TABLE OF CONTENTS
Description Page No.
Title Page ………………………………………………………………………….…………..
Declaration by the Scholar ……………………………………………………………………i
Certificate by the Supervisor (s) ……………………………………………………………...ii
Dedication ……………………………………………………………………….…………....iii
Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………………………iv
Contents ………………………………………………………………….…….…………...v-xi
List of Abbreviations …………………………………………………………………….xii-xiii
List of Cases……………………………………………………………………………..xiv-xix
List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………………......xx
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………….………......xxi
Chapter-1 Introduction 1-50
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Rights of Children 3
1.2.1 International Commitment towards Child Protection 4
1.2.1.1 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 5
1.2.1.2 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of 6
Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)
1.2.1.3 SAARC Convention on Prevention and Combating 6
Trafficking In Women and Children for Prostitution
1.3 History of the Rights of Child 7
1.4 Conceptualisation of Child Sexual Offence and Its Types 8
1.5 Dynamics of Child Sexual Abuse 9
1.6 Forms of Child Sexual Abuse: 9
1.6.1 Physical Abuse 10
1.6.2 Sexual Abuse 10
1.6.3 Emotional Abuse 10
1.6.4 Neglect 10
1.6.5 Educational Neglect 11
1.7 Indian Perspective Qua Child Sexual Abuse: 11
1.7.1 Indian Laws Regarding Rights of Child 11
1.7.2 Fundamentals of Child Oriented Policies and Laws 12
1.7.3 National Policies and Legislations Regarding Child Rights 12
v
1.7.4 Provisions under IPC Providing Immunity from Prosecution 14
and Protecting Interest of Children
1.8 Analysis of POCSO Act, 2012(Including Amendments in the 17
year 2019)
1.9 The POCSO Rules, 2020 29
1.10 The data collected and published by National Crime Records 36
Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs
1.11 Critical Analysis 40
1.12 Aims and Objectives of the Thesis 43
1.13 Hypothesis 46
1.14 Research Questions 47
1.15 Research Methodology 47
1.16 Significance of the Study 48
1.17 Limitations of the Study 48
1.18 Chapterization 48
1.19 Scope for Further Study 49
Chapter-2 Reporting and Investigation into Sexual Offences against 51-106
Children
2.1 Procedure of Investigation under Code of Criminal Procedure 53
2.2 Procedure of Investigation under POCSO The Act, 2012 57
2.2.1 Reporting of offence: 57
2.2.2 Procedure to be followed if informant is a child (Section 19) 59
A. Method of Reporting
B. Immediate and necessary measures to provide security to a
child
2.2.3 Entitlements of Children of Sexual Abuse 61
2.2.4 Preliminary Assessment Report 62
2.2.5 Recording of Statement of the Child Victim 63
2.3 Gaps in Investigation in Cases of Child Sexual Abuse 64
2.3.1 Non-Registering of a Case/Failure of Registration of Case 65
under Relevant provisions
2.3.2 Non-Compliance/Breach of Prescribed Procedure under 72
Section 24 POCSO Act, 2012
2.3.3 Error Committed by not Recording Statement of Child Victim 74
at Appropriate Stage
2.3.4 Non-Search for Missing Victim 74
2.3.5 Lapse Due To Non-Conducting of Proper Investigation 75
2.3.6 Non-Collecting of Relevant Document to Prove Age of Child 76
Victim
2.3.7 Error of Keeping the Child Victim in Police Custody 79
2.3.8 Error of Disclosing the Identity of Child Victim 80
2.3.9 Error of Non-Conducting of the Test Identification Report 86
vi
2.3.10 Errors Committed in Medical Examination of Child Victim 87
2.3.11 Failure of Presenting the Challan before Proper Forum 89
2.3.12 Delay in Trial-Non Production of Property/Document in Time 90
2.4 Directions Issued for Investigating Officers 90
2.5 Empirical Study 91
2.5.1 Experience 93
2.5.2 Whether the Investigating Officers deal in cases under the 93
POCSO Act, 2012 only and the number of cases an
Investigating Officer, investigate in a month
2.5.3 Training of Investigating Officers 94
2.5.4 To whom copy of FIR is sent ? 96
2.5.5 Recording of statement of the child victim 96
2.5.6 Medical Examination of the child Victim 97
2.5.7 Non-disclosure of identity of the Child Victim 99
2.5.8 Production of the Child Victim before Child Welfare 101
Committee and its role
2.5.9 Proof of age of the Child Victim 102
2.5.10 Presentation of Challan 103
2.5.11 Co-ordination of Investigating Officers with Special Public 103
Prosecutors
2.5.12 Challenges faced by the Investigating Officers 105
2.6 Conclusion 105
Chapter-3 Trial of Persons Accused of Sexual Offences against 107-224
Children
3.1 Trial under Code of Criminal Procedure 108
3.1.1 Types of Trial 108
3.2 Trial under POCSO Act, 2012 110
3.2.1 Structural Aspect 110
3.2.1.1 Designation of Special Courts 110
3.2.1.2 Appointment of Special Public Prosecutors 110
3.2.1.3 Design of Court Room 112
3.2.1.4 Facilities 114
3.2.2 Procedural Aspect 115
3.2.2.1 Direct Cognizance by Special Court 116
3.2.2.2 Creation of Child Friendly Atmosphere 117
3.2.2.3 By Which Court Remand of The Accused Can Be Given? 119
3.2.2.4 The Place of Custody of Child Victim/Child in Need of Care and 120
Protection
3.2.2.5 Recording of Statement of a Child Victim under Section 164 126
Cr.P.C. read with Sections 25 and 26 of the POCSO Act, 2012
3.2.2.6 Anticipatory and Regular Bail 129
vii
A. Anticipatory and Regular Bail under Code of Criminal
Procedure
B. Anticipatory and Regular Bail under Protection of
Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012
C. Conditions for Grant of Bail under the POCSO Act
3.2.2.7 Bail to Juveniles who committed the Offences under the POCSO 136
Act, 2012
3.2.2.8 Procedure to be Adopted by the Board and the Children Court on 148
Receipt of Inquiry of a Child in Conflict with Law under the
POCSO Act, 2012
3.2.2.9 Determination of Age of child victim 156
3.2.2.10 Appreciation of Evidence of a Child Victim : Challenges 162
3.2.2.11 Non-disclosure of Identity of Child Victim/Witness under 166
POCSO Act, 2012
3.2.2.12 Protection of Victim/Witness in the Cases relating to Sexual 170
Offences
3.2.2.13 Assistance of Interpreters, Experts and Special Educators 193
3.2.2.14 Appointment of Support Person 195
3.3 Sentencing 197
3.3.1 Need of Sentencing Policy 202
3.4 Rehabilitation of Child Victim 205
3.5 Empirical Study 205
3.5.1 Number of Specially appointed Public Prosecutors and the 208
number of cases dealt by them
3.5.2 Training of Special Public Prosecutors 209
3.5.3 Communication with child witness and the Investigating Officer 210
3.5.4 Notice to the Complainant in bail application 212
3.5.5 Interim Compensation 213
3.5.6 Manner of recording deposition of a child witness 214
3.5.7 Role of Child Welfare Committee 216
3.5.8 Proof of age of the Child Victim 217
3.5.9 Medical Examination of the Child Victim and the Accused 217
3.5.10 Compromise leading to hostility of the child victim and 219
consequentially to the acquittal
3.5.11 Quantification of Compensation 220
3.5.12 Suggestions 222
3.6 Conclusion 222
Chapter-4 Support and Rehabilitation of Child Victim 225-253
4.1 Introduction 226
4.2 History 227
4.3 Compensation under The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 228
4.4 Compensation under POCSO Act, 2012 and POCSO Rules, 235
2020
4.5 Empirical Study 243
viii
4.6 Conclusion 252
Chapter-5 Role of Other Stakeholders in the Cases of Child Sexual 254-296
Abuse
5.1 Introduction 255
5.2 Statutory Stakeholders 256
5.2.1 Role of the Child Welfare Committee (CWC) 256
5.2.1.1 Statutory Duties, Functions and Responsibilities of CWC 256
5.2.1.2 Support Person to be provided to Child Victims by CWC under 262
the POCSO Act, 2012 and POCSO Rules, 2020
5.2.1.3 Challenges faced By CWC 263
5.2.2 Role of Support Persons 265
5.2.2.1 Statutory Duties, Functions and Responsibilities of Support 265
Person
5.2.2.2 Challenges Faced by the Support Persons 267
5.2.3 Role of Medical Practitioners 267
5.2.3.1 How to report to a doctor? 269
5.2.3.2 The steps to be taken by the Medical Practitioner on arrival of 269
such victim
5.2.3.3 Storage and Preservation of Evidence 274
5.2.3.4 Relevancy of Medical Evidence in Sexual Assault Cases 278
5.2.4 Role of Psychologists and Mental Health Experts 282
5.2.4.1 Need of Psychologist or Mental Health Care Experts 282
5.2.4.2 Need for Awareness on Child Psychology and Child Behaviour 283
5.2.4.3 Need for Awareness on Psychology and Mental Status of the 284
Accused
5.2.4.4 Who May Be Appointed As A Counsellor? 287
5.2.4.5 How To Counsel A Sexually Abused Child ? 288
5.2.5 Role of Media 290
5.2.6 Role of Public in General 293
5.3 Non-Statutory Stakeholders 294
5.3.1 Role of Parents and Teachers 294
5.4 Conclusion 296
Chapter-6 Conclusion and Suggestions 297-318
6.1 Conclusion 298
6.2 Suggestions 304
6.2.1 Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Reintegration of POCSO 304
Survivors
6.2.2 Child friendly court procedures during prosecution under 305
POCSO Act
6.2.3 Healthcare Providers 314
6.2.4 Convergence Of All Key Stakeholders 315
6.3 Recommendations 316
Bibliography 319-324
Annexures 325-386
ix
Annexure-A The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Rules, 2020. 325
Annexure-B Form–A of The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences 339
Rules, 2020
Annexure-C Form–B of The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences 340
Rules, 2020
Annexure-D Form-3 of Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Model Rules, 341
2016
Annexure-E Form-4 of Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Model Rules, 342
2016
Annexure-F Form-5 of Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Model Rules, 343
2016
Annexure-G Form-6 of Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Model Rules, 344
2016
Annexure-H Form-7 of Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Model Rules, 349
2016
Annexure-I Form-8 of Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Model Rules, 355
2016
Annexure-J Form-9 of Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Model Rules, 357
2016
Annexure-K Form-10 of Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Model Rules, 358
2016
Annexure-L Form-13 of Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Model Rules, 360
2016
Annexure-M Form-14 of Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Model Rules, 363
2016
Annexure-N Application for seeking Protection Order annexed to Witness 367
Protection Scheme, 2018
Annexure-O Form-17 of Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Model Rules, 369
2016
Annexure-P Form-18 of Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Model Rules, 371
2016
Annexure-Q Form-19 of Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Model Rules, 372
2016
Annexure-R Form-20 of Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Model Rules, 374
2016
Annexure-S Form-21 of Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Model Rules, 375
2016
Annexure-T Form-22 of Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Model Rules, 376
2016
Annexure-U Form-25 of Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Model Rules, 382
2016
Annexure-V Form-26 of Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Model Rules, 384
2016
Annexure-W Questionnaires of survey 386
x
List of Publications 434-504
List of Papers Presented in Conference 505-507
Similarity Verification Certificate
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACRWC The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
CCL Child in Conflict with Law
CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination
against Women
CNCP Children in Need of Care and Protection
CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child
CRIN Child Rights International Network
Cr.P.C. The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
CrPC Act, 2005 The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2005
CSA Child Sexual Abuse
DCPU District Child Protection Unit
DLSA District Legal Service Authorities
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
FDR Fixed Deposit Receipt
FIR First Information Report
HAMA, 1956 Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act 1956
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
IPC Indian Penal Code, 1860
IEA Indian Evidence Act, 1872
JJ Act, 2000 Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000
JJ Act, 2015 Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015
JJ Rules, 2007 Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Rules, 2007
JJ Model Rules, 2016 Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Model Rules,
2016
MWCD Ministry of Women and Child Development
NCPCR The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights
xii
NPAC National Plan of Action for Children
NCBR National Centre for Research and Development
OPAC The Optional Protocol to the CRC on the Involvement of
Children in Armed Conflict
OPSC The Optional Protocol to the CRC on the Sale of Children, Child
Prostitution and Child Photography
POCSO Act, 2012 The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012
POCSO Rules, 2012 Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012
POCSO Rules, 2020 Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Rules, 2020
PCMA, 2006 The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006
PNDT Act, 1994 Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of
Misuse) Act, 1994
RCR Recent Criminal Reports
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SJPU Special Juvenile Police Unit
STD Sexually Transmitted Diseases
UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
UNCRC United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1992
UDHR Universal Declaration of the Human Rights
UNGA United Nations General Assembly
WHO World Health Organization
xiii
LIST OF CASES
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• Abuzar Hossain alias Gulam Hussain vs. State of West Bengal (2012) 10 SCC 489.
• Accused X vs. State of Maharashtra (2019) 7 SCC 1.
• Akash alias Nirmal Mishra vs. State of U.P. Law Finder Doc id # 1768211.
• Ankush Shivaji Gaikwad vs. State of Maharashtra (2013) 6 SCC 770.
• Aparna Bhat vs. State of Madhya Pradesh (SC) Criminal Appeal No. 329 of 2021 D.O.
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• Arjan Singh vs. State of Punjab AIR 1970 SC 703.
• Arunachalam vs. State MANU/TN/4001/2016.
• Ashwani Gupta vs. Government of India 2005 (117) DLT 112.
• Ashwini Kumar Saxena vs. State of Madhya Pradesh (2012)9 SCC 750.
• Bachan Singh vs. State of Punjab (1980) 2 SCC 684.
• B.C. Deva vs. State of Karnataka (2007) 12 SCC 122.
• Bantu @ Naresh Giri vs. State of M.P. (2001) 9 SCC 615.
• Baby vs. State of U.P. and Ors. MANU/UP/2628/2016.
• Bhupinder Sharma vs. State of Himachal Pradesh (2003) 8 SCC 551.
• Bijoy vs. The State of West Bengal MANU/WB/0140/2017.
• Bimal Kaur Khalsa vs. Union of India AIR 1988 P&H 95.
• Birad Mal Singhvi vs Anand Purohit AIR 1988 SC 1796.
• Budha Singh Tamang vs. State of Sikkim MANU/SI/0008/2016.
• Chinta Ram vs. State of Uttrakhand (2018) (103) ALL CC 259.
• Court on its Own motion (Lajja Devi) vs. State and Ors. 2012 (4) RCR (Civil) 821.
• Court on its Own Motion vs. The State of Jharkhand and Ors. MANU/JH/1930/2006.
• Court on its Own Motion vs. State of Punjab and Ors 2013 (2) RCR (Crl.) 606.
• Court on its Own motion vs. State of Punjab CRWP - 496-2015 D.O. 30.03.2015.
• Damodhar vs. The State of Maharashtra 2015 ALL MR (Cri) 4825.
• Deo Narain Mandal vs. State of U.P. (2004) 7 SCC 257.
• Devinder Singh and Ors. vs. State of Himachal Pradesh (2003) 11 SCC 488.
• Dinesh @ Buddha vs. State of Rajasthan (2006) 3 SCC 771.
• Gopakumar vs. State of Kerala 2013 (1) RCR (Cri) 809.
• Guria Swayam Sevi Sansthan vs. State of U.P. and Ors. MANU/UP/1482/2015.
• Gyanaranjan Behera vs. State of Odisha 2020 SCC Online Ori 937.
• Hari Singh vs. Sukhbir Singh (1998) 4 SCC 551.
• Her Majesty The Queen vs. DOL (1993) 4 SCR 419.
xiv
• High Court of Punjab and Haryana vs. M/s. Atma Tube Products Ltd. & Ors (1995) 1
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• Independent Thought vs. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 800.
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• In Re: The Registrar (Judicial) High Court MANU/TN/1941/2017.
• Jarnail Singh vs. State of Haryana (2013) 7 SCC 263.
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• K. Manival vs. State the Inspector Police All Women Police Station Dindigul District
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• Krishan Kumar Minor through his Mother vs. State of Haryana CRM-M-19907-2020
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• Lalo Yadav vs. State of Bihar MANU/BH/0699/2017.
• M. Subramaniam vs. The State of Tamil Nadu and Ors. MANU/TN/0704/2016.
• Madan Gopal Kakkad vs. Naval Dubey and another (1992) 3 SCC 204.
• Maghar Singh alias Manga vs. State of Punjab 2012 (3) R. C.R. (Criminal) 94.
• Mahadeo vs. State of Maharashtra (2013) 14 SCC 637.
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• Master Bholu vs. State of Haryana 2020 (3) RCR (Crl.) 160.
• Mohammad Imran vs. State (Government of NCT of Delhi) 2012 (1) R. C. R (Criminal)
75.
• Mohd. Akhtar vs. State of Jammu and Kashmir W.P. (Cri) 85 of 2018 D.O. May 07,
2018.
• Mohinder Singh Nain vs. Union of India & Ors. CWP No. @0014 of 2012 D.O. April 2,
2013.
• Monu vs. State of U.P. 2011 (74) ACC 353.
• Mother Minor Victim No.1 and 2 vs. State and Another WP(Crl.) 3244 of 2019 D.O.
June 06, 2020.
• Mrs. S vs. the Superintendent of Prison and Ors. WP No.20261 of 2021 D.O. November
16, 2021.
xv
• Ms. X vs. State of Jharkhand and Ors. (2019) 2 SCC 703.
• Mukesh vs. State (NCT of Delhi) (2017) 6 SCC 1.
• Murugasamy vs. The State and Ors. MANU/TN/3153/2017.
• Muskan and Ors. vs. The State of Maharashtra MANU/MH/0749/2017.
• Mustafa vs. State of Haryana MANU/PH/2196/2022.
• Nadiraja vs. State of UP and Ors. MANU/UP/1646/2016.
• Naresh Shridhar Mirajkar vs. State of Maharashtra AIR 1967 SC 1.
• Nari@ Narendra Barik vs. State of Odisha MANU/OR/0184/2021.
• Nipun Saxena and Anr. vs. Union of India and Ors. W.P. (C) No. 565 of 2012 D.O.
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• Nivedita Jha vs. State of Bihar 2018 SCC Online SC 1616.
• Niyamat Ali vs. State of U.P and Ors. MANU/UP/1102/2016.
• Om Prakash vs. State of Rajasthan and Anr. (2012) 5 SCC 201.
• Panch Lal vs. State of U.P. (2017) 4 RLW (RAJ).
• Pintu vs. State of UP MANU/ UP/1549/2017.
• Prahlad Sharma vs. State of Rajasthan and Ors MANU/RH/2545/2015.
• Preeti and Anr. vs. State of Haryana and Ors. CRWP – 4181-2020(O&M) D.O.
16.10.2020
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• Ravinder Singh Gorkhi vs. State of UP 2006 (5) SCC 584.
xvi
• Ravneet Kaur and Anr. vs. State of Punjab and Ors. CRWP -5929-2021 D.O.
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xvii
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xviii
• Yogesh Arjun Maral vs. The State of Maharashtra MANU/MH/2507/2015.
• Yuvraj and Ors. vs. State of Rajasthan MANU/RH/0785/2017.
• Zahira Habibulla H. Sheikh & Anr. vs. State of Gujarat & Ors. (2004) 4 SCC 158.
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Nos. Figure Description Page No.
Figure 1.1 Processes under The POCSO Act, 2012 28
Figure 2.1 Duties of Investigating Officer 64
Figure 3.1 Duties of Special Court 116
Figure 3.2 Procedure before the Children Court 155-156
Figure 5.1 Duties of Child Welfare Committee 257
Figure 5.2 Duties of Support Person 267
Figure 5.3 Components of Comprehensive Healthcare Response 275
Figure 5.4 Diagrammatic Overview of One Stop Centre 278
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