Kevlar 49
• Less common fibers include boron, SiC, and Al2O3, and steel
• Glass (in particular E-glass) is the most common fiber material in
today's FRPs; its use to reinforce plastics dates from around 1920
 Common FRP Structure

• Most widely used form of FRP is a laminar structure, made by stacking

and bonding thin layers of fiber and polymer until desired thickness is
obtained
• By varying fiber orientation among layers, a specified level of
anisotropy in properties can be achieved in the laminate
• Applications: parts of thin cross-section, such as aircraft wing and
fuselage sections, automobile and truck body panels, and boat hulls
 FRP Properties
 High strength-to-weight and modulus-to-weight ratios
 Low specific gravity - a typical FRP weighs only about 1/5 as much as
steel; yet, strength and modulus are comparable in fiber direction
 Good fatigue strength
 Good corrosion resistance, although polymers are soluble in various
chemicals
 Low thermal expansion - for many FRPs, leading to good dimensional
stability
 Significant anisotropy in properties
FRP Applications

• Aerospace – much of the structural weight of todays

airplanes and helicopters consist of advanced FRPs
• Automotive – somebody panels for cars and truck cabs
• Continued use of low-carbon sheet steel in cars is evidence of its
low cost and ease of processing
• Sports and recreation
• Fiberglass reinforced plastic has been used for boat hulls since the
1940s
• Fishing rods, tennis rackets, golf club shafts, helmets, skis, bows
and arrows.
Other Polymer Matrix Composites
• In addition to FRPs, other PMCs contain particles, flakes, and short
fibers as the secondary phase
• Called fillers when used in molding compounds
• Two categories:
1. Reinforcing fillers – used to strengthen or otherwise improve mechanical
properties
• Examples: wood flour in phenolic and amino resins; and carbon black in
rubber
2. Extenders – used to increase bulk and reduce cost per unit weight, but little
or no effect on mechanical properties
 Guide to Processing Composite Materials
The two phases are
typically produced
separately before
being combined into Processing techniques to
the composite part fabricate MMC and CMC
components are similar to
those used for powdered
metals and ceramics Molding processes
are commonly used
for PMCs with particles
and chopped fibers

P E G A S U S
 Another Advanced Construction Materials

Self-healing Translucent wood: Pigmented concrete: Transparent

concrete: aluminium:
- Making wood - added pigment for
- Use bacteria & translucent, rot-proof, use in high-density - also known as
other compounds. more resistant to fire commercial districts aluminium oxynitride,
- Each bacteria and natural - treated with silicon is a transparent
create pores, then deterioration, and carbide to add sparkle, polycrystalline ceramic
activated when the improving its making it a Distinctive with a cubic spinel
concrete cracks & structural properties material crystal structure made
moisture enter the - The injected plastic of nitrogen, oxygen
holes materials fill the and aluminium
- Can withstand heat, microcavities, as the - 4 times the strength
cold & drought wood is composed of of tempered glass
60 to 70% of air.
- Make woods 3 times
stiffer as it becomes
denser.
 Another Advanced Construction Materials

Cross laminated Graphene: Pollution absorption Bendable concrete:

timber: bricks:
- extracted from - Engineered
- consists of several graphite and is made - Work on principle of cementitious
layers of kiln-dried up of pure carbon air filtration composites (ECC)
lumber boards
- tough, flexible, light, - Made up of a special - ability to undergo
stacked in alternating
and with a high additive or coating large flexural
directions, bonded
resistance that enable them to deflection without
with structural
- 200 times more absorb & neutralize fracture
adhesives, and
resistant than steel harmful pollutants in
pressed to form a - are designed based
and five times lighter the air
solid, straight, on micromechanics
rectangular panel than aluminium theory that enables
- prefabricated, synergistic interactions
solid engineered between composite
wood panel components
MATERIALS FROM
FUTURE

Translucent Concrete
SensiTile
Electrified Wood

Self-repairing Concrete

Liquid granite
 Sustainable material
Every building material comes with an environmental cost of some sort.
However, some principles can help guide your choice of sustainable
materials and construction systems.
Strategy to use sustainable materials is to reduce the demand for new
materials. During design and construction, incorporate approaches that will
make it easier to adapt, reuse and eventually dismantle the building. By
choosing durable, low maintenance materials, you can minimise the need
for new materials and finishes over the building’s lifetime.

To select materials with low environmental impact. When looking at the

environmental impact of a material or product, consider all stages of the
life cycle — the upstream stage (materials extraction and manufacture),
the in-use or operational stage, and the downstream stage (disposal or
reuse).
P E G A S U S
 Sustainable material
Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM)
❑ derived from lower embodied energy materials, and can result in
environmental benefits, improved concrete performance and cost
advantages
❑ typically, they are ground granulated blast furnace slag (waste from steel
manufacture), fly ash (waste from coal combustion) or silica fume

Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA)

❑ recycled aggregate obtained from waste concrete to replace natural
aggregate
❑ Recycling of demolished concrete into aggregate is environmentally
beneficial by preserving NA resources, by waste reduction and by
preserving landfill space

Bamboo
❑ an ideal renewable building material that has been used for centuries. It is a
fast-growing grass that can reach maturity in just three to five years.
P E G A S U S
 Sustainable material
Bendable Concrete
❑ polymer-derived fibers that increase the material's ductility : decreases the
financial and environmental costs of buildings.
❑ sustainable : It can be infused with carbon dioxide, which strengthens the
concrete while using less cement and lowering carbon emissions.

Mass Timber
❑ mechanically bonding various types of softwood to form large, prefabricated wood
components
❑ Sustainability: reduce carbon footprint
❑ environmental impact: average of 26.5% reduction in the global warming potential

Mycelium
❑ Mycelium is the vegetative structure of a fungus and when dried, it is highly
durable and resistant to mold, water, and fire.
❑ Environmental impact: leaves little waste and has virtually no negative impact
P E G A S U S
 Sustainable material
Precast Concrete
❑ created offsite before being transported to the job site.
❑ more sustainable because they take less energy and materials to produce. You can
also reuse construction processes such as molds and forms, thereby reducing
waste.

3D Printed Concrete
❑ digitally design any shape and bring — or rather print — it to life in the real world.
❑ saving time, money, and energy. And because the formwork is reusable, 3D
printed concrete produces less waste.

Mycelium
❑ Mycelium is the vegetative structure of a fungus and when dried, it is highly
durable and resistant to mold, water, and fire.
❑ Environmental impact: leaves little waste and has virtually no negative impact
P E G A S U S
 Sustainable material

Recycled Steel Recycled concrete

❑ scrap steel saves up to 74% of the energy ❑ embodying an amazing fusion of sustainability and
needed to make steel from virgin materials. innovation
❑ we reduce the need to mine additional iron ❑ gives old concrete from demolished structures a second
ore and other raw materials, helping preserve life, marking a significant step in reducing our
natural resources environmental footprint.
❑ reduces the amount of steel waste in landfills ❑ transforming waste into a resource, teams can approach
and helps mitigate the environmental impact the growing demand for sustainable construction,
of steel disposal. offering a durable, cost-effective alternative to those
benefits both the environment and the bottom line.
Graphene
❑ a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice
❑ signifies a revolutionary shift towards efficient and durable infrastructure
❑ Graphene-based materials can make buildings stronger, more durable, and more
energy-efficient. They can also help to reduce the environmental impact of
construction P E G A S U S