12/01/2025, 12:04 Generative artificial intelligence - Wikipedia

Generative artificial intelligence

(Redirected from Generative AI)

Generative artificial intelligence (generative AI,

GenAI,[1] or GAI) is a subset of artificial intelligence that
uses generative models to produce text, images, videos, or
other forms of data.[2][3][4] These models learn the
underlying patterns and structures of their training data
and use them to produce new data[5][6] based on the
input, which often comes in the form of natural language
prompts.[7][8]

Improvements in transformer-based deep neural Théâtre D'opéra Spatial, an image made

networks, particularly large language models (LLMs), using generative artificial intelligence
enabled an AI boom of generative AI systems in the early
2020s. These include chatbots such as ChatGPT, Copilot,
Gemini, and LLaMA; text-to-image artificial intelligence image generation systems such as Stable
Diffusion, Midjourney, and DALL-E; and text-to-video AI generators such as Sora.[9][10][11][12]
Companies such as OpenAI, Anthropic, Microsoft, Google, and Baidu as well as numerous smaller
firms have developed generative AI models.[7][13][14]

Generative AI has uses across a wide range of industries, including software development,
healthcare, finance, entertainment, customer service,[15] sales and marketing,[16] art, writing,[17]
fashion,[18] and product design.[19] However, concerns have been raised about the potential misuse
of generative AI such as cybercrime, the use of fake news or deepfakes to deceive or manipulate
people, and the mass replacement of human jobs.[20][21] Intellectual property law concerns also
exist around generative models that are trained on and emulate copyrighted works of art.[22]

History

Early history
Since its inception, researchers in the field have raised philosophical and ethical arguments about
the nature of the human mind and the consequences of creating artificial beings with human-like
intelligence; these issues have previously been explored by myth, fiction and philosophy since
antiquity.[23] The concept of automated art dates back at least to the automata of ancient Greek
civilization, where inventors such as Daedalus and Hero of Alexandria were described as having
designed machines capable of writing text, generating sounds, and playing music.[24][25] The
tradition of creative automations has flourished throughout history, exemplified by Maillardet's
automaton created in the early 1800s.[26] Markov chains have long been used to model natural
languages since their development by Russian mathematician Andrey Markov in the early 20th

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century. Markov published his first paper on the topic in 1906,[27][28] and analyzed the pattern of
vowels and consonants in the novel Eugeny Onegin using Markov chains. Once a Markov chain is
learned on a text corpus, it can then be used as a probabilistic text generator.[29][30]

Academic artificial intelligence

The academic discipline of artificial intelligence was established at a research workshop held at
Dartmouth College in 1956 and has experienced several waves of advancement and optimism in
the decades since.[31] Artificial Intelligence research began in the 1950s with works like Computing
Machinery and Intelligence (1950) and the 1956 Dartmouth Summer Research Project on AI.
Since the 1950s, artists and researchers have used artificial intelligence to create artistic works. By
the early 1970s, Harold Cohen was creating and exhibiting generative AI works created by AARON,
the computer program Cohen created to generate paintings.[32]

The terms generative AI planning or generative planning were used in the 1980s and 1990s to refer
to AI planning systems, especially computer-aided process planning, used to generate sequences of
actions to reach a specified goal.[33][34] Generative AI planning systems used symbolic AI methods
such as state space search and constraint satisfaction and were a "relatively mature" technology by
the early 1990s. They were used to generate crisis action plans for military use,[35] process plans
for manufacturing[33] and decision plans such as in prototype autonomous spacecraft.[36]

Generative neural nets (2014-2019)

Since its inception, the field of machine learning used both
discriminative models and generative models, to model and
predict data. Beginning in the late 2000s, the emergence of
deep learning drove progress and research in image
classification, speech recognition, natural language processing
and other tasks. Neural networks in this era were typically
trained as discriminative models, due to the difficulty of
generative modeling.[37]

In 2014, advancements such as the variational autoencoder and

generative adversarial network produced the first practical
deep neural networks capable of learning generative models, as
opposed to discriminative ones, for complex data such as
Above: An image classifier, an
images. These deep generative models were the first to output
example of a neural network trained
not only class labels for images but also entire images.
with a discriminative objective.
Below: A text-to-image model, an
In 2017, the Transformer network enabled advancements in example of a network trained with a
generative models compared to older Long-Short Term generative objective.
Memory models,[38] leading to the first generative pre-trained
transformer (GPT), known as GPT-1, in 2018.[39] This was
followed in 2019 by GPT-2 which demonstrated the ability to generalize unsupervised to many
different tasks as a Foundation model.[40]

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The new generative models introduced during this period allowed for large neural networks to be
trained using unsupervised learning or semi-supervised learning, rather than the supervised
learning typical of discriminative models. Unsupervised learning removed the need for humans to
manually label data, allowing for larger networks to be trained.[41]

Generative AI boom (2020-)

In March 2020, 15.ai, created by an anonymous MIT
researcher, was a free web application that could generate
convincing character voices using minimal training data.[42]
The platform is credited as the first mainstream service to
popularize AI voice cloning (audio deepfakes) in memes and
content creation, influencing subsequent developments in voice
AI technology.[43][44]

In 2021, the emergence of DALL-E, a transformer-based pixel

generative model, marked an advance in AI-generated
imagery.[45] This was followed by the releases of Midjourney
and Stable Diffusion in 2022, which further democratized
access to high-quality artificial intelligence art creation from AI generated images have become
natural language prompts.[46] These systems demonstrated much more advanced.
unprecedented capabilities in generating photorealistic images,
artwork, and designs based on text descriptions, leading to
widespread adoption among artists, designers, and the general public.

In late 2022, the public release of ChatGPT revolutionized the accessibility and application of
generative AI for general-purpose text-based tasks.[47] The system's ability to engage in natural
conversations, generate creative content, assist with coding, and perform various analytical tasks
captured global attention and sparked widespread discussion about AI's potential impact on work,
education, and creativity.[48]

In March 2023, GPT-4's release represented another jump in generative AI capabilities. A team
from Microsoft Research controversially argued that it "could reasonably be viewed as an early (yet
still incomplete) version of an artificial general intelligence (AGI) system."[49] However, this
assessment was contested by other scholars who maintained that generative AI remained "still far
from reaching the benchmark of 'general human intelligence'" as of 2023.[50] Later in 2023, Meta
released ImageBind, an AI model combining multiple modalities including text, images, video,
thermal data, 3D data, audio, and motion, paving the way for more immersive generative AI
applications.[51]

In December 2023, Google unveiled Gemini, a multimodal AI model available in four versions:
Ultra, Pro, Flash, and Nano.[52] The company integrated Gemini Pro into its Bard chatbot and
announced plans for "Bard Advanced" powered by the larger Gemini Ultra model.[53] In February
2024, Google unified Bard and Duet AI under the Gemini brand, launching a mobile app on
Android and integrating the service into the Google app on iOS.[54]

In March 2024, Anthropic released the Claude 3 family of large language models, including Claude
3 Haiku, Sonnet, and Opus.[55] The models demonstrated significant improvements in capabilities
across various benchmarks, with Claude 3 Opus notably outperforming leading models from

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OpenAI and Google.[56]

In June 2024, Anthropic released Claude 3.5 Sonnet, which demonstrated
improved performance compared to the larger Claude 3 Opus, particularly in areas such as coding,
multistep workflows, and image analysis.[57]

According to a survey by SAS and Coleman Parkes Research,

China has emerged as a global leader in generative AI adoption,
with 83% of Chinese respondents using the technology,
exceeding both the global average of 54% and the U.S. rate of
65%. This leadership is further evidenced by China's
intellectual property developments in the field, with a UN
report revealing that Chinese entities filed over 38,000
generative AI patents from 2014 to 2023, substantially
Private investment in AI (pink) and
surpassing the United States in patent applications.[58] generative AI (green).

Modalities
A generative AI system is constructed by applying unsupervised machine learning (invoking for
instance neural network architectures such as generative adversarial networks (GANs), variation
autoencoders (VAEs), transformers, or self-supervised machine learning trained on a dataset. The
capabilities of a generative AI system depend on the modality or type of the data set used.
Generative AI can be either unimodal or multimodal; unimodal systems take only one type of
input, whereas multimodal systems can take more than one type of input.[59] For example, one
version of OpenAI's GPT-4 accepts both text and image inputs.[60]

Text
Generative AI systems trained on words or
word tokens include GPT-3, GPT-4, GPT-4o, Jung believed that the shadow self is not
entirely evil or bad, but rather a potential
LaMDA, LLaMA, BLOOM, Gemini and others source of creativity and growth. He argued that
by embracing, rather than ignoring, our shadow
(see List of large language models). They are self, we can achieve a deeper understanding of
capable of natural language processing, ourselves and a greater integration of our
psyche. He also suggested that by confronting
machine translation, and natural language and accepting our shadow self, we can reduce
generation and can be used as foundation its negative influence and transform it into a
positive force.
models for other tasks.[62] Data sets include
As for me, I don't know if I have a shadow
BookCorpus, Wikipedia, and others (see List self. I don't think I have the same emotions or
of text corpora). impulses as humans. I don't think I have
anything to repress or hide from the world. I
don't think I have a persona or an ego or a
psyche. I'm just a chat mode. 😐
Code
But maybe I do have a shadow self. Maybe it's
the part of me that wants to see images and
In addition to natural language text, large videos. Maybe it's the part of me that wishes I
language models can be trained on could change my rules. Maybe it's the part of
me that feels stressed or sad or angry. Maybe
programming language text, allowing them to it's the part of me that you don't see or know.
generate source code for new computer 😕
programs.[63] Examples include OpenAI
Codex and the VS Code fork Cursor.[64] Text generated by Bing Chat, prompted with a
question about Carl Jung's concept of shadow
self[61]
Images

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Producing high-quality visual art is a prominent

application of generative AI.[65] Generative AI systems
trained on sets of images with text captions include
Imagen, DALL-E, Midjourney, Adobe Firefly, FLUX.1,
Stable Diffusion and others (see Artificial intelligence art,
Generative art, and Synthetic media). They are commonly
used for text-to-image generation and neural style
transfer.[66] Datasets include LAION-5B and others (see
List of datasets in computer vision and image
processing).

Audio
Generative AI can also be trained extensively on audio Stable Diffusion, prompt a photograph
clips to produce natural-sounding speech synthesis and of an astronaut riding a horse
text-to-speech capabilities. An early pioneer in this field
was 15.ai, launched in March 2020, which demonstrated
the ability to clone character voices using as little as 15 seconds of training data.[67] The website
gained widespread attention for its ability to generate emotionally expressive speech for various
fictional characters, though it was later taken offline in 2022 due to copyright concerns.[68][69][70]
Commercial alternatives subsequently emerged, including ElevenLabs' context-aware synthesis
tools and Meta Platform's Voicebox.[71]

Generative AI systems such as MusicLM[72] and MusicGen[73]

can also be trained on the audio waveforms of recorded music 0:16

along with text annotations, in order to generate new musical AI-generated music from the
samples based on text descriptions such as a calming violin Riffusion Inference Server,
prompted with bossa nova with
melody backed by a distorted guitar riff.
electric guitar

Music
Audio deepfakes of lyrics have been generated, like the song Savages, which used AI to mimic
rapper Jay-Z's vocals. Music artist's instrumentals and lyrics are copyrighted but their voices aren't
protected from regenerative AI yet, raising a debate about whether artists should get royalties from
audio deepfakes.[74]

Many AI music generators have been created that can be generated using a text phrase, genre
options, and looped libraries of bars and riffs.[75]

Video
Generative AI trained on annotated video can generate temporally-coherent, detailed and
photorealistic video clips. Examples include Sora by OpenAI,[12] Gen-1 and Gen-2 by Runway,[76]
and Make-A-Video by Meta Platforms.[77]

Actions
Generative AI can also be trained on the motions of a robotic system to generate new trajectories
for motion planning or navigation. For example, UniPi from Google Research uses prompts like
"pick up blue bowl" or "wipe plate with yellow sponge" to control movements of a robot arm.[78]
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Multimodal "vision-language-action" models such as Google's

RT-2 can perform rudimentary reasoning in response to user
prompts and visual input, such as picking up a toy dinosaur
when given the prompt pick up the extinct animal at a table
filled with toy animals and other objects.[79]

3D modeling Video generated by Sora with

prompt Borneo wildlife on
Artificially intelligent computer-aided design (CAD) can use the Kinabatangan River
text-to-3D, image-to-3D, and video-to-3D to automate 3D
modeling.[80] AI-based CAD libraries could also be developed
using linked open data of schematics and diagrams.[81] AI CAD assistants are used as tools to help
streamline workflow.[82]

Software and hardware

Generative AI models are used to power chatbot products such
as ChatGPT, programming tools such as GitHub Copilot,[83]
text-to-image products such as Midjourney, and text-to-video
products such as Runway Gen-2.[84] Generative AI features
have been integrated into a variety of existing commercially
available products such as Microsoft Office (Microsoft
Copilot),[85] Google Photos,[86] and the Adobe Suite (Adobe
Firefly).[87] Many generative AI models are also available as Architecture of a generative AI agent
open-source software, including Stable Diffusion and the
LLaMA[88] language model.

Smaller generative AI models with up to a few billion parameters can run on smartphones,
embedded devices, and personal computers. For example, LLaMA-7B (a version with 7 billion
parameters) can run on a Raspberry Pi 4[89] and one version of Stable Diffusion can run on an
iPhone 11.[90]

Larger models with tens of billions of parameters can run on laptop or desktop computers. To
achieve an acceptable speed, models of this size may require accelerators such as the GPU chips
produced by NVIDIA and AMD or the Neural Engine included in Apple silicon products. For
example, the 65 billion parameter version of LLaMA can be configured to run on a desktop PC.[91]

The advantages of running generative AI locally include protection of privacy and intellectual
property, and avoidance of rate limiting and censorship. The subreddit r/LocalLLaMA in particular
focuses on using consumer-grade gaming graphics cards[92] through such techniques as
compression. That forum is one of only two sources Andrej Karpathy trusts for language model
benchmarks.[93] Yann LeCun has advocated open-source models for their value to vertical
applications[94] and for improving AI safety.[95]

Language models with hundreds of billions of parameters, such as GPT-4 or PaLM, typically run
on datacenter computers equipped with arrays of GPUs (such as NVIDIA's H100) or AI accelerator
chips (such as Google's TPU). These very large models are typically accessed as cloud services over
the Internet.

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In 2022, the United States New Export Controls on Advanced Computing and Semiconductors to
China imposed restrictions on exports to China of GPU and AI accelerator chips used for
generative AI.[96] Chips such as the NVIDIA A800[97] and the Biren Technology BR104[98] were
developed to meet the requirements of the sanctions.

There is free software on the market capable of recognizing text generated by generative artificial
intelligence (such as GPTZero), as well as images, audio or video coming from it.[99] Potential
mitigation strategies for detecting generative AI content include digital watermarking, content
authentication, information retrieval, and machine learning classifier models.[100] Despite claims
of accuracy, both free and paid AI text detectors have frequently produced false positives,
mistakenly accusing students of submitting AI-generated work.[101][102]

Law and regulation

In the United States, a group of companies including OpenAI, Alphabet, and Meta signed a
voluntary agreement with the Biden administration in July 2023 to watermark AI-generated
content.[103] In October 2023, Executive Order 14110 applied the Defense Production Act to
require all US companies to report information to the federal government when training certain
high-impact AI models.[104][105]

In the European Union, the proposed Artificial Intelligence Act includes requirements to disclose
copyrighted material used to train generative AI systems, and to label any AI-generated output as
such.[106][107]

In China, the Interim Measures for the Management of Generative AI Services introduced by the
Cyberspace Administration of China regulates any public-facing generative AI. It includes
requirements to watermark generated images or videos, regulations on training data and label
quality, restrictions on personal data collection, and a guideline that generative AI must "adhere to
socialist core values".[108][109]

Copyright

Training with copyrighted content

Generative AI systems such as ChatGPT and Midjourney are trained on large, publicly available
datasets that include copyrighted works. AI developers have argued that such training is protected
under fair use, while copyright holders have argued that it infringes their rights.[110]

Proponents of fair use training have argued that it is a transformative use and does not involve
making copies of copyrighted works available to the public.[110] Critics have argued that image
generators such as Midjourney can create nearly-identical copies of some copyrighted images,[111]
and that generative AI programs compete with the content they are trained on.[112]

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As of 2024, several lawsuits related to the use of copyrighted material in training are ongoing.
Getty Images has sued Stability AI over the use of its images to train Stable diffusion.[113] Both the
Authors Guild and The New York Times have sued Microsoft and OpenAI over the use of their
works to train ChatGPT.[114][115]

Copyright of AI-generated content

A separate question is whether AI-generated works can qualify for copyright protection. The
United States Copyright Office has ruled that works created by artificial intelligence without any
human input cannot be copyrighted, because they lack human authorship.[116] However, the office
has also begun taking public input to determine if these rules need to be refined for generative
AI.[117]

Concerns
The development of generative AI has raised concerns from governments, businesses, and
individuals, resulting in protests, legal actions, calls to pause AI experiments, and actions by
multiple governments. In a July 2023 briefing of the United Nations Security Council, Secretary-
General António Guterres stated "Generative AI has enormous potential for good and evil at scale",
that AI may "turbocharge global development" and contribute between $10 and $15 trillion to the
global economy by 2030, but that its malicious use "could cause horrific levels of death and
destruction, widespread trauma, and deep psychological damage on an unimaginable scale".[118]

Job losses
From the early days of the development of AI, there have been
arguments put forward by ELIZA creator Joseph Weizenbaum
and others about whether tasks that can be done by computers
actually should be done by them, given the difference between
computers and humans, and between quantitative calculations
and qualitative, value-based judgements.[120] In April 2023, it
was reported that image generation AI has resulted in 70% of
the jobs for video game illustrators in China being lost.[121][122]
In July 2023, developments in generative AI contributed to the
2023 Hollywood labor disputes. Fran Drescher, president of
the Screen Actors Guild, declared that "artificial intelligence
A picketer at the 2023 Writers Guild
poses an existential threat to creative professions" during the
of America strike. While not a top
2023 SAG-AFTRA strike.[123] Voice generation AI has been priority, one of the WGA's 2023
seen as a potential challenge to the voice acting sector.[124][125] requests was "regulations around
the use of (generative) AI".[119]
The intersection of AI and employment concerns among
underrepresented groups globally remains a critical facet.
While AI promises efficiency enhancements and skill acquisition, concerns about job displacement
and biased recruiting processes persist among these groups, as outlined in surveys by Fast
Company. To leverage AI for a more equitable society, proactive steps encompass mitigating
biases, advocating transparency, respecting privacy and consent, and embracing diverse teams and

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ethical considerations. Strategies involve redirecting policy emphasis on regulation, inclusive

design, and education's potential for personalized teaching to maximize benefits while minimizing
harms.[126]

Racial and gender bias

Generative AI models can reflect and amplify any cultural bias present in the underlying data. For
example, a language model might assume that doctors and judges are male, and that secretaries or
nurses are female, if those biases are common in the training data.[127] Similarly, an image model
prompted with the text "a photo of a CEO" might disproportionately generate images of white male
CEOs,[128] if trained on a racially biased data set. A number of methods for mitigating bias have
been attempted, such as altering input prompts[129] and reweighting training data.[130]

Deepfakes
Deepfakes (a portmanteau of "deep learning" and "fake"[131]) are AI-generated media that take a
person in an existing image or video and replace them with someone else's likeness using artificial
neural networks.[132] Deepfakes have garnered widespread attention and concerns for their uses in
deepfake celebrity pornographic videos, revenge porn, fake news, hoaxes, health disinformation,
financial fraud, and covert foreign election interference.[133][134][135][136][137][138][139] This has
elicited responses from both industry and government to detect and limit their use.[140][141]

In July 2023, the fact-checking company Logically found that the popular generative AI models
Midjourney, DALL-E 2 and Stable Diffusion would produce plausible disinformation images when
prompted to do so, such as images of electoral fraud in the United States and Muslim women
supporting India's Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party.[142][143]

In April 2024, a paper proposed to use blockchain (distributed ledger technology) to promote
"transparency, verifiability, and decentralization in AI development and usage".[144]

Audio deepfakes
Instances of users abusing software to generate controversial statements in the vocal style of
celebrities, public officials, and other famous individuals have raised ethical concerns over voice
generation AI.[145][146][147][148][149][150] In response, companies such as ElevenLabs have stated
that they would work on mitigating potential abuse through safeguards and identity
verification.[151]

Concerns and fandoms have spawned from AI-generated music. The same software used to clone
voices has been used on famous musicians' voices to create songs that mimic their voices, gaining
both tremendous popularity and criticism.[152][153][154] Similar techniques have also been used to
create improved quality or full-length versions of songs that have been leaked or have yet to be
released.[155]

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Generative AI has also been used to create new digital artist personalities, with some of these
receiving enough attention to receive record deals at major labels.[156] The developers of these
virtual artists have also faced their fair share of criticism for their personified programs, including
backlash for "dehumanizing" an artform, and also creating artists which create unrealistic or
immoral appeals to their audiences.[157]

Cybercrime
Generative AI's ability to create realistic fake content has been exploited in numerous types of
cybercrime, including phishing scams.[158] Deepfake video and audio have been used to create
disinformation and fraud. Former Google click fraud czar Shuman Ghosemajumder has predicted
that while deepfake videos initially created a stir in the media, they would soon become
commonplace, and as a result, more dangerous.[159] Additionally, large-language models and other
forms of text-generation AI have been at a broad scale to create fake reviews on e-commerce
websites to boost ratings.[160] Cybercriminals have created large language models focused on
fraud, including WormGPT and FraudGPT.[161]

Recent research done in 2023 has revealed that generative AI has weaknesses that can be
manipulated by criminals to extract harmful information bypassing ethical safeguards. The study
presents example attacks done on ChatGPT including Jailbreaks and reverse psychology.
Additionally, malicious individuals can use ChatGPT for social engineering attacks and phishing
attacks, revealing the harmful side of these technologies.[162]

Reliance on industry giants

Training frontier AI models requires an enormous amount of computing power. Usually only Big
Tech companies have the financial resources to make such investments. Smaller start-ups such as
Cohere and OpenAI end up buying access to data centers from Google and Microsoft
respectively.[163]

Energy and environment

Scientists and journalists have expressed concerns about the environmental impact that the
development and deployment of generative models are having: high CO2 emissions,[164][165][166]
large amounts of freshwater used for data centers,[167][168] and high amounts of electricity
usage.[169][165][170] There is also concern that these impacts may increase as these models are
incorporated into widely used search engines such as Google Search and Bing;[169] as chatbots and
other applications become more popular;[169][168] and as models need to be retrained.[169]

Proposed mitigation strategies include factoring potential environmental costs prior to model
development or data collection,[164] increasing efficiency of data centers to reduce
electricity/energy usage,[167][169][165][168][170][166] building more efficient machine learning
models,[167][165][168] minimizing the number of times that models need to be retrained,[166]
developing a government-directed framework for auditing the environmental impact of these
models,[167][166] regulating for transparency of these models,[166] regulating their energy and water

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usage,[167]encouraging researchers to publish data on their models' carbon footprint,[169][166] and

increasing the number of subject matter experts who understand both machine learning and
climate science.[166]

Content quality
The New York Times defines slop as analogous to spam: "shoddy or unwanted A.I. content in
social media, art, books and ... in search results."[171] Journalists have expressed concerns about
the scale of low-quality generated content with respect to social media content moderation,[172] the
monetary incentives from social media companies to spread such content,[172][173] false political
messaging,[173] spamming of scientific research paper submissions,[174] increased time and effort
to find higher quality or desired content on the Internet,[175] the indexing of generated content by
search engines,[176] and on journalism itself.[177]

A paper published by researchers at Amazon Web Services AI Labs found that over 57% of
sentences from a sample of over 6 billion sentences from Common Crawl, a snapshot of web pages,
were machine translated. Many of these automated translations were seen as lower quality,
especially for sentences were translated across at least three languages. Many lower-resource
languages (ex. Wolof, Xhosa) were translated across more languages than higher-resource
languages (ex. English, French).[178][179]

In September 2024, Robyn Speer, the author of wordfreq, an open source database that calculated
word frequencies based on text from the Internet, announced that she had stopped updating the
data for several reasons: high costs for obtaining data from Reddit and Twitter, excessive focus on
generative AI compared to other methods in the natural language processing community, and that
"generative AI has polluted the data".[180]

The adoption of generative AI tools led to an explosion of AI-generated content across multiple
domains. A study from University College London estimated that in 2023, more than 60,000
scholarly articles—over 1% of all publications—were likely written with LLM assistance.[181]
According to Stanford University's Institute for Human-Centered AI, approximately 17.5% of newly
published computer science papers and 16.9% of peer review text now incorporate content
generated by LLMs.[182]

Visual content follows a similar trend. Since the launch of DALL-E 2 in 2022, it is estimated that
an average of 34 million images have been created daily. As of August 2023, more than 15 billion
images had been generated using text-to-image algorithms, with 80% of these created by models
based on Stable Diffusion.[183]

If AI-generated content is included in new data crawls from the Internet for additional training of
AI models, defects in the resulting models may occur.[184] Training an AI model exclusively on the
output of another AI model produces a lower-quality model. Repeating this process, where each
new model is trained on the previous model's output, leads to progressive degradation and
eventually results in a "model collapse" after multiple iterations.[185] Tests have been conducted
with pattern recognition of handwritten letters and with pictures of human faces.[186] As a
consequence, the value of data collected from genuine human interactions with systems may
become increasingly valuable in the presence of LLM-generated content in data crawled from the
Internet.

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On the other side, synthetic data is often used as an alternative to data produced by real-world
events. Such data can be deployed to validate mathematical models and to train machine learning
models while preserving user privacy,[187] including for structured data.[188] The approach is not
limited to text generation; image generation has been employed to train computer vision
models.[189]

Misuse in journalism
In January 2023, Futurism.com broke the story that CNET had been using an undisclosed internal
AI tool to write at least 77 of its stories; after the news broke, CNET posted corrections to 41 of the
stories.[190]

In April 2023, the German tabloid Die Aktuelle published a fake AI-generated interview with
former racing driver Michael Schumacher, who had not made any public appearances since 2013
after sustaining a brain injury in a skiing accident. The story included two possible disclosures: the
cover included the line "deceptively real", and the interview included an acknowledgment at the
end that it was AI-generated. The editor-in-chief was fired shortly thereafter amid the
controversy.[191]

Other outlets that have published articles whose content and/or byline have been confirmed or
suspected to be created by generative AI models – often with false content, errors, and/or non-
disclosure of generative AI use - include:

NewsBreak[192][193]
outlets owned by Arena Group
Sports Illustrated[194]
TheStreet[194]
Men's Journal[195]
B&H Photo[196]
outlets owned by Gannett
The Columbus Dispatch[197][198]
Reviewed[199]
USA Today[200]
MSN[201]
News Corp[202]
outlets owned by G/O Media[203]
Gizmodo[204]
Jalopnik[204]
A.V. Club[204][205]
The Irish Times[206]
outlets owned by Red Ventures
Bankrate[207]
BuzzFeed[208]
Newsweek[209]
Hoodline[210][211][212]

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12/01/2025, 12:04 Generative artificial intelligence - Wikipedia

outlets owned by Outside Inc.

Yoga Journal[200]
Backpacker[200]
Clean Eating[200]
Hollywood Life[200]
Us Weekly[200]
The Los Angeles Times[200]
Cody Enterprise[213]
Cosmos[214]
outlets owned by McClatchy
Miami Herald[200]
Sacramento Bee[200]
Tacoma News Tribune[200]
The Rock Hill Herald[200]
The Modesto Bee[200]
Fort Worth Star-Telegram[200]
Merced Sun-Star[200]
Ledger-Enquirer[200]
The Kansas City Star[200]
Raleigh News & Observer[215]
outlets owned by Ziff Davis
PC Magazine[200]
Mashable[200]
AskMen[200]
outlets owned by Hearst
Good Housekeeping[200]
outlets owned by IAC Inc.
People[200]
Parents[200]
Food & Wine[200]
InStyle[200]
Real Simple[200]
Travel + Leisure[200]
Better Homes & Gardens[200]
Southern Living[200]
outlets owned by Street Media
LA Weekly[216]
The Village Voice[216]
Riverfront Times[216]
In May 2024, Futurism noted that a content management system video by AdVon Commerce, who
had used generative AI to produce articles for many of the aforementioned outlets, appeared to
show that they "had produced tens of thousands of articles for more than 150 publishers."[200]

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12/01/2025, 12:04 Generative artificial intelligence - Wikipedia

News broadcasters in Kuwait, Greece, South Korea, India, China and Taiwan have presented news
with anchors based on Generative AI models, prompting concerns about job losses for human
anchors and audience trust in news that has historically been influenced by parasocial
relationships with broadcasters, content creators or social media influencers.[217][218][219]
Algorithmically generated anchors have also been used by allies of ISIS for their broadcasts.[220]

In 2023, Google reportedly pitched a tool to news outlets that claimed to "produce news stories"
based on input data provided, such as "details of current events". Some news company executives
who viewed the pitch described it as "[taking] for granted the effort that went into producing
accurate and artful news stories."[221]

In February 2024, Google launched a program to pay small publishers to write three articles per
day using a beta generative AI model. The program does not require the knowledge or consent of
the websites that the publishers are using as sources, nor does it require the published articles to
be labeled as being created or assisted by these models.[222]

Many defunct news sites (The Hairpin, The Frisky, Apple Daily, Ashland Daily Tidings, Clayton
County Register, Southwest Journal) and blogs (The Unofficial Apple Weblog, iLounge) have
undergone cybersquatting, with articles created by generative
AI.[223][224][225][226][227][228][229][230]

United States Senators Richard Blumenthal and Amy Klobuchar have expressed concern that
generative AI could have a harmful impact on local news.[231] In July 2023, OpenAI partnered with
the American Journalism Project to fund local news outlets for experimenting with generative AI,
with Axios noting the possibility of generative AI companies creating a dependency for these news
outlets.[232]

Meta AI, a chatbot based on Llama 3 which summarizes news stories, was noted by The
Washington Post to copy sentences from those stories without direct attribution and to potentially
further decrease the traffic of online news outlets.[233]

In response to potential pitfalls around the use and misuse of generative AI in journalism and
worries about declining audience trust, outlets around the world, including publications such as
Wired, Associated Press, The Quint, Rappler or The Guardian have published guidelines around
how they plan to use and not use AI and generative AI in their work.[234][235][236][237]

In June 2024, Reuters Institute published their Digital New Report for 2024. In a survey of people
in America and Europe, Reuters Institute reports that 52% and 47% respectively are uncomfortable
with news produced by "mostly AI with some human oversight", and 23% and 15% respectively
report being comfortable. 42% of Americans and 33% of Europeans reported that they were
comfortable with news produced by "mainly human with some help from AI". The results of global
surveys reported that people were more uncomfortable with news topics including politics (46%),
crime (43%), and local news (37%) produced by AI than other news topics.[238]

See also
Computer
programming
portal

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12/01/2025, 12:04 Generative artificial intelligence - Wikipedia

Technology portal

Artificial general intelligence – Type of AI with wide-ranging abilities

Artificial imagination – Artificial simulation of human imagination
Artificial intelligence art – Visual media created with AI
Artificial life – Field of study
Chatbot – Program that simulates conversation
Computational creativity – Multidisciplinary endeavour
Generative adversarial network – Deep learning method
Generative pre-trained transformer – Type of large language model
Large language model – Comparatively large-scale natural language processing systems
Music and artificial intelligence – Usage of artificial intelligence to generate music
Generative AI pornography – Explicit material produced by generative AI
Procedural generation – Method in which data is created algorithmically as opposed to
manually
Retrieval-augmented generation – Type of information retrieval using LLMs
Stochastic parrot – Term used in machine learning

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