Phylum Porifera - Pore bearing Cnidaria - Stinging cells Ctenophora Platyhelminthes - flat worms Nematoda - thread worm Annelida
Platyhelminthes - flat worms Nematoda - thread worm Annelida - Segmented worms
SPONGES JELLYFISH, CORALS, SEA ANEMONE EARTHWORMS
Defining Collar cells (choanocytes) Stinging tentacles Colloblasts - adhesive cells Parasitic Parasitic Metamerism - segmentation
characteristic Ostia - pores Cnidocytes + nematocysts Comb rows - fused cilia Cuticle molting animals Setae (bristles)
Habitat Aquatic - marine, some Aquatic - Marine Aquatic - Marine Marine, Freshwater and moist All aquatic and terrestrial including Aquatic and damp terrestrial
freshwater terrestrial habitats soil
Symmetry Asymmetrical or Radial Radial / Biradial Biradial Bilateral symmetry Bilateral symmetry Bilateral
symmetry
Germ layers Diploblastic (Ectoderm, Diploblastic (Ecto/endoderm + mesoglea) Diploblastic (Ecto/endoderm + Triploblastic (ectoderm, mesoderm, Triploblastic (ectoderm, Triploblastic (Ectoderm, Mesoderm,
Endoderm) mesoglea) endoderm) mesoderm, endoderm) Endoderm)
Developmental None None None Protostome Protostome Protostome - mouth forms before anus
Mode
Coelom Acoelomate Acoelomate Acoelomate Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Coelomate
Level of Cellular level Tissue level Tissue level Organ system level Organ system level Organ-system level
Organization
Segmentation Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Metamerism - Annuli (circular rings)
Cephalization Absent Absent Absent Head Head Head
Nervous system None Nerve net - Diffuse nervous system Nerve net Pair of anterior ganglia with double Ganglia Brain
nerve cord Multiple nerve cords Double ventral nerve cord with pair of
ganglia + nerves in each segment
Sense organs / Statocyst - balance organ Statocyst Statocyst 2 nerve cords (dorsal/ ventral) + Setae (bristles) - short land locomotion,
Camera (vertebrate) eye - cubuzoa Apical aboral organ Ocelli - simple eyes nerves long swimming
Ocelli Amphids - lateral sensory organs at
anterior end
Support Internal External - corals Hydrostatic None Pseudocoel filled with fluid Hydrostatic skeleton
Spongin - collagen protein None - most Hydrostatic skeleton Cuticle
Spicules - crystalline spikes Cuticle
Movement / Pinacocytes - regulate water Epitheliomuscular cells Contraction of muscle fibers Circular, longitudinal, oblique muscles Longitudinal layers of muscles Circular and longitudinal layers of
Muscular system flow hence movement Beating of comb rows muscle
Digestive system No digestive cavity Incomplete - gastrovascular cavity divided Complete: mouth -> pharynx - Incomplete - gastrovascular cavity Complete - mouth -> muscular Complete with mouth and anus
Filter feeder - collar cells by septa, tentacles around mouth, > stomach -> anal pores Muscular pharynx pharynx -> non-muscular intestine - Not segmentally arranged
(phagocytosis), osculum mouth = anus Comb rows bring food into Mouth = anus > rectum -> anus
(opening) Nematocysts - trap prey mouth Specialized organs
Intracellular digestion Extracellular digestion, then absorption Extracellular digestion
Respiratory system Diffusion - choanocytes Diffusion Diffusion Diffusion through epidermis Diffusion through epidermis Pharynx
Diffusion through cuticle
Gills - Some
Circulatory system None None None None None Closed system +aortic arches, no
erythrocytes hemoglobin in hemolymph
Excretory system Diffusion Mouth Anal pores Flame cells filter body fluids - excreted Excretory tubules and pores - anus Nephridia, tubes - anus
through mouth
Reproduction Sexual: Monoecious - gametes Sexual: Diecious - gametes fuse Sexual: Monecious Sexual: monoecious, cross fertilization Sexual: Diecious Asexual: monoecious (permanent
released into water Asexual: Budding, regeneration External fertilization Internal fertilization Internal fertilization gonads) or dioecious, cross-fertilization
Asexual: Budding, regeneration, Planula larva - free swimming Asexual: Fragmentation External fertilization
fragmentation Planula larva - free swimming
Classes Calcispongiae - calcareous Hydrozoa - Hydra Turbellaria - free living Ascaris lumbricoides - large Polychaeta - sedentary, dioecious
spicules Cubozoa Monogenea - Ectoparasite intestinal worm (humans) Oligochaeta - earthworms, large axons
Hexactinellida - siliceous Anthozoans - Corals, no medusa, calcium Trematoda - Blood fluke, endoparasite Hookworms for signals to pass directly to brain,
spicules carbonate exoskeleton Cestoda - Endoparasite Tichina worm monoecious
Demospongiae - siliceous Filarial worm - dog heart worm Hirudinea - Leeches ectoparasites
spicules
Miscellaneous Sessile as adults Both asexual polyp and sexual medusa Free swimming - some sessile Complex parasitic cycles involving Cuticle covering epidermis, helps Nerve net in digestive system
3 body plans - Asconoid stages multiple hosts maintain hydrostatic pressure
Syconoid, Leuconoid Epidermis, gastrodermis, mesoglea (jelly Parthenogenesis - Development of
Commensals in between) gamete without fertilization
Phylum Mollusca - Soft bodies Arthropoda - jointed appendages Echinodermata - spiny skin Chordata - having notochord
SLUGS, SQUID, SNAIL, OCTUPUS, OYSTER INSECTS (vertebrates)
Defining Mantle for defense Exoskeleton (molting) Water-vascular system
characteristic 3 body sections - Head, foot, visceral portion 3 tagmata - Head, thorax, abdomen No brain/ heart/ respiratory structures
Radula - rasping tongue Metamorphosis
Habitat Aquatic - some terrestrial Every habitat Aquatic - Marine only Every habitat
Symmetry Bilateral Bilateral Adult - Pentaradial Bilateral
Larva - Bilateral
Germ layers Triploblastic (Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm) Triploblastic (Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Triploblastic (Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm) Triploblastic (Ectoderm,
Endoderm) Mesoderm, Endoderm)
Developmental Protostome Protostome Deuterostome - anus forms before mouth Deuterostome
Mode
Coelom Coelomate Coelomate - reduced in adults, most is Coelomate Coelomate
hemocoel filled with hemolymph
Level of Organ-system level Organ-system level Organ-system level Organ-system level
Organization
Segmentation Absent Present Absent Present but reduced
Cephalization Head Head Absent Head
Nervous system Brain - Cephalopoda Dorsal brain No brain Brain
Ganglia with connecting nerve cords Ventral nerve cord Nerve ring and radial nerves
Sense organs Camera eye - Cephalopoda Statocyst - Balance Chemoreceptors, Tube feet, Terminal Tentacles,
Compound eye Photoreceptors, Statocysts
Pedipalps
Support Hydrostatic skeleton Cuticular exoskeleton, chitin (protein), Endoskeleton - ossicles (bony plates) with spines and Notochord supports animal
Mantle - most calcium carbonate calcareous spicules
Muscular Mantle fills with water Antagonistic striated muscles paired with Muscles in tube feet Muscles attached to skeleton
system Foot contracts and digs into ground tendons, striated and smooth muscles Muscles between bony plates
Digestive Complete - mouth -> stomach -> digestive gland -> Complete: Mouthparts -> pharynx -> Complete: Mouth -> esophagus -> stomach -> anus Complete
system intestine -> anus esophagus -> stomach -> intestines -> anus
Predatory / filter feeding / grazers
Radula - protruding tongue with teeth (replaced)
Respiratory Gills - Ctenidium Aquatic - gills Pupulae (ciliated projections), tube feet, respiratory
system Lung Land - book lungs / trachea and spiracles tree (part of water-vascular system), bursae (pocket at
(air opening to trachea) base of arm)
Circulatory Open system - heart, blood vessels, and sinuses Open system with dorsal heart, arteries, Hemal system reduced main function to circulate
system Closed - Cephalopoda (accessory heart) hemocoel (blood sinuses) coelomic fluids
Excretory Nephridia (simple kidney structure) - anus Malpighian tubules, maxillary glands, No excretory organs
system antennal, coxal
Reproduction Sexual: monoecious + diecious Sexual: Diecious Sexual: Diecious Sexual
External fertilization External or internal fertilization External fertilization Internal and external
Veliger larvae - similar to trochophore + velum (large Asexual through regeneration - new body if central ring fertilization
ciliated lobes) present Asexual
Classes Cephalopoda - most have no shell, Chelicerata - Asteroidea - sea stars, ventral mouth Vertebrate - Amphibians,
Gastropoda - One piece shell, estivation, monoecious Arachnida - Spiders Ophiuroidea - ambulacral grooves plated reptiles, birds, mammals
Bivalvia - filter-feeding no radula, no head, Myriapoda - centipedes, millipedes Echinoidea - sea urchin, Aristotle’s lantern, ossicles +
monoecious/diecious Crustacea - Decapoda, hexapoda test
Holothuroidea - sea cucumber, bilateral symmetry
Miscellaneous Bivalves - Incurrent/excurrent holes Uniramous or biramous appendages Similar embryonic development to chordata
Pearl - defense in shell Can regenerate some parts Free swimming bilateral larval stages
Cephalopoda - release ink in defense
