PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
Freud (1905) proposed that psychological development in childhood takes
place in a series of fixed psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency,
and genital.
These are called psychosexual stages because each stage represents the
fixation of libido (roughly translated as sexual drives or instincts) on a
different area of the body. As a person grows physically certain areas of their
body become important as sources of potential frustration (erogenous
zones), pleasure or both.
In describing human personality development as psychosexual Freud meant
to convey that what develops is the way in which sexual energy accumulates
and is discharged as we mature biologically. (NB Freud used the term ‘sexual’
in a very general way to mean all pleasurable actions and thoughts).
Freud stressed that the first five years of life are crucial to the formation of
adult personality. The id must be controlled in order to satisfy social
demands; this sets up a conflict between frustrated wishes and social norms.
The ego and superego develop in order to exercise this control and direct the
need for gratification into socially acceptable channels. Gratification centers
in different areas of the body at different stages of growth, making the
conflict at each stage psychosexual.
The Role of Conflict
Each of the psychosexual stages is associated with a particular conflict that
must be resolved before the Individual can successfully advance to the next
stage. The resolution of each of these conflicts requires the expenditure of
sexual energy and the more energy that is expended at a particular stage,
the more the important characteristics of that stage remain with the
individual as he/she matures psychologically.
To explain this Freud suggested the analogy of military troops on the march.
As the troops advance, they are met by opposition or conflict. If they are
highly successful in winning the battle (resolving the conflict), then most of
the troops (libido) will be able to move on to the next battle (stage). But the
greater the difficulty encountered at any particular point, the greater the
need for troops to remain behind to fight and thus the fewer that will be able
to go on to the next confrontation.
Frustration, Overindulgence, and Fixation
Some people do not seem to be able to leave one stage and proceed on to
the next. One reason for this may be that the needs of the developing
individual at any particular stage may not have been adequately met in
which case there is frustration.
Or possibly the person's needs may have been so well satisfied that he/she
is reluctant to leave the psychological benefits of a particular stage in which
there is overindulgence.
Both frustration and overindulgence (or any combination of the two) may
lead to what psychoanalysts call fixation at a particular psychosexual stage.
Fixation refers to the theoretical notion that a portion of the individual's libido
has been permanently 'invested' in a particular stage of his development. It
is assumed that some libido is permanently invested in each psychosexual
stage and thus each person will behave in some ways that are characteristic
of infancy, or early childhood.
Psychosexual Stages of Development
Oral Stage (0-1 year)
In the first stage of personality development, the libido is centered in a
baby’s mouth. It gets much satisfaction from putting all sorts of things in its
mouth to satisfy the libido, and thus its id demands. Which at this stage in
life are oral, or mouth orientated, such as sucking, biting, and breastfeeding.
Freud said oral stimulation could lead to an oral fixation in later life. We see
oral personalities all around us such as smokers, nail-biters, finger-chewers,
and thumb suckers. Oral personalities engage in such oral behaviors,
particularly when under stress.
Anal Stage (1-3 years)
The libido now becomes focused on the anus, and the child derives great
pleasure from defecating. The child is now fully aware that they are a person
in their own right and that their wishes can bring them into conflict with the
demands of the outside world (i.e., their ego has developed). Freud believed
that this type of conflict tends to come to a head in potty training, in which
adults impose restrictions on when and where the child can defecate. The
nature of this first conflict with authority can determine the child’s future
relationship with all forms of authority.
Phallic Stage (3 to 5 or 6 years)
Sensitivity now becomes concentrated in the genitals and masturbation (in
both sexes) becomes a new source of pleasure. The child becomes aware of
anatomical sex differences, which sets in motion the conflict between erotic
attraction, resentment, rivalry, jealousy and fear which Freud called the
Oedipus complex (in boys) and the Electra complex (in girls). The most
important aspect of the phallic stage is the Oedipus complex. This is one of
Freud’s most controversial ideas and one that many people reject outright.
The name of the Oedipus complex derives from the Greek myth where
Oedipus, a young man, kills his father and marries his mother. Upon
discovering this, he pokes his eyes out and becomes blind. This Oedipal is
the generic (i.e., general) term for both Oedipus and Electra complexes.
In the young boy, the Oedipus complex or more correctly, conflict, arises
because the boy develops sexual (pleasurable) desires for his mother. He
wants to possess his mother exclusively and get rid of his father to enable
him to do so. Irrationally, the boy thinks that if his father were to find out
about all this, his father would take away what he loves the most. During the
phallic stage what the boy loves most is his penis. Hence the boy develops
castration anxiety.
Freud (1909) offered the “Little Hans” case study as evidence of the Oedipus
complex. For girls, the Oedipus or Electra complex is less than satisfactory.
Briefly, the girl desires the father, but realizes that she does not have a
penis. This leads to the development of penis envy and the wish to be a boy.
The girl resolves this by repressing her desire for her father and substituting
the wish for a penis with the wish for a baby. The girl blames her mother for
her ‘castrated state,’
And this creates great tension. The girl then represses her feelings (to
remove the tension) and identifies with the mother to take on the female
gender role.
Latency Stage (5 or 6 to puberty)
No further psychosexual development takes place during this stage
(latent means hidden). The libido is dormant. Freud thought that most sexual
impulses are repressed during the latent stage, and sexual energy can be
sublimated (re: defense mechanisms) towards school work, hobbies, and
friendships.
Much of the child’s energy is channelled into developing new skills and
acquiring new knowledge, and play becomes largely confined to other
children of the same gender.
Genital Stage (puberty to adult)
This is the last stage of Freud’s psychosexual theory of personality
development and begins in puberty. It is a time of adolescent sexual
experimentation, the successful resolution of which is settling down in a
loving one-to-one relationship with another person in our 20’s. Sexual
instinct is directed to heterosexual pleasure, rather than self-pleasure like
during the phallic stage.
For Freud, the proper outlet of the sexual instinct in adults was through
heterosexual intercourse. Fixation and conflict may prevent this with the
consequence that sexual perversions may develop.
For example, fixation at the oral stage may result in a person gaining sexual
pleasure primarily from kissing and oral sex, rather than sexual intercourse.
