Jamia Millia Islamia
A Central University
CS-201:Fundamentals
of Computing
Mr. Hannan Mansoor
Department of Computer Engineering
Unit 1: BASICS OF COMPUTERS
Computer fundamentals, Number system,
Bits and Bytes, decimal number system,
CPU, Binary number system,
Memory, octal number system,
Types of memory, hexadecimal number system.
Input and output devices, Generation of computer,
Operating system, Classification of computer.
applications software’s,
system software.
CS201
Number System
Number System: It is a technique to represent numbers in Computer System.
Number Learning at initial stage - I II III IIII IIIII
Computer knows about Electrical signals : Off and On ;
On – 1 Off – 0
Binary Number System:
No of unique Symbols = 2
0,1
Computer understands machine language/Binary Language.
Decimal Number System:
No of unique Symbols = 10
0, 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5 , 6 , 7, 8, 9
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Base /Radix
Base/Radix :
No of allowed symbols
No of Symbols used in Number System.
(N)b
Where N = Number
And b = Base /Radix
(1)2 = Binary Number , (1)10 = Decimal Number one
(0)2 = Binary Number , (0)10 = Decimal Number zero
(2)2 = Binary Number (Wrong Representation) , (2)10 = Decimal Number two
CS201
Base /Radix representation
(3)10 = Decimal Number Three
(4)10 = Decimal Number four
(5)10 = Decimal Number five
(6)10 = Decimal Number six
(7)10 = Decimal Number seven
(8)10 = Decimal Number Eight
(9)10 = Decimal Number Nine
(10)10 = Decimal Number (combination of 2 decimal nos or decimal symbols) Ten
(10)2 = Binary Number Two
CS201
Number Systems
Binary number system (Base - 2)
Octal number system (Base - 8)
Decimal number system (Base - 10)
Hexadecimal number system (Base - 16)
CS201
Number System used in Computers
Binary Number System:
2 Unique Symbols
1,0
(1)2
Decimal Number System:
10 Unique Symbols
0, 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5 , 6 , 7, 8, 9
(1)10
CS201
Number System used in Computers
Octal Number System: 8 Unique Symbols
0, 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5 , 6 , 7
(1)8
Hexadecimal Number System: 16 Unique Symbols
0, 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5 , 6 , 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
A= 10 , B=11, C=12, D =13, E =14, F=15
(1)16, (A)16
20 = 1, 21 = 2, 22 = 4, 23 = 8, 24 = 16, 25 = 32
CS201
Number System and Base Conversions
Electronic and Digital systems may use a variety of different number systems, (e.g.
Decimal, Hexadecimal, Octal, Binary).
A number N in base or radix b can be written as:
(N)b = dn-1 dn-2 -- -- -- -- d1 d0 . d-1 d-2 -- -- -- -- d-m
In the above, dn-1 to d0 is the integer part, then follows a radix point, and then d-1 to
d-m is the fractional part.
dn-1 = Most significant bit (MSB)
d-m = Least significant bit (LSB)
CS201
Conversion of Numbers
CS201
Decimal to Binary Conversion
(Whole Number)
CS201
Decimal to Binary
Q 2. Convert Decimal Number into (10)10 = ( ? )2
Solution:
22
2 10
10
10
22 55 00
22 22 11
2 11 0
0 1
(1010)2
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Q 3. Convert Decimal Number into (69)10 = ( ? )2
2 69 R
2 34 1
2 17 0
2 8 1
2 4 0
2 2 0
2 1 0
0 1
(1000101)2
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Q 4. Convert Decimal Number into (55)10 = ( ? )2 = ( ?)8
2 55 8 55
2 27 1 8 6 7
2 13 1 0 6
2 6 1
2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1
Stop
(110111)2 = (67)8
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Q 5. Convert Decimal Number into (179)10 = ( ?)8
8 179
8 22 3
8 2 6
0 2
(263)8
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Q 6. Convert Decimal Number into (179)10 = ( ?)16
16 179
16 11 3
0 11 = B
Stop
(B3)16
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Q 7. Convert Decimal Number into (881)10 = ( ?)16
16 881
16 55 1
16 3 7
0 3
Stop
(371)16
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Q 8. Convert Decimal Number into (179)10 =(263)8 = (B3)16= (?) 9
9 179
9 19 8
9 2 1
0 2
Stop
(218)9
CS201
Decimal Number System Other Number Systems
(Binary, Octal,Hexadecimal)
Other Number System (Binary, Octal,Hexadecimal)
Decimal Number System
CS201
(1010)2 = ( ? )10
(1*23 + 0*22 + 1*21 + 0*20 ) =
(1*8 + 0*2 + 1*2 + 0*1 ) = 8+0+2+ 0 = 10
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(100101)2 = ( ? )10
(1 *25 + 0*24 +0*23 + 1*22 + 0*21 + 1*20 ) = (32 + 0 + 0 +4 + 0 + 1) = 37.
Octal to Decimal Number (1010)8 = ( ? )10
(1*83 + 0*82 + 1*81 + 0*80 ) = (512 + 0 + 8 + 0) = 520
Octal to Decimal Number (567)8 = ( ? )10
(5*82 + 6*81 + 7*80 ) = (5*64 + 6*8 +7*1) = 375
CS201
Octal to Decimal and Hexadecimal to Decimal
Q1. Octal to Decimal Number (3456787)8 = ( ? )10
Solution: (Not a valid Question, Symbol 8 does not exist in Octal number system.)
(3456787)8
Q2. Hexadecimal to Decimal Number (1010)16 = ( ? )10
(1*163 + 0*162 + 1*161 + 0*160 ) = ( 1* 4096 + 0 + 1 * 16 + 0) = 4112
Q3. Hexadecimal to Decimal Number (A1B2)16 = ( ? )10
(A*163 + 1*162 + B*161 + 2*160 ) = (10* 4096 + 1 *256 + 11*16 + 2 *1) = 41394
CS201
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Q 4. Hexadecimal to Decimal Number (F0C)16 = ( ? )10
Solution: (F*162 + 0*161 + C*160 ) = (15*256 + 0*16 + 12*1 ) =
(3852)10
Q5. (45678)9= ( ? )10
Solution: (4*94 + 5*93 + 6*92 + 7*91 + 8*90) = (4*6561 + 5 * 729 +6*81+ 7*9 + 8*1)
( 30446)10
CS201
Decimal Values / Floating Point Numbers
Binary to Decimal
E. g: 1) (100101.011)2 = ( ? )10
Solution:
(1 *25 + 0*24 +0*23 + 1*22 + 0*21 + 1*20 + 0*2-1 + 1*2-2 + 1*2-3)
CS201
Octal to Decimal
Octal to Decimal Number (567.34)8 = ( ? )10
Solution:
Whole Number = (5*82 + 6*81 + 7*80 ) = (5*64 + 6*8 +7*1) = 375
3∗8 +4 ∗1
Decimal Values- Floating values = (3*8-1 + 4*8-2 )= (3/8 + 4/64) = 64
=.4375
Combining Whole Number and Floating point Number, we get
375.4375
Answer
CS201
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Hexadecimal to Decimal Number (F0C.A1)16 = ( ? )10
Solution:
Whole Number:
(F*162 + 0*161 + C*160 ) = (15*256 + 0*16 + 12*1 ) = (3852)10
Floating Point Number:
10∗16 +1∗1
(A*16-1 + 1*16-2 ) = (10/16+ 1/256 ) = = 161/256 = .6289
256
Combining Whole Number and Floating Number
3852.6289
CS201
Decimal to Binary
Question. Decimal to Binary (123.25)10 = ( ? )2
Solution:
Whole Number ( 123)10 = ( 1111011)2
Floating Point values (0.25) = (.01)
Combine them
= (1111011.01)2
CS201
Question. Decimal to Binary (.33)10 = ( ? )2
CS201
Decimal to Binary
Question. Convert (10.32)10 into binary.
Step 2: Fractional Part-
Step1: Integer Part – 0.30 * 2 = 0.60
0.60 * 2 = 1.20
0.20 * 2 = 0.40 Step 3: Answer:
2 10
2 5 0
0.40 * 2 = 0.80 Combining Integer Part and
0.80 * 2 = 1.60 Fractional Part
2 2 1
2 1 0 0.60 * 2 = 1.20 (1010.0100110011)2
0 1 0.20 * 2 = 0.40
0.40 * 2 = 0.80
0.80 * 2 = 1.60
0.60 * 2 = 1.20
Note: Keep multiplying the fractional
part with 2 until decimal part 0.00 is
obtained. CS201
Decimal to Binary
Question. Convert (10.25)10 into binary.
Step1: Integer Part – Step 2: Fractional Part- Step 3: Answer:
0.25 * 2 = 0.50 Combining Integer Part and
2 10
0.50 * 2 = 1.00 Fractional Part
2 5 0
(1010.0100)2
2 2 1
2 1 0
0 1
CS201
Decimal to Octal
Question. Convert (10.25)10 into Octal.
Step1: Integer Part – Step 2: Fractional Part- Step 3: Answer:
0.25 * 8 = 2.00 Combining Integer Part and
8 10
Fractional Part
8 1 2
(12.2)8
0 1
CS201
Decimal to Hexadecimal
Question. Convert (10.25)10 into Hexadecimal.
Step1: Integer Part – Step 2: Fractional Part- Step 3: Answer:
0.25 * 16 = 4.00 Combining Integer Part and
16 10
Fractional Part
0 10 =A
(A.4)16
CS201
Decimal to other base/Radix
Question. Convert (10.25)10 into Radix 6.
Step1: Integer Part – Step 2: Fractional Part- Step 3: Answer:
0.25 * 6 = 1.50 Combining Integer Part and
6 10
0.50 * 6 = 3.00 Fractional Part
6 1 4
(14.13)6
0 1
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Step1: Integer Part – Step 2: Fractional Part- Step 3: Answer:
Combining Integer Part and
Fractional Part
(14.13)6
CS201
Binary to Decimal
Find the positional value of each digit of the binary number.
Start finding the positional value from the least significant digit to the most
significant digit.
Multiply the positional value with the respective digits.
Now take the sum.
Final obtained value is the Decimal Number.
CS201
Binary to Decimal
Question. Convert (1110.101)2 into Decimal.
Step1: Position each digit according to the place value
1 1 1 0 . 1 0 1
3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
Multiply positional value with respective digits
.
1 1 1 0 . 1 0 1
23 22 21 20 2-1 2-2 2-3
Sum them
1*8 1*4 1 *2 0* 1 . 1/2 0/4 1/8
(14.625)10
CS201
Octal to Decimal
Question. Convert (1110.101)8 into Decimal.
Step1: Position each digit according to the place value
1 1 1 0 . 1 0 1
3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
Multiply positional value with respective digits
.
1 1 1 0 . 1 0 1
83 82 81 80 8-1 8-2 8-3
Sum them
1 *512 1 *64 1 *8 0* 1 . 1/8 0/64 1/512
(584.126953125)10
CS201
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Question. Convert (1110.101)16 into Decimal.
Step1: Position each digit according to the place value
1 1 1 0 . 1 0 1
3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
Multiply positional value with respective digits
.
1 1 1 0 . 1 0 1
163 162 161 160 16-1 16-2 16-3
Sum them
1 *4096 1 *256 1 *16 0* 1 . 1/16 0/256 1/4096
(4368.0627441406)10
CS201
Other Number System to Decimal
Question. Convert (1110.101)5 into Decimal.
Step1: Position each digit according to the place value
1 1 1 0 . 1 0 1
3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
Multiply positional value with respective digits
.
1 1 1 0 . 1 0 1
53 52 51 50 5-1 5-2 5-3
Sum them
1 *125 1 *25 1 *5 0* 1 . 1/5 0/25 1/ 125
(155.208)10
CS201
Other Number System to Decimal
Question. Convert (1110.101)6 into Decimal.
Step1: Position each digit according to the place value
1 1 1 0 . 1 0 1
3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
Multiply positional value with respective digits
.
1 1 1 0 . 1 0 1
63 62 61 60 6-1 6-2 6-3
Sum them
1 *125 1 *25 1 *5 0* 1 . 1/5 0/25 1/ 125
(258.171296296)10
CS201
Binary to Octal
Question. Convert (1110.101)2 into Octal.
Divide the binary number into groups containing three digits. Start the grouping
from right.
Convert each group into a octal digit.
1 110 101
1 6 5
Answer (16.5)8
CS201
Binary to Hexadecimal
Question. Convert (1110.101)2 into Hexadecimal.
Divide the binary number into groups containing four digits. Start the grouping from
right.
Convert each group into a hexadecimal digit.
1110 1010
14=E 10 = A
Answer (E.A)8
CS201
Octal to Binary
Question. Convert (65.13)8 into Binary.
Convert each octal digit into a three digit binary.
Combine them, the binary equivalent is obtained.
6 5 . 1 3
1 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 1
Solution : 110101.001011
CS201
Hexadecimal to Binary
Question. Convert (A5.13)16 into Binary.
Convert each hexadecimal digit into a four digit binary.
Combine them, the binary equivalent is obtained.
A=10 5 . 1 3
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
Solution 10100101.00010011
CS201
Octal
Decimal Binary
Hexadecimal
CS201
Converting a number from a base to another
base
Converting a number from a base to another base, We need to follow the
given process:
Base 5 Base 10 Binary
Base 7 Base 10 Base 3
Binary Base 10 Base 4
Base 6 Base 10 Base 8
CS201
Questions for Practice
The hexadecimal representation of 6578 is
A: 1AF
B: D78
C: D71
D: 32F
CS201
Solution
We can first convert to Binary, we get 110 101 111. Then convert binary to base 16, we get 1AF
(0001 1010 1111).
(657)base 8=
Writing binary of each digit=> 110=6
=> 101=5
=> 111=7
Adding extra 0’s I beginning to make groups of 4 binary digits each
000110101111= 0001 1010 1111
In octal
0001 =1
1010 =A
1111 =F
So Ans is (A) part.
CS201
Questions for Practice
Consider the equation (43)x = (y3)8 where x and y are unknown. The number of possible solutions is
________.
(A) 3
(B) 4
(C) 5
(D) 6
Solution:
3 + 4x = 3 + 8y where 0 <= y = 5 (because the number represented in base x is 34)
x = 2y and 0 <= y <= 7
The following are possible solutions
y = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
x = 6, 8, 10, 12, 14
CS201
Questions for Practice
Consider the equation (123)5 = (x8)y with x and y as unknown. The number of possible solutions is
_____ .
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
Solution:
Explanation: Changing (123) base 5 into base 10= 1*25+2*5+3*1=38
Changing x8 base y in decimal= x*y+8
Equating both we get xy+8=38
xy=30
possible combinations =(1,30),(2,15),(3,10)
but we have ‘8’ present in x8 so base y>8
as all three are satisfying the conditions so total solutions =3 hence ans is ( C) part
CS201
Questions for Practice
(1217)8 is equivalent to
A (1217)16
B (028F)16
C (2297)10
D (0B17)16
Explanation: (1217)8 = (001 010 001 111)8 = (0010 1000 1111) = (28F)16
CS201
Reference Books
Thareja, R. Computer Fundamentals & Programming in C”, Oxford University
Press
Kamthane, A. N. (2011). Programming in C, 2/e. Pearson Education India.
Doja, M. N. (2005). Fundamentals of Computers and Information Technology
Yashwant, K. Let us C. 8th edition, BPB publication.
Balagurusamy, E. (2012). programming in ANSI C. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
Ritchie, D. M., Kernighan, B. W., & Lesk, M. E. (1988). The C programming
language. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Herbert Schildt C-The Complete Reference., Tata McGraw Hill Edition
CS201
https://www.cuemath.com/numbers/number-systems/
https://www.rapidtables.com/math/number/Numeral_system.html
https://www.mepits.com/tutorial/388/basic-electronics/number-system-conversions
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/binary/bin_4.html
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/number-system-and-base-conversions/
https://decimal-to-binary.com/decimal-to-binary-converter-online.html
CS201
Thank You
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