CHAPTER 2

CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY

SOURCES; IDENTIFICATION OF THE HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE OF

THE TEXT; AND EXAMINATION OF THE AUTHOR’S MAIN ARGUMENT

AND POINT OF VIEW

A Narrative (Written) Report

Presented to the Faculty of the College of Business and Accountancy

Tomas Claudio Colleges

Morong, Rizal

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Semi-Finals Examination in

GE 18 - Readings in the Philippine History

AIRISH DHAYNE S. CREO

JOHN ERNEE P. DELFINADO
BEA CARLA R. ESPILA
SAVIENA RHOSE A. LACSINA
ALLENA MAY S. PEREZ
KYLE ASHLEE DB. RAMILO
MA. SAMANTHA MECIL H. ZOLETA

Members

Prof. KENT MATTHEW C. ESCALONA, MBA

Instructor

November 2024
QA-GE18-03

GE 18 - READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY

CHAPTER 2
CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY
SOURCES; IDENTIFICATION OF THE HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE OF
THE TEXT; AND EXAMINATION OF THE AUTHOR’S MAIN ARGUMENT
AND POINT OF VIEW

I. SUBTOPICS
A. The First Voyage Around the World by Ferdinand Magellan by Antonio
Pigafetta
B. Background of Magellan’s Exploration
C. The Hero of Mactan
D. The Controversy about the Battle of Mactan
E. The Evolution of the Name, “Philippines”
F. The People
G. Social Classes
H. System of Government
I. Courtship and Marriage
J. Surprising Facts during the Pre-Colonial Period
K. Ancient writing system
L. The KKK and The Kartilya ng Katipunan
M. The Leaders of the Katipunan
N. The Triangle System and Grades
O. Membership
P. Initiation Rites
Q. Women in the Katipunan
R. Bambalito: The First Martyred Hero
S. Discovery of the Katipunan
T. Cry of Balintawak or Pugad Lawin
U. Pio Valenzuela’s Controversial “Cry of Pugad Lawin”
V. Santiago Alvarez’s, “Cry of Bahay Toro”
W. Gregoria de Jesus’ Version of the “First Cry”
X. Guillermo Masangkay’s, “Cry of Balintawak”
Y. Kartilya ng Katipunan ni Emilio Jacinto
Z. Proclamation of Philippine Independence

II. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this chapter, the learners are expected to:
1. develop critical thinking and critical skills through exposure to primary
documents/sources;
2. demonstrate the ability to use primary sources to provide an argument
for/or against a particular issue;
3. promote and develop historical awareness and the value of nationalism
among students; and
4. develop their national identity and prevent colonial mentality.
III. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This chapter explores important primary sources from Philippine

history, providing insight into the nation's heritage and identity. It begins with
Antonio Pigafetta's account of The First Voyage Around the World, which
describes the first interactions between Filipinos and Europeans. This
includes the well-known encounter with Lapu-Lapu at the Battle of Mactan, a
key moment that challenged Spanish ambitions and led to Ferdinand
Magellan's death. The chapter then examines pre-colonial Philippine society,
covering the origin of the name "Philippines," social classes, government
systems, and cultural practices like courtship, marriage, and ancient writing
systems. These details show the richness of Filipino culture before Spanish
colonization.

The chapter then looks at the 19th century, when Filipino nationalism
began to grow, inspired by the Ilustrado movement, the writings of Jose Rizal,
and the realization of social injustices under Spanish rule. This background
sets the stage for the founding of the Katipunan, a revolutionary group fighting
for independence. The chapter explains the structure, membership, and
beliefs of the Katipunan, including the Kartilya ng Katipunan by Emilio Jacinto,
and highlights the leadership roles of Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto. It
also recognizes the contributions of women in the Katipunan, especially
Gregoria de Jesus, the "Lakambini."

The chapter then moves to the "Cry of Balintawak," marking the start of
the Philippine Revolution. Various accounts of this event from Pio Valenzuela,
Santiago Alvarez, Gregoria de Jesus, and Guillermo Masangkay show the
challenge of understanding historical events from different perspectives. The
chapter shows how the Katipunan sparked the revolution and was dedicated
to fighting for freedom and justice.

The chapter ends with the Proclamation of Philippine Independence,

led by Emilio Aguinaldo. This proclamation marked the end of Spanish rule
and the beginning of a new, independent nation. Through these historical
sources and events, the chapter aims to build critical thinking, historical
awareness, and a strong sense of national identity, helping learners better
understand and appreciate the rich history of the Philippines.

IV. DISCUSSION

CHAPTER 2
CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY
SOURCES; IDENTIFICATION OF THE HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE OF
THE TEXT; AND EXAMINATION OF THE AUTHOR’S MAIN ARGUMENT
AND POINT OF VIEW

Subtopic 1: The First Voyage Around the World by Ferdinand Magellan

by Antonio Pigafetta
 Ferdinand Magellan. (1) A Portuguese explorer who led the first
expedition to circumnavigate the globe under the Spanish flag. (2) He sought
a westward route to the Spice Islands, aiming to establish a direct trade route
for valuable spices.

Antonio Pigafetta. (1) An Italian explorer and chronicler who

accompanied Magellan on his voyage. (2) He documented the events of the
expedition and interactions with indigenous peoples, providing valuable
historical insights.

Spice Islands (Moluccas). A group of islands in Southeast Asia

known for their production of valuable spices, including cloves, nutmeg, and
mace, which were highly sought after in European markets.

Pacific Ocean. The vast ocean that Magellan's expedition crossed

after navigating the Strait of Magellan, marking a significant part of their
journey to reach the Spice Islands.

Scurvy. A disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C, which affected

Magellan's crew during their long voyage, leading to severe health issues and
necessitating stops for fresh supplies.

Indigenous Peoples. The native inhabitants of the islands

encountered by Magellan's crew, characterized by their unique customs,
traditions, and social structures.

Barter Trade. A system of exchange where goods are traded directly

for other goods without the use of money, practiced by both Magellan's crew
and the indigenous peoples.

Christianity. The religion introduced to the indigenous peoples by

Magellan and his crew, which later became a significant aspect of Spanish
colonization efforts in the Philippines.

Battle of Mactan. A conflict between Magellan's forces and indigenous

warriors led by Lapu-Lapu, resulting in Magellan's death and highlighting the
tensions between the explorers and local populations.

Colonization. The process by which a foreign power establishes

control over a territory and its people, which was initiated by the Spanish
following Magellan's expedition.

Cultural Exchange. The mutual sharing of customs, traditions, and

goods between Magellan's crew and the indigenous peoples, leading to
changes in both societies.
 Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, as recorded by Antonio Pigafetta,
primarily aimed to find a western maritime route to the Spice Islands
(Moluccas) in order to establish a direct trade route for the valuable spices
sought after in Europe. This was an effort to bypass the Portuguese-
controlled routes around Africa, enhancing Spain's trade interests in Asia.
Magellan and his crew arrived at the Philippine islands while in search of the
Spice Islands, stopping to rest and replenish supplies after a long and
arduous journey across the Pacific Ocean. The crew stayed on the islands to
recover from scurvy and starvation, both of which severely affected their
health during the crossing.

Pigafetta described the native islanders as friendly and hospitable but

noted their simplicity and lack of advanced technology. He observed their
customs, attire, and social structures, portraying them as people with rich
traditions despite their limited material possessions. The crew noted various
local customs, including communal living, fishing techniques, and agricultural
practices. Pigafetta also recorded the rituals performed by the indigenous
people, such as ceremonies for healing and offerings to spirits, as well as
their practice of barter trade, where goods were exchanged directly without
the use of money.

The arrival of Magellan and his crew introduced new customs to the
indigenous people, including Christianity, which was later reinforced by the
Spanish colonization of the Philippines. The explorers also brought European
goods such as metal tools and weapons, which impacted local practices and
trade dynamics. Initially, the interactions between Magellan’s crew and the
locals were characterized by curiosity and diplomacy, as both sides sought to
establish friendly relations through trade and alliances. However, tensions
soon arose due to misunderstandings and conflicts over territorial claims,
culminating in violent confrontations, such as the Battle of Mactan. This battle,
fought between Magellan's forces and indigenous warriors led by Lapu-Lapu,
resulted in Magellan's death and emphasized the growing tensions between
the explorers and the local populations.

In conclusion, the first voyage around the world, as documented by

Antonio Pigafetta, not only played a pivotal role in expanding European
exploration but also marked the beginning of Spanish influence in the
Philippines. The interactions between Magellan's crew and the indigenous
peoples led to both cultural exchange and conflict, influencing the future
course of the region's history.

Subtopic 2: Background of Magellan’s Exploration

Spice Islands. Islands in the East Indies, now modern-day Indonesia

and surrounding areas, known for producing valuable spices like cloves,
nutmeg, and cinnamon, highly sought after in Europe.
 Ferdinand Magellan. (1) A Portuguese explorer who led the first
expedition to circumnavigate the globe, sailing under the Spanish flag. (2) His
primary goal was to find a westward sea route to the Spice Islands, a
significantly shorter and more profitable route than the established eastern
trade routes. (3) His expedition faced numerous challenges, including mutiny,
harsh weather conditions, and conflicts with indigenous populations. (4) He
was killed in the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines, preventing him from
personally completing the circumnavigation. (5) While his expedition is
considered an exploration rather than a colonization effort, it significantly
impacted future Spanish colonization of the Philippines and laid the
groundwork for future global exploration.

Manuel I. King of Portugal rejected Magellan's proposal for a westward

Spice route, suspecting Magellan of intending to secretly profit from the
venture for himself and possibly betray Portugal's interests through illegal
trading activities.

Charles V. Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, approved

Magellan's ambitious five-ship expedition to find a westward route to the Spice
Islands.

September 20, 1519. The date Magellan's expedition set sail from
Spain with a fleet of five ships, known as the Armada de Moluccas, in search
of a westward route to the Spice Islands.

Pacific Ocean. (1) The vast ocean Magellan's fleet crossed after
navigating the Strait of Magellan. (2) Named "Pacific" (peaceful) by Magellan
due to the calm waters encountered during the crossing.

Río de la Plata. A large estuary on the South American coast where

Magellan briefly searched for a passage to the Pacific before continuing
south.

Port St. Julian. A location on the Patagonian coast where Magellan's

expedition spent the winter of 1520, experiencing mutiny and harsh
conditions.

March 1520. The month Magellan's expedition established winter

quarters at Port St. Julian.

October 21, 1520. The date Magellan discovered the Strait of

Magellan.

Strait of Magellan. The narrow sea passage between Tierra del Fuego
and the South American mainland, provides a crucial route to the Pacific.

March 6, 1521. The date Magellan's expedition landed on the island of

Guam.

March 16, 1521. The date Magellan arrived in the Philippines.

 Sugbu (Cebu). The Philippine island where Magellan first landed and
made contact with Rajah Humabon.

Blood Compact. A ritualistic gesture of friendship and alliance

between Magellan and Rajah Humabon.

Rajah Humabon. The local chieftain of Cebu initially welcomed

Magellan and his crew, forming an alliance and converting to Christianity.

Filipinas. The name initially applied to the islands of Samar and Leyte,
eventually becoming the name of the entire archipelago.

Lapu-Lapu. A chieftain who led the resistance against Magellan's

forces in the Battle of Mactan, resulting in Magellan's death.

Islands of San Lázaro. The name Magellan gave to the islands he

claimed for Spain.

Catholic. The religion that Rajah Humabon and many of his followers
converted to after Magellan's arrival.

Ferdinand Magellan's exploration was driven by intense competition

between Portugal and Spain to discover new lands and trade routes,
particularly in pursuit of spices, which were valuable commodities in Europe.
Born in 1480 in Portugal, Magellan developed an interest in maritime
exploration early in life, influenced by the stories of the rivalry between these
two nations. By the 15th century, spices had become central to the global
economy, and both Portugal and Spain were eager to control this lucrative
trade. Although Europeans had reached the Spice Islands by sailing east, no
one had yet attempted a westward route from Europe to Asia. Determined to
be the first to do so, Magellan sought royal support for his ambitious plan.

Initially, Magellan approached King Manuel of Portugal for backing but

faced repeated rejections. Frustrated, he renounced his Portuguese
nationality and moved to Spain, where he successfully gained the support of
King Charles V of Spain. On September 20, 1519, Magellan set sail with a
fleet of five ships known as the Armada de Moluccas, aiming to find a western
passage to the Spice Islands. His journey took him across the Atlantic Ocean
and down the eastern coast of South America, where he discovered what
would later be named the Strait of Magellan, allowing his fleet to enter the
Pacific Ocean.

Magellan's expedition marked a significant turning point in global

exploration. Although he was killed in the Battle of Mactan on April 27, 1521,
his voyage continued under the command of Juan Sebastián Elcano. The
expedition ultimately completed the first circumnavigation of the globe,
returning to Spain on September 6, 1522. This journey not only expanded
European geographic knowledge but also established new trade routes and
introduced European powers to the Philippines.
 The arrival of Magellan in the Philippines had profound implications for
both the local population and future colonial endeavors. His expedition
opened opportunities for cultural exchanges and laid the groundwork for
Spanish colonization. The introduction of Christianity began during this period
when Magellan sought to convert local leaders and their subjects. The first
recorded conversion occurred in Cebu when Rajah Humabon and his people
embraced Catholicism.

Figure 1
Magellan’s Voyage Around the World

Subtopic 3: The Hero of Mactan

April 27, 1521. The date of the Battle of Mactan marks a crucial event
in Philippine history where Lapu-Lapu and his warriors defeated Ferdinand
Magellan's forces.

Lapu-Lapu. (1) A chieftain from Mactan Island who led the resistance
against Ferdinand Magellan's forces in the Battle of Mactan. (2) Credited as
the first Filipino to resist Spanish colonization. (3) His legacy is celebrated as
a symbol of Filipino nationalism and resistance against foreign oppression. (4)
Various accounts suggest different origins, including Borneo, but his primary
identity is as a Mactan chieftain. (5) Some historical accounts mention his
involvement in piracy, highlighting the complex nature of his role in the pre-
colonial period. (6) His name was spelled "Si Lapulapu" by José Rizal in his
1890 annotation of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas.
 José Rizal. A renowned Filipino nationalist and writer who, in his
annotation of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, spelled Lapu-
Lapu's name as "Si Lapulapu," contributing to the hero's recognition in
Philippine history.

Native Animistic Religion. The indigenous belief system practiced by

many Filipinos before the arrival of Christianity was characterized by the
worship of spirits and natural forces. This religious context is crucial to
understanding Lapu-Lapu's worldview and motivations.

Sulu Archipelago. A group of islands in the southern Philippines,

where some accounts suggest Lapu-Lapu may have had connections. This
adds to the complexity of his background.

Muslim. Some accounts suggest that Lapu-Lapu may have had

connections to Muslim communities in Mindanao, indicating the presence of
Islam in the Philippines prior to Spanish colonization. This is debated,
however, and not definitively established.

Sri Mohammed, Malindang, Datu Manggal, Matang Matana. These

names represent some of the various individuals mentioned in historical
accounts associated with Lapu-Lapu, either as allies or associates, reflecting
the complex social and political structures of the time. Their significance is
largely contextual to a broader understanding of the pre-colonial period.

1481 (February). The year and month are cited in some accounts as
Lapu-Lapu's birthdate, though the accuracy of this is debated.

Ferdinand Magellan. (1) A Portuguese explorer leading the Spanish

expedition that attempted to conquer the Philippines, ultimately resulting in his
death at the hands of Lapu-Lapu's forces. (2) Described as a foreign invader
in the context of his arrival and attempts to conquer the Philippines,
emphasizing the perspective of the indigenous population.

Lapu-Lapu’s victory in the Battle of Mactan on April 27, 1521,

represents a critical moment in Philippine history and a powerful symbol of
resistance to foreign domination. As the chieftain of Mactan, Lapu-Lapu’s
defiance against Ferdinand Magellan and his Spanish forces showcased his
determination to protect his people and territory, embodying the spirit of self-
governance and freedom. In a time when most neighboring communities
yielded to Spanish influence, Lapu-Lapu and his warriors stood firm, driven by
a profound understanding of their duty to preserve their sovereignty and way
of life.
 The Battle of Mactan itself was more than a clash of arms; it was a
clash of cultures and ideologies. Magellan, commissioned by Spain, sought to
extend Spanish influence across the islands, expecting local leaders to accept
foreign rule and the new Christian religion. However, Lapu-Lapu’s rejection of
Magellan’s authority highlighted the enduring strength of local animistic beliefs
and traditions among the people of Mactan. The battle’s outcome sent a clear
message to the Spanish forces that the Filipinos would not easily submit to
foreign rule.

Lapu-Lapu’s victory over the technologically superior Spanish forces

was also a testament to the strategic ingenuity and resilience of his people.
The warriors of Mactan, although armed with traditional weapons like spears
and kampilan swords, were able to outmaneuver and overpower Magellan’s
troops, whose armor proved inadequate in the island's unique terrain. The
success of this strategic defense demonstrated that local knowledge and unity
could counterbalance the military superiority of a foreign power, inspiring
subsequent generations to honor and remember Lapu-Lapu as a model of
tactical brilliance and unwavering resolve.

The legacy of Lapu-Lapu and the Battle of Mactan endures as an

emblem of Filipino resilience, courage, and the undying pursuit of freedom.
This historical event remains celebrated in Philippine culture as the foundation
of national pride and identity, commemorating the early resistance against
colonization. The battle serves as a reminder that the spirit of independence,
as embodied by Lapu-Lapu, lies at the heart of the Filipino identity and
continues to inspire modern movements advocating for sovereignty, self-
respect, and cultural pride.

In acknowledging the significance of Lapu-Lapu’s resistance and

victory, it becomes evident that the Battle of Mactan was a defining moment
that laid the groundwork for the Filipinos’ eventual struggle for independence.
Lapu-Lapu’s bravery and leadership remind us of the vital role that local
leaders played in preserving their communities’ autonomy in the face of
foreign conquest, affirming the importance of self-determination and solidarity
against external pressures. His story stands as a timeless testament to the
power of local knowledge, strategic leadership, and the unyielding spirit of
resistance—qualities that continue to shape the narrative of Philippine history
and inspire generations to uphold the values of freedom and independence.
 Figure 2
Imaginary posthumous portrait of Lapulapu by Carlo Caacbay for the National
Historical Commission of the Philippines, 2019

Subtopic 4: The Controversy about the Battle of Mactan

April 27, 1521. The date when the battle of Mactan happened, the
battle between Ferdinand Magellan and Lapu-Lapu.

Antonio Pigafetta. (1) was an Italian scholar and explorer who joined
Ferdinand Magellan's expedition to Spice Island. (2) Primary source about the
expedition of Ferdinand Magellan and the controversy in the Battle of Mactan.

Sampong Baha. Warrior of Lapu-Lapu and who actually killed

Ferdinand Magellan.

The Battle of Mactan. A historic conflict on April 27, 1521, where

Lapu-Lapu’s warriors resisted Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition, symbolizing
defiance against colonial intrusion.

William Henry Scott. A historian who described the Battle of Mactan

as an act of resistance against foreign imperialism.

University of San Carlos Cebu Studies Center. An institution

preserving historical records, contributing to the understanding of the Battle of
Mactan.

Lapu-Lapu. The leader of the native warriors who resisted Ferdinand

Magellan’s forces during the Battle of Mactan.
 Ferdinand Magellan. (1) A Portuguese explorer leading Spain’s
expedition to the Spice Islands. (2) A key figure in the Battle of Mactan, where
he was killed.

Americanized Education. A colonial education system in the

Philippines that influenced historical narratives, including those about the
Battle of Mactan.

The Battle of Mactan occurred on April 27, 1521, between the

expeditionary force of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and the native
warriors of Lapu-Lapu. Lapu-Lapu's warriors killed Ferdinand Magellan at the
Battle of Mactan.

William Henry Scott claims that the battle was a vital act of resistance
by Lapu-Lapu and the Mactan warriors against foreign imperialism. The main
issue of controversy is the factual reliability of the accounts, specifically
Magellan's role in the battle and his motives behind it.

Antonio Pigafetta, a part of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, is a key

source of information on the Battle of Mactan. Pigafetta's writings highlight
Magellan's victories, portraying his battle as a heroic but unsuccessful attempt
to establish Spanish authority. However, his account is biased, with no Filipino
perspective on Lapu-Lapu's reasons for fighting Magellan's men.
Furthermore, Pigafetta's descriptions of the battle's actions and the size of
forces involved are often inconsistent with other historical documents, raising
concerns about their accuracy.

The University of San Carlos Cebu Studies Center holds some of the
region's most significant historical collections. Its records contribute to the
present discussion about the Battle of Mactan. Sampong Baha was the one
who killed Ferdinand Magellan during the Battle of Mactan; Lapu-Lapu
frequently gets credited with killing Magellan, partially to the influence of
Americanized education in the Philippines.

Subtopic 5: The Evolution of the Name, “Philippines”

Ma-yi or Ma-i. The original Chinese name for Mindoro, which was
historically regarded as the "Land of Gold" due to its trade significance.

Claudius Ptolemy. A Greek geographer and mathematician who

mapped the name Ma-i in his historic world map, showcasing its early
recognition.

William Henry Scott. A historian known for his research on the pre-
Hispanic Philippines and the Gran Cordillera Central. He personally rejected
being described as an anthropologist.
 Volume 186 of the Song Dynasty. A Chinese document that
describes the government's regulation and taxation of trade, providing insights
into Ma-i's commercial importance.

Zhu Fan Zhi. The first Chinese book to systematically document the
"Maritime Silk Road," including details about Ma-i.

Daoyi Zhilüe. A Yuan dynasty text authored by Wang Dayuan,

describing the people and trade practices of Ma-i.

Pre-Hispanic Coinage (800 AD–1521). A vibrant barter system before

Spanish colonization that used diverse forms of currency such as cowry
shells, gold, jade, and wood, reflecting advanced craftsmanship.

Piloncito. The first known small gold coins used between the 9th and
12th centuries in the Philippines by communities such as Tondo and Butuan.

Barter Rings (Panica). Gold rings used as currency up until the 16th
century, symbolizing the wealth and trade system of pre-Hispanic Filipinos.

Las Islas de San Lazaro. The name given by Ferdinand Magellan in

1521 to the Philippine islands in honor of Saint Lazarus.

Ferdinand Magellan. (1) A Portuguese explorer who sailed under the

Spanish crown and named the Philippines "Las Islas de San Lazaro." (2) He
played a pivotal role in introducing Christianity to the archipelago.

Rajah Humabon. The ruler of Cebu during Ferdinand Magellan's

arrival who was later baptized as Don Carlos.

Harah Amihan. The wife of Rajah Humabon, baptized as Juana,

marking one of the early Christian conversions in the Philippines.

March 31, 1521. The date of the first recorded mass in the Philippines,
officiated by Pedro de Valderrama.

Miguel López de Legazpi. A Spanish conquistador who solidified

Spanish colonization in the Philippines and established Manila as the capital
in 1565.

Las Islas Filipinas. The name given to the Philippine Islands by Ruy
López de Villalobos in honor of Philip II of Spain.

Philip II of Spain. The Spanish king after whom the Philippines was
named, known for his strong patronage of Catholicism.

Ruy López de Villalobos. A Spanish explorer credited with naming

the islands "Las Islas Filipinas" during his 1543 expedition.
 Divide and Conquer. The strategy employed by Spanish colonizers to
subjugate and centralize control over the various indigenous populations in
the Philippines.

1898. The year Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States
following the Spanish-American War.

July 4, 1946. The date when the Philippines gained full independence
from the United States.

Geography of the Philippines. A Southeast Asian archipelago

comprising 7,640 islands, prone to natural calamities like earthquakes and
typhoons due to its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire.

The Philippines has undergone a rich evolution in its name, reflecting

its historical and cultural journey. Initially referred to as Ma-yi or Ma-i by
Chinese traders, the islands were recognized for their abundance of gold.
This name is evident in historical texts such as Zhu Fan Zhi and Daoyi Zhilüe,
which highlight the islands’ significance in the Maritime Silk Road. Volume
186 of the Song Dynasty further emphasizes Ma-i's prominence in regional
trade through descriptions of taxation and regulation.

Ferdinand Magellan, upon arriving in the islands in 1521, named them

Las Islas de San Lazaro in honor of Saint Lazarus. This marked the start of
the archipelago’s encounter with European explorers. During this time, Rajah
Humabon and Harah Amihan, significant local leaders, were baptized as Don
Carlos and Juana, respectively, symbolizing the advent of Christianity. The
first recorded mass in the Philippines took place on March 31, 1521, officiated
by Pedro de Valderrama.

In 1543, Ruy López de Villalobos renamed the islands Las Islas

Filipinas to honor Philip II of Spain, a name that reflected Spain’s growing
influence. Miguel López de Legazpi later cemented Spanish rule by
establishing Manila as the capital in 1565, employing divide-and-conquer
tactics to unify the islands under Spanish administration.

Over time, the Philippines became a site of contestation between

colonial powers. Following the Spanish-American War, Spain ceded the
islands to the United States in 1898. After nearly half a century of American
governance, the Philippines achieved independence on July 4, 1946. Today,
the name "Philippines" stands as a testament to its colonial past and the
resilience of its people, who have embraced their identity as an independent
Southeast Asian nation.

Subtopic 6: The People

Callao Cave. The site in Luzon where the Callao Man's remains were
discovered.

Ubag. A name given by locals where their remains were found.

 2011 and 2015. Years when additional bones and teeth were
discovered in Callao Cave.

Callao Man. Fossilized remains of a human from Callao Cave,

estimated to be 67,000 years old.

Tabon Man. Ancient human remains found in the Tabon Caves,

Palawan, in 1962.

Robert B. Fox. Archaeologist who led the discovery of the Tabon Man.

Homo Sapiens. The species of modern humans, the only living

member of the genus Homo.

Homo Erectus. An extinct human species and a possible ancestor of

modern humans.

Pre-Mongoloid. Early ancestors of the Mongoloid race, based on

outdated anthropological theories.

5,000 to 6,000 Years Ago. Period when Indonesian and Malaysian

settlers arrived in the Philippines.

1980. Year Taiwanese indigenous people sailed to the northern

Philippines.

1,000 Years Ago. Period when settlers migrated from China to Taiwan.

Wave of Austronesians’ South-and-Eastward Migration. A

prehistoric migration from Taiwan spreading across Southeast Asia and the
Pacific.

Negritos (Aeta). Indigenous people of the Philippines with ties to

nature and animistic beliefs.

Animistic Beliefs. The belief in spiritual essence in all things, places,

and beings.

Malay People. Austronesians who arrived in the Philippines around

300 B.C., introducing pottery, weaving, and rice farming.

Henry Otley Beyer. Anthropologist who proposed the Wave Migration

Theory of Philippine settlement.

Wave Migration Theory. Theory explaining the sequential settlement

of Negritos, Indonesians, and Malays in the Philippines.
 The discovery of early human remains in the Philippines, such as the
Callao Man and Tabon Man, provides a deeper understanding of prehistoric
life in the region. The Callao Man, discovered in Luzon, is the oldest evidence
of human presence in Southeast Asia, dating back 67,000 years. This finding
challenged previously known migration timelines, suggesting that early
humans reached the Philippines earlier than initially believed. Additional
discoveries in 2011 and 2015 included bones and teeth that further supported
these conclusions.

Figure 3
The teeth of Homo luzonensis display unusual characteristics: the premolars
(two teeth on the left) are relatively large, while the molars (three on the right)
are smaller compared to those of other hominins. Callao Cave Archaeology
Project.

The Tabon Man, found in Palawan's Tabon Caves in 1962 by Robert B.

Fox, holds great archaeological significance. Dated to approximately 22,000–
24,000 years ago, the remains and associated artifacts such as tools,
charcoal, and burial jars indicate a rich cultural background. Early Tabon
humans were primarily hunters and gatherers, relying on the land for
sustenance rather than practicing agriculture. Physical analyses of the
remains suggest they belonged to a modern human female, but ongoing
studies explore possible connections to earlier species like Homo erectus,
hinting at complex migration and evolutionary patterns.
 Figure 4
The Tabon Skull Cap or Frontal Bone.

Migration played a crucial role in shaping the population of the

Philippines. Around 5,000 to 6,000 years ago, groups from Indonesia
and Malaysia began settling in the islands, becoming among the first
known inhabitants. These migrations were followed by the
Austronesian expansion, which originated from Taiwan
approximately 5,000 years ago. These seafaring people possessed
advanced navigation skills, enabling them to settle across maritime
Southeast Asia, Island Melanesia, and the Pacific. Their migration
brought Austronesian languages, seafaring technologies, and cultural
practices that continue to influence the region today.

Figure 5
Austronesian Sibling Language Map. Imprints of Philippine Science.
 The Negritos, indigenous people of the Philippines, have a distinct
cultural identity rooted in animistic beliefs and a strong connection to nature.
Their traditional practices, including hunting, gathering, and oral storytelling,
highlight their resilience and adaptability. The arrival of the Malay people
around 300 B.C. introduced essential skills such as pottery, weaving, and rice
farming. These innovations significantly advanced local societies, paving the
way for organized governance and early trade systems. The Malay language
also contributed to the development of modern Filipino dialects,
demonstrating the cultural integration of these early settlers.

Henry Otley Beyer’s Wave Migration Theory offers a structured

explanation of these population movements. It proposes a sequential
migration of Negritos, Indonesians, and Malays, each contributing distinct
cultural, technological, and societal advancements. While the theory has
faced criticism and refinement over time, it remains an essential framework for
understanding the complex history of human settlement in the Philippines.

Subtopic 7: Social Classes

Pre-colonial Philippines. The period in Philippine history before

Spanish arrival and colonization.

Barangay. The basic political unit in pre-colonial society, led by a Datu.

Maginoo. The noble class, including barangay leaders and high-

ranking individuals.

Datu. The chief or leader of a barangay, responsible for governance

and welfare.

Maharlika. The warrior class with high social status and autonomy,
serving the Datu.

Timawa. The free commoners, engaging in various occupations and

owing services to the Datu.

Alipin. The servant or slave class, split into Namamahay (partial

autonomy) and Sagigilid (fully dependent).

Namamahay. A type of Alipin with some independence, owning homes

but still serving a master.

Sagigilid. A fully dependent Alipin with no personal property or family

rights.

Tambalan. Spiritual healers and shamans in the barangay.

Atubang ng Datu. Advisors to the Datu, assisting in governance.

Daraganagan. Respected warriors honored for their bravery.

 Paratabgaw. Educators responsible for passing down cultural
knowledge.

Social stratification. The hierarchical structure of society based on

wealth, power, and status.

The social structure of pre-colonial Philippines reveals a complex

hierarchy that shaped the daily lives and governance of its inhabitants long
before Spanish colonization. This structure consisted primarily of four classes:
Maginoo, Maharlika, Timawa, and Alipin, with each group holding specific
roles, rights, and responsibilities that contributed to a well-defined social
order. The Maginoo class held the highest social position, and as leaders of
the barangay, they were often of noble birth, inheriting their status through
lineage. The Datu, or chief, typically came from the Maginoo, overseeing
governance, dispute resolution, and the overall welfare of the community. The
Datu’s authority derived from noble ancestry and their ability to command
respect among the people.

Below the Maginoo, the Maharlika served as respected warriors and

loyal servants of the Datu. The Maharlika class enjoyed autonomy and was
permitted to own weapons and migrate between barangays. Their standing
was above the Timawa, and they were not obligated to pay taxes. This class’s
primary role was the defense of their community, ensuring peace and security
within the barangay. Following the Maharlika, the Timawa represented the
free commoners, engaging in various occupations such as farming, fishing,
and trading. They held certain rights, such as property ownership and marital
autonomy, but were obligated to pay taxes and offer labor to the Datu when
required. The Timawa held more freedom than the Alipin, enjoying a balanced
role within the community while fulfilling their responsibilities to the Datu.

At the base of the social hierarchy were the Alipin, divided into
Namamahay and Sagigilid. The Namamahay possessed limited autonomy,
owning homes and families but were still obligated to serve their masters
during peak agricultural seasons. Sagigilid, in contrast, were entirely
dependent on their masters for survival, lacking the autonomy to own homes
or establish families. However, some Alipin could purchase their freedom if
they acquired the means, allowing them to ascend socially to a more
autonomous role. The Alipin class played a vital role in community labor,
contributing significantly to agricultural productivity and economic sustenance,
though they faced restrictions and lacked the rights of the higher classes.
 Beyond these primary classes, other significant groups contributed to
pre-colonial society's functioning. The Tambalan, for instance, were spiritual
experts who acted as healers and shamans within the community. They were
vital in maintaining both spiritual and physical well-being, offering guidance
during times of crisis. Atubang ng Datu, or the Datu’s advisors, provided
essential counsel on governance, supporting the Datu’s decisions and
fostering stability. Esteemed warriors known as Daraganagan gained
recognition for their bravery, serving as respected figures in defense and
morale. Additionally, Paratabgaw, the educators, ensured the preservation of
cultural knowledge and skills by teaching and guiding the younger
generations.

This social system, marked by clear hierarchies and inequalities,

illustrates a pre-colonial Philippine society that valued distinct roles and
traditions. While the Maginoo held the most power and privilege, the Alipin
faced substantial limitations on their freedoms. These established norms and
traditional roles helped maintain order, even amidst potential social tensions.
The intricate social organization within pre-colonial Philippines provides a
fascinating insight into the values, hierarchy, and cultural identity that defined
early Filipino communities and laid a foundation that shaped future Filipino
identity and resilience.

Subtopic 8: System of Government

Barangay. The primary political and social unit in pre-colonial

Philippines, acting as a self-governing community.

Balangay. The Malay term for "sailboat," from which "barangay"

originates, reflecting the seafaring culture of early Filipinos.

Datu. The leader of a barangay with authority in governance, dispute

resolution, and community affairs.

Decentralized Governance. A system where power is spread across

local units rather than held by a central authority.

Autonomy. The independence of barangays to make decisions while

following customary laws.

Alliances. Partnerships between barangays for defense, economic

growth, and community support.

Mutual Protection. The defense provided by alliances against external

threats, essential for community security.

Blood Compact (Sandugo). A ritual symbolizing a deep alliance and

mutual commitment between parties.

Customary Laws. Traditional rules governing behavior within

barangays to ensure social order.
 The political landscape of pre-colonial Philippines was defined by a
decentralized system of governance centered around the barangay, which
served as the foundational unit of political organization. The term "barangay"
is derived from the Malay word "balangay" meaning "sailboat," reflecting the
maritime culture and mobility of early Filipino societies. Each barangay was a
self-governing community typically consisting of 30 to 100 families and
governed by a local leader known as a Datu.

The Datu, often regarded as a descendant of royal lineage, held the

highest position within the barangay. Their responsibilities included managing
community resources, resolving disputes, and leading their people in times of
war or peace. Although powerful, the Datu's authority was not absolute but
rather limited by traditional customs and the community's welfare. This
position illustrates the flexible balance of authority within pre-colonial society,
where the Datu acted both as a leader and as a protector bound by
community values.

Each barangay maintained autonomy, which allowed it to

independently make decisions while respecting its unique customs and
traditions. This autonomy gave rise to a rich diversity of governance styles
and community identities. Yet, to protect their common interests and ensure
their survival, barangays frequently formed alliances with neighboring
communities. These alliances were often strategic, aimed at providing mutual
protection against external threats, such as rival barangays or pirate attacks.
Such mutual protection was essential to maintaining the stability and security
of communities across regions.

In addition to security, alliances among barangays facilitated trade and

economic growth, enabling barangays to access new resources and markets.
Trade alliances enhanced the prosperity and influence of each community,
further strengthening their economic and social networks. A significant
element of these alliances was the "blood compact" or Sandugo, a ritual
where individuals would mix their blood to symbolize a bond of friendship and
mutual commitment. This ritual served as a powerful symbol of trust and
solidarity, forming a lasting pact of unity and loyalty among the parties
involved.

Subtopic 9: Courtship and Marriage

Agriculture. Provided necessary material for courtships and marriage.

Dowry System. A form of offering given to the family of either the bride
or husband to show financial capability and ensure security of their child and
future family.

Courtship. Traditional process that takes place before marriage

Dote or Bigay-Kaya. The Filipino version of a dowry system,

 Buyag. A compensation for mothers effort.

Irosinons. An ethnic group from Sorsogon who observe the dote or

bigay-kaya system as part of their marriage customs.

Igorots. An ethnic group from Benguet who observe the dote or bigay-
kaya system as part of their marriage customs.

Pangagad. A form of service or slavery where the groom’s family

compensates the bride’s family

Himaraw. A compensation for the mother of the bride’s effort.

Marriage. The spiritual union and legal agreement of two individuals to

become partners.

Babaylan. A spiritual leader or shaman, often involved in officiating

ceremonies like marriages.

Agriculture has long played a significant role in the traditional

courtship and engagement process in the Philippines, symbolizing stability
and the ability to provide for a future family. Historically, the dowry system,
known as dote or bigay-kaya, involved the man offering agricultural goods,
livestock, or land as a commitment to support the woman he intended to
marry. This practice reflected the agrarian nature of Filipino society, where
owning land and resources was a mark of wealth and security. Winning the
affection of the woman often required the man to demonstrate his dedication,
resilience, and worthiness through various challenges. Once the woman
responded positively with a "yes," the man also had to win over her parents,
proving his commitment not only to her but also to her family values.
Agriculture played a key role in showing his ability to work the land and
provide, ensuring a stable future.

In some Filipino communities, the dowry system is still practiced, with

the groom providing gifts like livestock or land to the bride’s family to gain their
approval for marriage. This tradition is still observed by ethnic groups like the
Irosinons and Igorots. Additionally, himaraw is a token given to the bride's
mother in gratitude for raising her daughter, while the groom may offer
pangagad—service work—if he cannot meet the dowry requirements. Once
the dowry or service is fulfilled, the families agree on a wedding date, officiant,
and witnesses, with cultural customs and colonial influences often shaping the
timing. These traditions emphasize the importance of family approval and
community support in Filipino marriage customs, reinforcing mutual respect
and responsibility.
 Today, courtship has significantly changed with the rise of modern
technology and the internet. This shift has introduced new ways to form
relationships, such as international online dating, matchmaking, texting, chat
apps, and video calls. Forming romantic connections has become almost
instant, raising concerns among various parts of society. For example, a
popular noontime show emphasizes that love and relationships shouldn't be
rushed, much like instant noodles; true love requires patience, time, and
effort.

In the Bible, the story of Jacob and Rachel (Genesis 29:15-30)

illustrates the traditional values of courtship. Jacob fell in love with Rachel
and, as part of the custom, was asked to work seven years as a shepherd for
her father, Laban, to earn her hand in marriage. Despite completing this long
period of hard labor, he was initially given Leah, Rachel’s older sister, as his
wife due to local customs. Jacob had to work an additional seven years to
marry Rachel, making it a story of perseverance and sacrifice. This ancient
tale, famously called "The Bible’s original love triangle," highlights how love
and courtship traditionally involved patience, hard work, and the willingness to
wait.

Figure 6
A depiction of a marriage ceremony during the pre-colonial age.
(Painting by Botong Francisco).

Subtopic 10: Surprising Facts during the Pre-Colonial Period

Tangad. A comb-like set of thin rods used to reshape babies’ skulls

into a flat forehead and nose for aesthetic purposes.

Mayans. Early human civilization during the pre-colonial period.

Shaman. Spirit mediums capable of interacting with spirits.

Babaylan. Visayan term for shaman.

 Katalunan. Tagalog term for shaman

Asog. Visayan term of male shamans.

Bayugin. Tagalog term for male shamans.

Infanticide. The act of an infant being killed within a year of birth.

Diwatas. Modern term for traditional beliefs of spirits

Menarche. A girl’s first menstruation.

Dating. The ceremony a a women’s menarche.

Animism. The traditional belief of spirits and supernatural phenomena

that inhabits the world.

Diwata. (1) Nature spirits or deities. (2) Supernatural beings in the

indigenous religious practices.

Hot Bolo. A large single-edged knife used in the Philippines.

They compressed their babies' skulls for aesthetic reasons. In early

human civilizations, including the Mayans and Visayans, babies' skulls were
intentionally reshaped to meet beauty standards. In the ancient Visayas,
features like a flat forehead and nose were valued, so the Visayans used a
tool called tangad, which applied continuous pressure to the baby's skull,
often leading to elongated heads. This practice was common, and some of
these altered skulls can still be seen today, such as those displayed at the
Aga Khan Museum in Marawi.

Women enjoyed equal status with men. In pre-colonial Philippines,

formal knowledge of medicine and organized religion was not yet established,
so there were no doctors or priests for people to consult. Instead,
communities relied on individuals known as shamans, who were often women
rather than men. These shamans were called “babaylan” in the Visayas and
“katalunan” among the Tagalogs. They were believed to have the power to
communicate with spirits and deities, performing supernatural acts such as
healing, providing protection and blessings, or even transforming into other
objects. Because of their supernatural abilities, women was given a respected
position in society, often considered equal to or even superior to men. Some
men would even adopt female roles. Men becoming shamans is referred to as
“asog” or “bayugin.”

It was considered a disgrace for a woman to have many children. In

pre-colonial Philippines, especially in the Visayas, having many children was
seen as shameful because it often led to poverty. Practices like abortion and
infanticide were common to avoid large families. On the other hand, the
Tagalogs valued raising large families, which was encouraged by numerous
superstitions related to fertility and infant survival.
 Celebrating a girl’s first menstruation, pre-colonial style. In the past, a
girl’s first menstruation, also called menarche, was celebrated as a significant
event of girls marking their transition into womanhood. This event, called
“Dating,” was an essential ceremony that all young women were expected to
undergo. Led by the community’s babaylan, or spiritual healer, the ritual
typically lasted four days but could extend for weeks or even over a month. It
was believed that a longer ceremony would bring greater benefits, such as
enhanced spiritual protection, good health, luck, and a bright future. The
length of the ritual also symbolized social status; the longer the celebration,
the higher the family’s status in the society. During the ceremony, the young
woman was kept in seclusion and carefully covered to shield her from any bad
luck that could otherwise follow her throughout life.

Before Roman Catholicism and Islam were introduced, natives

worshipped many gods and goddesses. There were no religions during this
time, instead there is a widely practiced belief which is called animism. It is a
belief of supernatural spirits later known as " "diwatas", and also forces or
entities good or bad coexist with us. That is why it was necessary to pay
respect with them. And even today it still exists and is practiced by Filipinos
mostly by elders, and those who belong to a group of people.

Our Forefathers in the Pre-Colonial Philippines already Possessed a

Working Judicial and Legislative System. The pre-colonial Filipinos had their
own forms of justice, such as trial by ordeal. One method involved the Ifugao
people, who used "hot water" or "hot bolo" trials to test the accused. If the
accused failed to complete the task, it was seen as a confession of guilt.
Other methods included tests with candles or spitting, where the guilty party
would be identified based on the outcome. These practices show that our
ancestors had established systems for justice before colonial rule.

Subtopic 11: Ancient writing system

Alibata. an incorrect term for the ancient Philippine script Baybayin

Baybayin. The Ancient Filipino writing system.

Sanskrit. An ancient language of India.

Whatever happened to our ancient writing system? Baybayin is the

earliest writing system: The Philippine writing system Baybayin was the
earliest script used in the country, not alibata, a misnomer. Baybayin,
originating from Sanskrit in ancient India, was used for personal
correspondence, government records, and trade before Spanish colonization.
Spanish missionaries, in their zeal to spread Christianity, destroyed many
Baybayin manuscripts, which led to the decline of this unique writing system.

Subtopic 12: The KKK and The Kartilya ng Katipunan

 The KKK. (1) Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga
Anak ng Bayan. (2) It was a revolutionary organization. (3) Its primary
objective was achieving independence from Spanish colonization.

July 7, 1892. The date when nationalists formed Katipunan at

Azcarraga Street in Manila.

Andres Bonifacio. Was the founder of the Katipunan, a militant

nationalist secret society that led the rebellion against Spain.

Deodato Arellano. A Filipino propagandist and the first president of

the Katipunan.

Teodoro Plata. A Filipino patriot, and a co-founder of the Katipunan.

Valentin Diaz. A Filipino patriot who was among the founders of the
Katipunan that started the Philippine Revolution against Spain in 1896.

Ladislao Diwa. A Filipino patriot who was among the founders of the
Katipunan that initiated the Philippine Revolution against Spain in 1896.

Jose Dizon. A Filipino Patriot who was among those who founded the
Katipunan

The Kartilya. Kartilya ng Katipunan served as the guidebook for new

members of the organization, which laid out the group's rules and principles.

The Katipunan, also known as the Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang

Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK), was a revolutionary society created
on July 7, 1892, by significant leaders such as Andres Bonifacio, Deodato
Arellano, Teodoro Plata, Valentin Diaz, Ladislao Diwa, and Jose Dizon. The
Katipunan, influenced by the propaganda movement nationalism and
Bonifacio's participation in La Liga Filipina, wanted Philippine independence
from Spanish colonial control. Located in a house on Azcarraga Street in
Manila, the organization hoped to unite Filipinos to fight for freedom through
revolutionary techniques. The Katipunan's creation represented a turning
point in Philippine history, eventually leading to the Philippine Revolution of
1896.

Andres Bonifacio wrote the Kartilya ng Katipunan, which was a

fundamental document detailing the values and principles of the Katipunan, a
revolutionary group fighting for Philippine independence. It emphasized
patriotism, equality, justice, and selflessness, asking Filipinos to fight injustice
and promote the country's well-being. The Kartilya served as both a practical
guide and an ideological blueprint, encouraging its members to embrace
national identity and take actions together.

Subtopic 13: The Leaders of the Katipunan

 Teodoro Plata. A Filipino patriot, and a co-founder of the Katipunan.
He is a member of La liga Filipina.

Deodato Arellano. (1) A Filipino propagandist and the first to be given

the title Supremo by the Katipunan. (2) He was a member of the Freemasonry
in the Philippines.

Valentin Diaz. (1) A Filipino patriot who was among the founders of the
Katipunan that started the Philippine Revolution against Spain in 1896. (2) He
was elected as treasurer of the organization.

Ladislao Diwa. A Filipino patriot who was among the founders of the
Katipunan that initiated the Philippine Revolution against Spain in 1896.

Andres Bonifacio. (1) A Filipino patriot, founder and leader of the

nationalist Katipunan society. (2) He also known as Father of Katipunan. (3)
He wrote the Kartilya ng katipunan.

Deodato Arellano. who became the first president of the Katipunan's

Supreme Council in October 1892, facilitated several major initiatives.
However, Andres Bonifacio viewed his leadership as inadequate, leading his
replacement by Roman Basa in February 1893. Despite his removal, Arellano
remained loyal to the revolutionary cause, creating provincial councils in
Bulacan and promoting Filipino solidarity in the face of Spanish colonial
power.

Figure 7
Portrait of Deodato Arellano
 Ladislao Diwa. was an important leader in the Katipunan and the
Philippine Revolution, known for his patriotism and resistance to Spanish
colonial control. He founded the first "triangle" with Andres Bonifacio and
Teodoro Plata and then formed his own triangle with Roman Basa and
Teodoro Gonzales. Diwa also worked as a justice of the peace, expanding the
movement into the countryside and contributing to the Philippine Revolution's
success.

Figure 8
Portrait of Ladislao Diwa

Teodoro Plata. an important leader in the Katipunan and Masonic

lodge, served as its secretary and took on the Masonic name Balany in logia
Taliba No. 165. He had close connections with key revolutionary leaders such
as Gregoria de Jesus and Andres Bonifacio. Upon officially joining La Liga
Filipina, Plata and Bonifacio decided on an armed revolution, displaying his
devotion to Philippine independence through both peaceful advocacy and
direct action.

Figure 9
Portrait of Teodoro Plata
 Valentin Diaz. a Filipino patriot and founding member of the
Katipunan, was an important leader in the Philippine Revolution against
Spain. He was born in Paoay and participated in La Liga Filipina and the
Katipunan. Diaz was exiled to Hong Kong in 1897 as part of the Biak-na-Bato
Pact, which indicated his dedication to the revolution.

Figure 10
Portrait of Valentin Diaz

Andres Bonifacio. also known as the Father of the Philippine

Revolution and Father of the Katipunan, established the secret revolutionary
group in 1892. As Supreme Leader, he handled the organization's efforts to
unite Filipinos for independence. Bonifacio's idealistic views in the power of
revolution, as well as his legacy as a symbol of Filipino nationalism, are still
significantly embedded in Philippine history.

Furthermore, he highlighted humility and selflessness over leadership.

Deodato Arellano was the first president until Ramon Basa replaced him in
1893. Bonifacio became Supremo in 1895, leading the organization's
revolution against Spanish colonial control while focusing on developing the
organization's objectives.

Figure 11
Portrait of Andres Bonifacio
Subtopic 14: The Triangle System and Grades

Bonifacio. Refers to the revolutionary leader who planned the triangle

system to increase Katipunan membership.

Andrés Bonifacio. The founder and Supreme President of the

Katipunan, the revolutionary society that led the Philippine Revolution.

December 1892. The month and year when the triangle system was
abolished due to its clumsy and complicated nature.

A.N.B. Stands for Anak ng Bayan.

Password Anak ng Bayan. A password used in the Katipunan,

reflecting nationalist ideals and serving as a recognizable identifier for
members.

Gom-Bur-Za. An acronym representing martyred priests Gomez,

Burgos, and Zamora. Their execution inspired the revolutionary movement but
was not used as a password for Katipunan soldiers (Kawal).

José Burgos. A Filipino secular priest executed by the Spanish

colonial government.

Mariano Gomez. A Filipino secular priest executed alongside José

Burgos and Jacinto Zamora.

Jacinto Zamora. A Filipino secular priest executed alongside José

Burgos and Mariano Gomez.

Bayani (Hero) Rizal. A term not used as an official Katipunan

password. José Rizal was a symbol of inspiration for the revolution, but the
Katipunan used dynamic password systems for security.

José Rizal. A Filipino nationalist, writer, and physician whose works

and execution inspired the Philippine Revolution.

The Triangle System is a grading system used in some schools in the

Philippines. In this system, grades are given as letters: A, B, C, D, E, and F.
A is the highest grade, and F is the lowest. Using the Triangle System helps
students monitor their progress and allows them to understand their strengths
and weaknesses.

Katipon is a member of an organization, but not necessarily an official

member or someone with a leadership role. They participate and support the
group's activities but might not hold a formal title or position. The writer
emphasizes that Katipon's contributions are still valuable to the success of the
organization. Essentially, a Katipon is a supportive associate, contributing to
the group's goals without necessarily holding a formal title or position within
the organization's structure.
 Figure 12
Katipon (Associate)

"Kawal", in Tagalog means soldier or warrior. Kawals are individuals

who serve in a military force, typically fighting in armed conflicts or performing
duties related to national defense. Examples of Kawals include members of
the Philippine Army, Navy, or Air Force, who protect the country's sovereignty
and interests. Historically, Kawals also encompassed various indigenous
fighting groups throughout the Philippines' history, often defending our
communities or participating in larger conflicts.

Figure 13
Kawal (Soldier)
 A Bayani is a Filipino hero, someone who demonstrates exceptional
courage, selflessness, and patriotism in service to their country or people. The
stories of Bayani often involve acts of bravery, sacrifice, and dedication to a
greater cause, often against overwhelming odds. Examples of Bayani include
national heroes like Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio, who fought for
Philippine independence from Spanish colonial rule. Their legacies inspire
Filipinos to strive for justice, freedom, and national unity.

Figure 14
Bayani (Hero)

Subtopic 15: Membership

Kataastaasan Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng

Bayan (KKK). A secret revolutionary group established in 1892 by Andrés
Bonifacio in Manila, fighting for Philippine independence.

Pacto de Sangre. In the Philippines, there was an old ritual meant to

confirm a friendship or agreement. The people involved would cut their hands,
mix their blood with a drink like wine in a cup, and then share the drink.

Gregoria de Jesús. Andres Bonifacio's wife. The founder and vice-

president of the women's group in the Katipunan of the Philippines. She also
took care of the documents and seal of the Katipunan.
 Membership in the Katipunan, officially called the Kataastaasan
Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK), was a secret
but powerful part of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish control.
Founded in 1892 by Andrés Bonifacio in Manila, the organization aimed to
unite Filipinos in their fight for independence. To maintain secrecy, new
members were initiated in small groups of three, ensuring that no one knew
more than two others. Initiations involved a blindfolded recruit being led into a
dark room with black curtains, where their clothing was loosened, and a
warning written in Tagalog was posted at the door. Joining this underground
society required great courage, as discovery could lead to severe punishment.
Recruits participated in a ritual known as pacto de sangre, signing their
names in blood to symbolize their unwavering commitment to the cause.

Members were ranked as Katipon (member), Kawal (soldier), and

Bayani (hero), each with distinct roles and specific clothing, such as red or
green masks and sashes. Meetings were held in hidden locations around
Manila, including Bonifacio's house and nearby mountains. Women played
significant roles, with Gregoria de Jesús, Bonifacio’s wife, serving as the
keeper of the society's records. The Katipunan rapidly grew across Luzon and
other islands, ultimately becoming a crucial part of the revolutionary
movement that paved the way for Philippine independence in 1898.

Subtopic 16: Initiation Rites

July 7, 1892. The date when Bonifacio founded the Kataastaasan

Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK).

Tondo, Manila. The place where the Katipunan was founded.

Sanduguan. In the Philippines, there was an old ritual meant to

confirm a friendship or agreement. The people involved would cut their hands,
mix their blood with a drink like wine in a cup, and then share the drink.

Triangles. A fresh initiation method used by the Katipunan, a

revolutionary group in the Philippines. Inspired by Masonic traditions, it
categorized members into three levels: Katipon (Associate), Kawal (Soldier),
and Bayani (Hero or Patriot). Each person knows only two others to maintain
secrecy and reduce the risk of exposure in case of betrayal.

Mabalasig/Mabalasik. The manager of the ceremony. Advises the

novice to retreat if he does not have courage because he has no comfort in
patriotic society.
 The Initiation Rites of the Katipunan were crucial for its secretive
operations, drawing some inspiration from Freemason practices to foster
secrecy, loyalty, and commitment among its members. Established on July 7,
1892, by Andres Bonifacio in Tondo, Manila, the Katipunan employed
symbolic rituals and strict processes to welcome new members. Initiations
typically occurred in hidden, dimly-lit spaces where the new member, dressed
in black, pledged loyalty to the Filipino independence cause in a ceremony
called sanduguan (blood compact). This involved pricking the arm to draw
blood, which was then used to sign an oath, representing dedication to the
movement's goals and the fight against Spanish rule. Members were
organized into "triangles" for recruitment, with each person knowing only two
others to maintain secrecy and reduce the risk of exposure in case of
betrayal.

The second part of the initiation included a talk by the master of

ceremonies, known as Mabalasig/Mabalasik (terrible brother), who warned
the newcomer to leave if he lacked courage, as he would not belong in the
patriotic group. The ranks within the society started with katipon and
progressed to kawal and bayani, indicating levels of trust and responsibility,
with each rank associated with specific duties and colors. The Katipunan's
growth was strategic; by 1896, it had expanded significantly, involving
thousands of Filipinos from different social backgrounds, as members spread
its ideals to rural areas, paving the way for the Philippine Revolution against
Spain.

Subtopic 17: Women in the Katipunan

Andres Bonifacio. He created the Women's Division

Gregoria de Jesus. (1) Gregoria de Jesus was the first member of the
Women’s Division of the Katipunan. (2) She was the Lakambini of the
Katipunan. (3) She was also the wife of Andres Bonifacio.

Maria Dizon. Maria Dizon was the president of the women’s section of
the Katipunan.

Josefa Rizal. Josefa Rizal was the sister of national hero José Rizal
and an active member of the Katipunan.

Gregorio Zaide. (1) Gregorio Zaide was a Filipino historian and author
of History of the Katipunan. (2) He initially recognized Maria Dizon’s
presidency but later revised his view based on Dr. Pio Valenzuela’s
perspective.

Dr. Pio Valenzuela. Dr. Pio Valenzuela was a prominent Katipunan

member who believed that the women did not elect officials in the
organization.
 Maharlika. Maharlika refers to the Tagalog nobles and warriors in pre-
colonial Philippine society.

Tondo Conspiracy. (1) The Tondo Conspiracy was known as the

Conspiracy of the Maharlikas. (2) It was also called the Revolt of the Lakans.
(3) It was planned by Tagalog nobles against Spanish rule.

Don Agustin de Legazpi. Don Agustin de Legazpi was one of the

leaders of the Tondo Conspiracy, along with Martin Panga.

Martin Panga. Martin Panga was the cousin of Don Agustin de

Legazpi and a co-leader in the Tondo Conspiracy.

Tondo. Tondo was a historically significant area in the Philippines,

known for its rich oral traditions, Malay texts, and Chinese and Spanish
records.

Laguna Copperplate Inscription. The Laguna Copperplate Inscription

is an ancient Philippine document written in Kawi script, providing evidence of
early Filipino society.

Maynilad. Maynilad was established by the Kingdom of Brunei after its

attack on Tondo.

Kingdom of Brunei. The Kingdom of Brunei was a Southeast Asian

state that attacked Tondo, influencing early Philippine history.

William Henry Scott. William Henry Scott was a historian who

contributed to the study of pre-colonial Philippine history, including Tondo.

Landa Jocano. Landa Jocano was a historian who described Tondo’s

wealth using Malay texts, oral traditions, and archaeological evidence.

Laura Junker. Laura Junker was a historian who also described the
wealth of Tondo based on archaeological findings and historical records.

Nick Joaquin. Nick Joaquin was a Filipino writer who suggested that
the name "Tondo" might have come from "tundok," meaning high ground.

Jean-Paul Potet. Jean-Paul Potet was a scholar who theorized that

the name "Tondo" could be related to the mangrove species Aegiceras
corniculatum, also known as "B" or "tinduk-tindukan."

Miguel de Loarca. Miguel de Loarca was a Spanish colonial official

who noted in 1583 that the people of Tondo spoke a dialect similar to
Kapampangan.

Aegiceras corniculatum. Aegiceras corniculatum is a mangrove

species, also called "B" or "tinduk-tindukan," theorized to be related to the
name "Tondo."
 Kawi Script. Kawi script is a writing system used in the Laguna
Copperplate Inscription, originating from Java and used in Southeast Asia.

The Katipunan was originally a secret organization just for men. But the
wives or families involved in the katipunan was having suspicions and growing
mistrust on them. That is why Bonifacio was forced to create a division for
Women. Gregoria De Jesus was the first one to join, then about 20 to 50
women joined after. Maria Dizon became the president of the women’s
division. Although these women were not sent to the frontline to directly revolt
on the colonizers, they have their own roles in the Katipunan. They serve as
an asset for keeping confidential documents and identities, and making secret
meetings look like a normal gathering. Although information about them was
contradictory, Teodoro Agoncillo asserted that Josefa Rizal was the sole
president of the division. Gregorio Zaide initially recognized Marina Dizon as
president but he later revised his statement, with Dr. Pio Valenzuela’s belief
that women members of the Katipunan did not elect officials, making the title
of president inappropriate.

Katipunan was not the only Revolutionary Group that existed, but did
not join together into one force due to differences in perspective and belief.
Some did not favor violence and some did not want to work with the
commoners or uneducated people. An example is the Conspiracy of the
Maharlikas, a group of people of high status known as Tagalog Nobles. It was
led by Don Agustin de Legazpi and his cousin Martin Pangan, to overthrow
the Spanish government in the Philippines. Additionally they hold the second
largest territories next to the Katipunan.

Tondo existed and has been inhabited by humans for as long as 1,100
years or more. It was said to exist since 900 AD according to one of the
earliest documents of the Philippines called "Laguna Copperplate Inscription"
written in kawi, located at the National Museum of Anthropology. In 1500 AD,
it was attacked by the Kingdom of Brunei, and established “Maynilad” across
the Pasig River. Historians such as William Henry Scott, Landa Jocano, and
Laura Junker describe Tondo as wealthy, evidenced by Malay texts, oral
traditions, Chinese records, and early Spanish writings. Theories about the
name “Tondo” include Nick Joaquin’s suggestion of “tundok” (high ground).
Jean-Paul Potet’s theory, linking it to the mangrove “Aegiceras corniculatum,”
once called “B” or “tinduk-tindukan.” When the Spaniards conquered Luzon in
1571, Tondo became part of the Province of Pampanga, the first colonial
province. Because of Miguel de Loarca’s 1583 census noted that Tondo’s
inhabitants spoke a dialect similar to the Kapampangan language.
Additionally, the Pasig River served as a boundary between Kapampangan
and Tagalog territories, with “Pasig” meaning coast or strand in Old Malayan.

Subtopic 18: Bambalito: The First Martyred Hero

Battle of Bangkusay. A naval battle against Spanish force at Tondo,

Manila.
 June 3, 1571. The Battle of Bangkusay happened.

Tarik Sulayman. A brave Kapampangan chieftain who resisted

Spanish colonization in the Battle of Bangkusay.

Francisco Dagohoy. Leader of the longest-running revolt in Philippine

history against Spanish rule, lasting 85 years in Bohol.

Tamblot. A Boholano babaylan who led a religious uprising advocating

for native beliefs over Christianity.

Diego Silang. An Ilocano revolutionary leader who sought

independence from Spain and allied with British forces during their invasion.

The Battle of Bangkusay on June 3, 1571, marked the last resistance

by locals against Spanish colonization of the Pasig River delta, home to the
Rajahnate of Maynila and Tondo. Tarik Sulayman, the chief of the
Macabebes, led an attack against Spanish forces under Miguel López de
Legazpi but was defeated and killed, allowing the Spanish to establish control
over the region. This victory was followed by other significant Filipino
uprisings, such as the Dagohoy Rebellion (1744–1828) led by Francisco
Dagohoy, which was sparked by the refusal of a Jesuit priest to give a
Christian burial to his brother and grievances over forced labor. In Bohol,
Tamblot, a native priest, led the Tamblot Uprising (1621–1622) in opposition
to the spread of Catholicism. Later, Diego Silang, leading a revolt in the Ilocos
region, allied with British forces to resist Spanish taxation and abuses, and
sought self-governance, even referring to himself as El Rey de Ilocos. His
wife, Gabriela Cariño, stood by him in his fight for the region's independence.

These historical events highlight the resilience and determination of

Filipinos in fighting for their freedom against colonial oppression. From the
Battle of Bangkusay to the revolts led by figures like Dagohoy, Tamblot, and
Silang, each resistance movement played a crucial role in shaping the
Philippine struggle for independence. Despite the eventual defeat of these
leaders and their forces, their efforts served as an inspiration for future
generations of Filipinos to stand up against tyranny. Their legacies remind us
of the importance of fighting for justice, sovereignty, and the protection of our
cultural identity. Ultimately, these revolts contributed to the growing national
consciousness that eventually led to the country's independence.
 Figure 15
Battle of Bangkusay (1571)

Subtopic 19: Discovery of the Katipunan

August 19, 1896. The date when the Katipunan’s existence was
revealed to the Spanish authorities.

Teodoro Patiño. A member of the Katipunan who revealed its secrets

to his sister, leading to its exposure.

Apolonio de la Cruz. A member of the Katipunan, which consisted

mainly of working-class Filipinos.

Diario de Manila. A leading newspaper at the time that reported the

discovery of the Katipunan.

Honoria. Sister of Teodoro Patiño, a nun at the Mandaluyong

Orphanage, who learned of the Katipunan’s existence.

Sor Teresa. The head nun of the Mandaluyong Orphanage, involved in

the events that led to the discovery of the Katipunan.

Fr. Mariano Gil. The parish priest of Tondo who warned the Spanish
authorities about the Katipunan.

The discovery of the Katipunan in 1896 occurred after Teodoro Patiño,

a member of the secret society, revealed its existence to his sister, Honoria.
In fear of being caught, Patiño confided in her, and she informed the Spanish
authorities, leading to the exposure of the organization. On August 19, 1896,
the Diario de Manila, the prominent newspaper of the time, published the
news, signaling the start of the crackdown on Katipunan members.
 The Spanish authorities were alerted to the existence of the Katipunan
by several informants, including Fr. Mariano Gil, a parish priest in Tondo,
Manila. His warning helped the Spanish government uncover the
revolutionary society. Despite the revelation, the Katipunan's discovery
spurred the revolution, leading to open conflict between the Filipino
revolutionaries and the Spanish colonizers.

Subtopic 20: Cry of Balintawak or Pugad Lawin

Cry of Balintawak or Pugad Lawin. The Cry of Balintawak or Pugad

Lawin marks the event when Filipinos, led by Andres Bonifacio, tore their
cedulas as a protest against Spanish rule, signaling the start of the Philippine
Revolution in 1896.

Pio Valenzuela’s Controversial Cry of Pugad Lawin. Pio

Valenzuela’s version, known as the "Cry of Pugad Lawin," is controversial due
to uncertainty about the exact date and location of the event.

Santiago Alvarez’s Cry of Bahay Toro. Santiago Alvarez presented a

different account, calling it the "Cry of Bahay Toro," and questioned the
location and timing of the cry.

Gregoria de Jesus’ Version of the Cry. Gregoria de Jesus, the wife

of Andres Bonifacio, also shared her version of the event, highlighting the
participation of women in the revolution.

Guillermo Masangkay’s The Cry of Balintawak. Guillermo

Masangkay’s version, known as the "Cry of Balintawak," is often referenced in
historical discussions about the revolution.

According to Andres Bonifacio, the first cry is a historical event in which

the Filipino people tore their cedulas, symbolizing their rejection of Spanish
rule. After the Katipunan, a covert Filipino organization, was discovered by the
Spanish, its members were apprehended, and many were imprisoned. This
situation led to the Philippine Revolution of 1896. The Supremo, concerned
for his allies and the movement’s objectives, decided to hold a meeting
outside the city to determine when to execute their plan to confront the
Spanish government.

There are various accounts regarding the exact date and location of
the first cry of the revolution, and to this day, it remains unresolved due to
conflicting information from historians and people who lived at the time. The
different versions include Pio Valenzuela’s controversial "Cry of Pugad
Lawin," Santiago Alvarez’s "Cry of Bahay Toro," Gregoria de Jesus’ version of
the "First Cry," and Guillermo Masangkay’s "Cry of Balintawak." These
diverse perspectives continue to fuel the debate over the true date and place
of this pivotal event in Philippine history.

Subtopic 21: Pio Valenzuela’s Controversial “Cry of Pugad Lawin”

 Pio Valenzuela. Dr. Pio Valenzuela was a Filipino physician, a
Katipunan member, and a close friend of Andres Bonifacio. He was an
eyewitness to the events of the revolution.

Cry of Pugad Lawin. The Cry of Pugad Lawin refers to the event on
August 23, 1896, when Filipinos tore their cedulas to protest Spanish rule,
signaling the start of the Philippine Revolution.

August 23, 1896. This is the date Dr. Pio Valenzuela claimed the Cry
occurred at Pugad Lawin, where revolutionaries tore their cedulas and
shouted “Long live the Philippines!”

August 26, 1896. Dr. Valenzuela also mentioned the Cry happening in
Balintawak, causing confusion over the exact location of the event.

Dr. Pio Valenzuela’s account of the First Cry is considered a primary

source since he was an eyewitness to the event. Valenzuela himself claimed
that the prime stage of the Cry was in Balintawak on August 26, 1896.
However, he stated that the Cry actually took place on August 23, 1896, at
Pugad Lawin. In his account, he described the people present at the meeting
where the historic moment unfolded, with participants tearing their cedula
certificates and shouting, "Long live the Philippines! Long live the Philippines!"
This account has been the subject of much controversy due to discrepancies
in the location and date of the event, as well as differing historical
interpretations.

Subtopic 22: Santiago Alvarez’s, “Cry of Bahay Toro”

Santiago Alvarez. A Katipunan member, also known as “Kidlat ng

Apoy,” and son of General Mariano Alvarez.

Mariano Alvarez. A brave and brilliant leader who ignited the uprising
against the Spaniards in Cavite, born on March 15, 1818.

Gregoria de Jesus. A significant member of the Katipunan, and wife of

Andres Bonifacio.

Sunday, August 23, 1896. The date when Santiago Alvarez claimed
that the Katipunan members gathered at Bahay Toro.

Monday, August 24, 1896. The date when the Katipunan members
shouted, “Long live the Sons of the Country.”
 Santiago Alvarez’s account of the First Cry, also known as the "Cry of
Bahay Toro," adds another layer to the ongoing debate over the exact date
and place of the Philippine Revolution’s beginning. Alvarez, a well-known
member of the Katipunan and son of General Mariano Alvarez, recalled that
the gathering of Katipuneros took place at Bahay Toro on Sunday, August 23,
1896. On the following day, Monday, August 24, 1896, the revolutionaries
shouted, “Long live the Sons of the Country,” marking a significant declaration
of their intent to resist Spanish rule.

Alvarez’s version of the First Cry challenges other accounts, such as

Pio Valenzuela’s “Cry of Pugad Lawin.” His narrative illustrates the differing
perspectives that exist regarding key events in Philippine history, particularly
the revolution’s origins. While the exact details of the first cry may remain
unclear, Alvarez’s account highlights the resolve of the revolutionaries to fight
for independence, which ultimately led to the Philippine Revolution against
Spanish colonialism.

Subtopic 23: Gregoria de Jesus’ Version of the “First Cry”

Gregoria de Jesus. The "Lakambini of the Katipunan," a courageous

revolutionary who safeguarded the Katipunan's secrets and fought for
Philippine independence.

Andres Bonifacio. Known as the "Father of the Philippine Revolution,"

the founder of the Katipunan and leader in the fight for freedom from Spanish
rule.

August 25, 1896. The date when Gregoria de Jesus recalled the First
Cry of the Philippine Revolution, which she claimed took place near Caloocan.

Gregoria de Jesus, the wife of Andres Bonifacio and the "Lakambini of

the Katipunan," provides her version of the First "Cry" of the Philippine
Revolution, which took place on August 25, 1896, near Caloocan. As a key
participant in the event and a trusted keeper of Katipunan documents,
Gregoria's account offers a personal perspective on the uprising. After the
Katipunan’s activities were discovered and some members arrested, she fled
to Manila to avoid arrest by the Spanish authorities. She later joined her
husband in the mountains to continue their struggle. In her narrative, Gregoria
describes how she was forced to secretly flee her home at night, seeking
refuge in nearby houses. However, due to the fear of Spanish retaliation, she
was turned away, and some of those who had helped her were punished or
exiled, including her own uncle.
 Gregoria de Jesus' account of the First Cry is credible because it
comes from her own memoir, Mga Tala ng Aking Buhay, where she recorded
her firsthand experiences and observations of the event. This makes her
version particularly reliable, as it reflects what she truly saw, heard, and
experienced during the uprising. Her version remains relevant today not only
because it accurately depicts the events of the First Cry, but also because it
highlights women's empowerment, a theme that continues to resonate in
modern times. Through her perspective, we gain insight into how freedom
was fought for during that period, and we also see the strength and resilience
of Filipino women, even in the face of adversity.

Subtopic 24: Guillermo Masangkay’s, “Cry of Balintawak”

Guillermo Masangkay. A Katipunan general who described the events

of the Cry of Balintawak.

August 26, 1896. The date Cry of Balintawak occurred and marked the
formal decision of the Katipunan to revolt against Spanish colonial rule.
Andres Bonifacio. The leader of the Katipunan who persuaded the
members of the kayipunan to revolt despite opposition from some leaders.

Emilio Jacinto. Katipunan leader and one of the trusted allies of

Andres Bonifacio during the Philippine Revolution.

Pio Valenzuela. A Katipunan leader who initially opposed the timing of

the revolution due to inadequate preparation.

Teodoro Plata. A Katipunan leader who opposed Bonifacio’s decision

to begin the revolution.

Cedulas. Tax identification documents issued by the Spanish

government.

The “Cry of Balintawak,” as described by Katipunan General Guillermo

Masangkay, marks a crucial moment in the Philippine Revolution. On August
26, 1896, Katipunan leaders, including Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, and
Pio Valenzuela, gathered at in Balintawak to decide on the time of the
uprising. Bonifacio faced opposition from leaders like Teodoro Plata and
Valenzuela, who believed that the revolution was too early due to inadequate
supplies and support from other revolutionary groups and filipino individuals
with high positions. Bonifacio spoke to the people waiting outside, persuading
them to revolt against Spanish before its too late since they were already
discovered by Spanish colonizers. Then the Katipunan tore up their cedulas
as a symbol of their severed ties between Spanish government. This
declaration of freedom compelled the Katipunan leadership to agree on
initiating the revolution. While celebrating their decision, the group faced
Spanish civil guards, and shots were exchanged, marking the beginning of the
Philippine Revolution.

Subtopic 25: Kartilya ng Katipunan ni Emilio Jacinto

 Kartilya ng Katipunan. A manual written by Emilio Jacinto, serving as
a guide for Katipunan members, emphasizing values like equality, justice, and
respect, alongside the fight for freedom.

Emilio Jacinto. A young leader of the Katipunan, known as the "soul"

and "brain" of the revolution.

National Identity. A shared sense of belonging and pride in one’s

nation, influenced by political, cultural, and historical factors, uniting people
regardless of legal status.

The Kartilya ng Katipunan, written by Emilio Jacinto in 1895, served as

both a moral and ideological guide for Katipunan members. The Kartilya
outlined essential values for the revolutionaries, stressing the importance of
equality, patriotism, respect for women, and compassion for the less
fortunate. Jacinto's teachings were designed to not only guide the Katipunan’s
physical struggle for independence from Spain but also to foster moral and
intellectual strength among its members. The manual emphasized the need
for selfless action, integrity, and honor, reminding the revolutionaries that the
fight for freedom required more than just physical courage—it required a
commitment to justice and virtuous living.

The Kartilya helped to shape the national identity of Filipinos by uniting

people from different backgrounds under a common cause based on shared
values. It encouraged Filipinos to see the revolution as a moral duty to create
a just society, one where the oppressed were protected, and equality
prevailed. Jacinto’s teachings played a crucial role in rallying the Katipunan
members and inspiring them to stay committed to the revolution, not only for
freedom but also for the creation of a nation grounded in respect and fairness.
Through the Kartilya, Jacinto helped cultivate a national identity that
transcended legal citizenship, focused on the collective effort to liberate the
Philippines and build a more just society.

Subtopic 26: Proclamation of Philippine Independence

Independence. Self-governance and freedom from foreign rule.

June 12, 1898. The date of the Philippine Declaration of

Independence.

Spanish Colonization. The 333-year period of Spanish rule in the

Philippines.

Philippines. An island archipelago in Southeast Asia colonized by

Spain.

Cavite el Viejo (Kawit). The location where Philippine independence

was proclaimed.
 Philippine National Flag. The flag officially raised during the
declaration of independence.

Mrs. Marcela Agoncillo. Designer of the Philippine National Flag.

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista. Author of the Act of Declaration of

Independence.

Philippine Revolution. The armed conflict leading to independence

from Spanish rule.

Emilio Aguinaldo. Leader of the First Philippine Republic who

declared independence.

August 1, 1898. The date when the Proclamation of Independence

was officially promulgated.

Dictatorial Government. A form of government ruled by a single

leader with absolute power.

Nationalism. A sense of pride, loyalty, and devotion to one's country,

promoting the Philippines’ right to self-rule.

Katipunan. A secret revolutionary society founded to gain

independence from Spain through armed struggle, instrumental in the
Philippine Revolution.

Andrés Bonifacio. A key revolutionary leader and founder of the

Katipunan, who played a significant role in the fight for independence.

The Proclamation of Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898,

marked a significant event in Philippine history, ending centuries of Spanish
colonial rule and asserting the Filipino people's right to self-governance. This
historic moment took place in Cavite el Viejo, now known as Kawit, where
Emilio Aguinaldo, the leader of the First Philippine Republic, formally declared
the Philippines independent from Spain. The date became a lasting symbol of
the nation’s struggle for freedom, later recognized as the official Philippine
Independence Day.

This declaration did not occur in isolation but emerged from decades of
growing discontent with Spanish rule, which spurred revolutionary
movements. The Katipunan, a secret society founded by Andrés Bonifacio,
played an essential role in the early stages of the Philippine Revolution,
uniting Filipinos with the goal of overthrowing Spanish control. Bonifacio’s
leadership, along with the widespread nationalism that had taken hold across
the islands, galvanized the people, making independence a shared aspiration.
However, as leadership shifted to Aguinaldo, the struggle became more
organized, and alliances with Filipino elites helped gain further support for the
movement.
 The Philippine National Flag, designed by Mrs. Marcela Agoncillo, was
formally raised during the declaration ceremony, symbolizing unity and pride
in the newly established nation. This act of raising the flag became an
emblem of the country’s autonomy and strength, as well as a visual testament
to the sacrifices made throughout the revolution. Ambrosio Rianzares
Bautista, a supporter of Aguinaldo and a prominent figure in the revolution,
authored the Act of Declaration of Independence, a document that captured
the spirit of the movement and asserted the legitimacy of the Filipino people's
right to govern themselves.

Despite the declaration, true independence was not immediately

realized. On August 1, 1898, the proclamation was officially promulgated, yet
the political climate was complicated by the Spanish-American War, which
shifted power from Spain to the United States. The declaration represented
the Filipino people's readiness for independence, but the looming influence of
American forces meant that complete self-rule was not yet attainable. This
situation eventually led to the Philippine-American War, as the Filipinos
continued their fight for sovereignty against new foreign powers.

The Proclamation of Independence remains a cornerstone of Philippine

history, symbolizing the end of Spanish dominance and the dawn of Filipino
self-determination. It also illustrates the complexities of the independence
movement, which involved not only unifying internal factions but also
navigating the ambitions of colonial powers. Today, the event continues to
inspire pride and nationalism, reflecting the enduring spirit of the Filipinos'
pursuit of freedom and the sacrifices made by revolutionaries like Bonifacio
and Aguinaldo. The legacy of June 12 serves as a reminder of the importance
of unity, resilience, and the ongoing journey toward true independence.

Figure 16
Proclamation of Philippine Independence in Kawit, Cavite, June 12,
1898
 V. MEMBERS KEY TAKEAWAYS

Airish Dhayne S. Creo

In Chapter 2, I discovered that exploring the early history of the

Philippines was truly enlightening! I always suspected there was more to the
story than what we learn in school, but diving into the specifics was a whole
new experience. I learned that the Filipino society back then had a well-
organized social system long before the Spanish arrived. They had leaders
called datus, along with warriors and free men, each with their own roles.
Women enjoyed many rights and were respected, which was quite advanced
for that era. Additionally, they practiced unique customs like skull compression
for infants and had detailed rituals for events like a girl's first menstruation.
This all highlights how rich and developed their culture was.

Lapu-Lapu was more than just the man who defeated Magellan; he
represents a rich history. Some view him as a patriotic hero, the first anti-
colonial fighter, while others believe he was simply defending his homeland
from outsiders. Regardless, he ignited a spirit of resistance that continues
today.

Then there's the Katipunan, the revolutionary group that fought for
independence from Spanish rule, led by figures like Andres Bonifacio. They
stood for equality and freedom, which are key elements of Filipino
nationalism. It's amazing to see how the struggle for independence and
identity has deep roots, showing that it wasn't just a response to colonization
but a part of their culture from the beginning. Overall, this journey through
history highlights the strength and pride of Filipino culture, despite many
external influences.

John Ernee P. Delfinado

Philippine History is complicated and contradictory from time to time

due to limited sources of information. But thanks to a number of
interpretations we can better understand them. But since this interpretation
may or may not be credible we should not rely or trust on a single source.

Philippines colonizers such as the Spaniards claimed that their

occupation was for development, but in this chapter, we are told that even
before the Spanish colonial period, the Philippines was already rich in
cultures, tradition and even had its own unique government system that either
punishes or rewards its people. It was believed that it did not need further
governance by scholars, proving that their purpose was not just mere
guidance.

These aspects of pre-colonial and colonial Philippine history reveal a

society that was socially complex, culturally rich, and politically conscious,
with deeply ingrained practices and beliefs that manage to exist through
centuries of colonial influence.
Bea Carla R. Espila

This chapter likely begins by establishing the context surrounding the

chosen primary sources. This contextualization might involve discussing the
historical period, social conditions, and political climate in which the sources
were created. The importance of carefully analyzing the context is
emphasized, as it is crucial for understanding the nuances and biases present
within the primary sources.

The chapter likely then moves into a detailed examination of the

selected sources themselves, exploring their content and significance. This
involves not only summarizing the content but also assessing its impact on
historical events, social structures, or intellectual thought.

The analysis will likely delve into the author's main argument,
meticulously tracing the development of their thesis and supporting evidence.
The careful consideration of the author's main argument and point of view
allows for a more complete and accurate understanding of the historical
narrative presented.

This chapter likely serves as a model for future analyses of primary

sources, demonstrating the necessary skills and approaches for conducting
rigorous historical research.

Saviena Rhose A. Lacsina

In Chapter 2, it informed and gave me a deeper appreciation of

Philippine history. Heroes, culture, freedom, the evolution of the name
"Philippines," and the period before and during Spanish colonization.

I was particularly struck by Pigafetta’s account of Magellan’s voyage,

which sheds light on early Filipino culture and society, including the people’s
traditions, government, and surprising social customs. For instance, pre-
colonial Filipinos practiced skull shaping for beauty and celebrated a girl’s first
menstruation, highlighting a culture with unique beliefs and practices.
Learning about the Katipunan and its leaders, such as Andres Bonifacio, also
stood out. The Kartilya ng Katipunan by Emilio Jacinto embodies values like
equality and freedom, which fueled the revolutionary spirit against Spanish
rule. The discovery of Katipunan, or KKK, only because of a
misunderstanding of the two members that led the Philippines into a risk just
because of their ego or pride in a simple misunderstanding that can solve in
well-communication, highlighting the effects of such things as pride and lack
of communication.
 This chapter deepened my respect for the resilience and rich cultural
heritage of the Filipino people, giving me a new perspective on the struggles
that shaped the nation’s identity. I’ve learned in the past events during the
Spanish colonial era the importance of humane, unity and communication to
speak up or to stand up for our country is a must, not just ont only for
ourselves but also for all of the Filipinos who’s seeking for freedom and for a
good life.

Allena May S. Perez

Chapter 2 of Philippine history provides a detailed exploration of the

country's past, beginning with its rich cultural heritage before Spanish
colonization. It emphasizes the complex social structures, customs, and
traditions that characterized pre-colonial Filipino society, introducing the
barangay as the fundamental political unit led by a Datu. The chapter outlines
the social hierarchy within this society, which was divided into distinct classes:
the Maginoo (nobility), Maharlika (warriors), Timawa (freemen), and Alipin
(servants or slaves). Each class held specific roles, rights, and responsibilities
that shaped community dynamics.

The narrative then recounts Ferdinand Magellan's arrival in the

Philippines and his encounter with Lapu-Lapu during the Battle of Mactan.
This significant clash between Filipinos and Europeans symbolizes
indigenous resistance against foreign intrusion and highlights the complexities
of early interactions between different cultures. Moving to the 19th century,
the chapter discusses the rise of nationalism among Filipinos, driven by the
Ilustrado movement and the writings of Jose Rizal. This growing awareness of
social injustices under Spanish rule laid the groundwork for revolutionary
sentiments and aspirations for independence.

The formation of the Katipunan is presented as a key moment in the

fight for freedom. This revolutionary organization aimed to achieve Philippine
independence through organized action against Spanish rule. The chapter
explores its structure and leadership, including influential figures like Andres
Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto, while also recognizing the significant roles
played by women, particularly Gregoria de Jesus. An essential aspect of the
Katipunan was the Kartilya ng Katipunan, written by Emilio Jacinto. This
document served as a moral and ideological guide for its members, outlining
principles such as love for the country, honesty, discipline, and unity. It
emphasized ethical behavior and encouraged members to embrace a
revolutionary spirit, fostering a strong sense of commitment to their cause and
promoting national identity among Filipinos.
 The "Cry of Balintawak" is examined as a crucial event marking the
beginning of the Philippine Revolution. Various accounts illustrate its
significance and complexities, showcasing different perspectives from notable
figures involved in this historic moment. Finally, the chapter analyzes the
Proclamation of Philippine Independence, emphasizing its historical context
and significance in ending Spanish colonial rule, with Emilio Aguinaldo playing
a crucial role in establishing a new era for the Philippines. Throughout this
chapter, there is a strong emphasis on developing critical thinking skills and
historical awareness among readers. By engaging with primary sources and
exploring diverse perspectives, readers are encouraged to appreciate the
complexities of Philippine history while fostering a sense of national identity.

Kyle Ashlee DB. Ramilo

In Chapter 2 of Philippine history, I learned the importance of

understanding the historical context of primary sources. Knowing the
background of when these sources were created helps us fully understand
their significance. For example, Antonio Pigafetta’s account of Ferdinand
Magellan’s first voyage around the world offers insights into early Filipino-
European interactions and how they influenced the colonization of the
Philippines. This taught me how important context is in interpreting history
accurately.

The chapter also highlighted the structure of pre-colonial Filipino society,

where the barangay system was led by a Datu. I was surprised to learn about
the distinct social classes, including the Maginoo, Maharlika, Timawa, and
Alipin. Courtship and marriage were important aspects of life, with unique
customs different from Western practices. This helped me appreciate the rich
culture Filipinos had long before the Spanish arrived, and the way these
practices shaped their communities.

Another key part of the chapter was the Battle of Bangkusay in 1571,
marking the last resistance against Spanish forces in the Pasig River area. It
showed how Filipinos fought to protect their land and culture from foreign
invaders. Gregoria de Jesus’ version of the First Cry, shared from her
perspective, was an eye-opener. It showed her strength during the revolution
and taught me how women played a vital role in the fight for freedom.
Through these stories, I realized how important it is to understand history and
the sacrifices made for our independence.

What really stood out to me was how the chapter urged us to approach
history with a critical mindset. It wasn’t just about memorizing dates and
events but understanding the bigger picture, like the Proclamation of
Philippine Independence, which ended Spanish rule and marked a new
chapter in our history. Through these stories, I was reminded of the
importance of preserving our cultural heritage and appreciating the struggles
of those who fought for our freedom. The rise of nationalism and the efforts of
people like Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, and Gregoria de Jesus continue
to inspire me today.
Ma. Samantha Mecil H. Zoleta

In Chapter 2 of Philippine history, it is important since it discusses the

country's historical background, its cultural heritage, and the events that
molded the nation's identity.

The Battle of Mactan, in which Lapu-Lapu and his forces beat the
Spanish led Ferdinand Magellan. It represents resistance to foreign
dominance as well as the Filipinos' constant commitment to maintain their
freedom. It shaped the country's identity by emphasizing the early Filipino
spirit of independence, which later encouraged the fight for freedom against
Spanish and other colonial rulers.

The revolutionary group was founded with the goal of freeing the
Philippines from Spanish colonial control. It brought Filipinos together in their
fight for independence, instilling values such as courage, unity, and patriotism.
While the Kartilya ng Katipunan emphasized the value of honor, loyalty, and
nationalism. The KKK and the Kartilya were important to the Filipino battle for
freedom and national identity.

Understanding The Cry of Balintawak helps you to appreciate the

courage and dedication of Filipinos who struggled for independence from
Spanish slavery. The scream represents the emergence of national
consciousness and a united resistance to injustice.

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