TRANSPORTATION

TRANSPORTATION IN HUMAN BEINGS

1. What are the components of transport system in human beings? What are
the functions of these components?
Ans: In human being for transport of various substances, a well-developed
circulatory system is present. Main components of the circulatory system are heart,
blood vessels and blood.
Heart: It pumps the blood and circulate the blood in the whole body continuously.
Blood vessels: Three kinds of blood vessels they are
i) Arteries-Arteries are thick blood vessels which carry blood from the heart to all
parts of the body.
ii) Veins: Veins are the thin walled blood vessels which carry blood from all the
parts of the body back to the heart.
ii) Capillaries: Capillaries are the thin and narrow blood vessels in which exchange
of materials between the blood and surrounding cells takes place.
Blood: It is a fluid connective tissue which transport food, oxygen, waste
materials, hormones etc. from one part of the body to another.
2. Name the components of blood and write the functions of each.
Ans: Plasma, RBC, WBC and platelets
Plasma: The fluid medium of blood, in which cells are suspended. Plasma
transports food, carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form.
RBC: They help in transport of oxygen and some amount of carbon dioxide.
WBC: They protect the body from infections.
Platelets: They help in clotting of blood and minimize the loss of blood from the
body.
3.Describe the structure of human heart.
Ans: * The human heart is a muscular organ, which is as s big our fist.
*Heart is enclosed in a double walled membranous sac known as pericardium
*It is four chambered and is completely divided into the left and right halves, to
prevent the mixing up of oxygenated blood and the de oxygenated blood.
*The upper thin walled chambers are called atria and lower thick-walled chambers
are called ventricles
*Valves are present, which prevent the backward flow of blood.
*Superior and inferior venacava supply blood to the right atrium.
*Pulmonary artery carries the deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the
lungs for purification.
*Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
*The oxygenated blood is pumped into the largest artery, the aorta from the left
ventricle.
4. Describe the flow of blood during a heart beat.
Ans: *The oxygen-rich blood is brought into the left atrium of heart by pulmonary
veins
*The carbon dioxide -rich blood from all parts of the body is brought into the right
atrium, by upper venacava and lower venacava.
*When the atria contract, blood is pushed into the respective ventricles, which are
relaxing.
*When the ventricles contract, blood from the right ventricle is pumped to the
lungs through pulmonary artery; blood from the left ventricle is pumped to all parts
of the body, through aorta, which branches to supply blood to all the parts or
organs of the body.
5.Draw the sectional view of human heart and label all parts.
Refer text book .
6. Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary?
Ans*Double circulation refers to the flow of blood twice through the heart,
during each cycle of transport through the body.
*The deoxygenated blood is brought to the right atrium of the heart, by inferior
vena cava and superior vena cava.
*From here, the blood moves into the right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs
through pulmonary artery.
*The oxygenated blood is brought to the left atrium by pulmonary veins.
*From here, the blood moves into the left ventricle, which pumps it to all parts of
the body through aorta.
Significance:
*Such separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood makes a highly efficient
supply of oxygen to the body.
*It is necessary for animals (birds and mammals) which have high energy needs, as
they constantly use energy to maintain their body temperature.
7. List in tabular form the structural and functional differences between
arteries and veins.
ARTERIES VEINS
i. These are blood vessels, which carry i. These are blood vessels, which carry
the blood from the heart to different the blood from different tissue or
tissues /organs. organs to the heart.
ii. Arteries have thick wall and a ii.Veins have a thin wall and a large
narrow lumen. lumen.
iii.They do not have valves iii.They have valves.
iv.Blood flows with high pressure. iv.Blood does not exert any pressure.
v. All arteries carry oxygenated blood v. All veins carry deoxygenated blood
except pulmonary artery. except pulmonary veins.

8. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and de oxygenated blood in

mammals and birds?
Ans: The separation of right side and left side of the heart is useful to keep
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing. The separation allows a highly
efficient supply of oxygen to the body which is useful in animals having high
energy needs such as birds and mammals. These animals use their energy to
maintain their body temperature constantly (warm-blooded animals).
9.Blood pressure: Ans: Refer text book.
10.What is blood clotting?
Ans: It is the mechanism that prevents the loss of blood at the site of any injury or
wound by forming a blood clot .The blood has platelet cells which circulate
around the body and plug these leaks by helping to clot the blood at these point of
injury to prevent it from excessive bleeding.
11. What is lymph? Write its functions.
Ans: Lymph is a fluid connective tissue. Though the pores present in the walls of
capillaries some amount of plasma, proteins and blood cells escape into the
intercellular spaces in the tissues to form the tissue fluid or lymph. It is similar to
the plasma of the blood but colourless and contains less proteins. Lymph drains
into lymphatic capillaries from the intercellular spaces which join to form a large
lymph vessels.
Functions: (i) Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from small intestine
(ii)drains excess fluid from extra cellular space back into the blood. (iii)It protect
the body by killing the germs with the help of WBCs present in it.
12. Differentiate between blood and Lymph.
Blood Lymph
1. Red in colour 1. Colourless
2. RBCs are present 2. RBCs are absent
3. Contains more proteins 3. Contains less proteins.
4. Flows fast through the blood 4. Flows slow through the lymph
vessels vessels.
5. Blood flow starts from the heart 5. Lymph flow starts from the
and ends in the heart. tissue spaces and joins with the
6. Circulates through the body in vena cava.
both directions. 6. Flows only in one direction.

TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS
1. Plants use slow transport system. Why?
Ans: Plants have slow transport system because, plants do not move, and plant
bodies have a large proportion of dead cells in many tissues. As a result, plants
have low energy needs.
2. Which are the two pathways of transport system in plants?
Ans: The two pathways are constructed as conducting tubes
i) Xylem (conduct water and minerals absorbed by the roots to upper parts/
leaves. ii) Phloem (conduct products of photosynthesis from the leaves to other
parts.)
3. How does the water enters into the roots from the soil? How does this water
reach the tree tops?
OR How are water and minerals transported in plants?
Ans: The root cells in contact with the soil actively take up mineral ions. This
creates a difference in the osmotic concentration between the root cells and the
soil. So, water enters the roots cells to eliminate the difference.
The transport of water to the tree top from the roots takes place by
*The xylem vessels and tracheids of roots, stem and leaves are inter connected to
form a continuous system of water conducting channels reaching all parts of plants.
*The water that is lost in transpiration through stomata is replaced by water from
the xylem vessels /tracheids in the leaves.
*Evaporation of water from the leaf cells create a suction, which pulls the water
from the xylem of roots. It is called transpiration pull and the major driving force
in the movement of water in xylem.
4. Define transpiration and write its functions.
Transpiration: The loss of water in the form of water vapour from the areal parts
of the plant.
Functions of transpiration
i) Transpiration helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and
minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves through xylem.
ii) Helps to remove excess water from the plant.
iii) Helps to regulate the temperature of the plant.
5. Define translocation. How is food translocated in plants?
Ans: The transport of soluble products of photosynthesis through phloem is
called translocation.
*Phloem transports sucrose, amino acids and other substances.
*The translocation of substances takes place in the sieve tubes with the help of
adjacent companion cells both in upward and downward directions.
*The translocation in phloem is achieved by utilizing energy from ATP.This
increases the osmotic pressure of the tissue causing water to move into it. This
pressure moves the material in the phloem to tissues which have less pressure. This
allows the phloem to move materials according to plants need.
6. Differentiate between transportation in xylem and in phloem
Xylem transportation Phloem transportation
i)Transport of water and minerals I)Transport of food
ii)Unidirectional ii)Bidirectional
iii)Root pressure, capillary action and iii)Requires energy in the form of ATP,
transpiration pull are the driving forces and influence of osmotic pressure
Iv)Tracheids and vessels are the main iv) Sieve tubes and companion cells are
components the main components.

EXCRETION
Excretion: The biological process involved in the removal of harmful nitrogenous
waste (Ammonia, urea, Uric acid) materials from the body is called excretion.
*Different organisms use different strategies.
*Unicellular organisms by simple diffusion whereas multicellular organisms use
specialised organs to perform the same function.

EXCRETION IN HUMANBEINGS
1. Explain the functions of different parts of excretory system of human being.
Ans: The excretory system of human being includes a pair of kidneys, a pair of
ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra.
Kidneys: Kidneys are located in the abdomen, one on either side of the backbone.
They produce urine and removes the nitrogenous wastes such as urea and uric acid
from the blood.
Ureters: Urine formed in each kidney is carried by the long tube called ureter to
the urinary bladder
Urinary bladder: It act as a reservoir that stores urine before being discharged to
the outside.
Urethra: Urine is passed out from the body through urethra.
2. Draw and label the diagram of excretory system in human beings.
Refer text book

3. What are nephrons?

Ans: Each kidney is made up of excretory filtration units called nephrons.
These are considered as the functional units of kidney. It consists of a long-coiled
tubule whose one end is connected to the double walled cup like structure of
Bowman’s capsule and the other end to a collecting duct of a kidney. The
Bowman’s capsule contains a bundle of blood capillaries called glomerulus. The
function of glomerulus is to filter the blood passing through it. The function of
tubular part of nephron is to allow selective re absorption of the useful substances
into the blood capillaries. (Structure of nephron -Refer text book)
4. Explain the formation of urine.
Ans: *The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste products from the blood.
*The nitrogenous waste such as urea or uric acid are removed from the blood in the
kidneys, thus they are the basic filtration unit.
*Each kidney has large number of filtration units called nephrons.
Some substances in the initial filtrate such as glucose, amino acids, salts and a
major amount of water are selectively reabsorbed as urine flows along the tube.
This depends on how much excess water is there in the body and on how much of
dissolved waste is there to be excreted.
*Thus, urine formed in the kidney enters a long tube, the ureter which connects the
kidneys with the urinary bladder.
*Urine is stored in the urinary bladder until the pressure of the expanded bladder
leads to the urge to pass it out through the urethra.
5. How is the amount of urine produced regulated?
Ans: The amount of urine produce depends on the following:
i)The amount of water reabsorbed in the nephron depends on how much of excess
water is there in the body. ii)The amount of dissolved wastes to be excreted.
6. Artificial kidney (Hemodialysis)-Refer text book
EXCRETION IN PLANTS
1. Explain about the excretion in plants.
Ans: Plants produce a number of waste products during their life processes.
*The main waste products produced by the plants are carbon dioxide, water vapour
and oxygen.
*Plants get rid of excess water by transpiration.
*The gaseous wastes of respiration and photosynthesis in plants (CO2 water vapour
and O2) are removed through the stomata in leaves and lenticels in stems and
released to the air.
*Many plant waste products are stored in cellular vacuoles. Waste products may be
stored in leaves that falloff, other waste products are stored as resins and gums.
*Plants excretes some waste substances into the soil around them.