Lesson Check Answers

MEIOSIS
1. Meiosis produces genetic variation in .
Gametes
2. During anaphase I of meiosis, separate.
Homologous chromosomes
3. Place the steps of meiosis I and II into the correct order from top to bottom.
Interphase
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Cytokinesis
4. Cell division in which sister chromatids fail to separate properly is called
.
Nondisjunction
5. The process by which haploid gametes combine is called .
Fertilization

6. Categorize each of the following nondisjunction disorders as autosomal

or sex chromosomes.

Nondisjunction Type
Disorder
Klinefelter's syndrome sex chromosomes
Down syndrome autosomal

Module 9 • Cellular Reproduction & Sexual

Reproduction

1
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 10 I ntroduction to Genetics and Patterns
of Inheritance
ENCOUNTER THE PHENOMENON
Write the Encounter the Phenomenon question for this module.

Why are these siblings not identical?

Use the “What I Know” column to list the things you know about the Encounter the Phenomenon
question. Then list the questions you have about the Encounter the Phenomenon question in the
“What I Want to Find Out” column. As you read the module, fill in the “What I Learned” column.

K W L
What I Know What I Want to Find Out What I Learned
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Science Notebook • Introduction to Genetics and Patterns of Inheritance

125
Introduction to Genetics and Patterns
of Inheritance
1 Mendelian Genetics
REVIEW Recall the definition of the Review Vocabulary term.
VOCABULARY
segregation the separation of alleles that occurs during meiosis
segregation

NEW VOCABULARY Use terms in the left margin to complete the paragraph below.
allele Genetics is the branch of biology that studies how traits are
genetics inherited. Hybrid offspring result from parents that have
hybrid different forms of alleles for certain traits. Mendel’s
law of independent law of segregation states that every individual has two alleles of
assortment each gene and when gametes are produced, each gamete receives
law of segregation one of these alleles. Mendel’s law of independent assortment

dominant states that genes for different traits are inherited independently of
genotype each other.
heterozygous Compare and contrast each pair of terms by defining them and/or
homozygous noting their differences. Accept all reasonable responses.

phenotype dominant trait recessive trait

recessive an observed trait that masks the trait that can be observed if the
recessive form of a trait dominant trait is not present
genotype phenotype

the allele combination an the way an organism looks and

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organism contains behaves

homozygous heterozygous

an organism’s genotype when two an organism’s genotype when

alleles for a trait are the same two alleles for a trait are different

Describe how a plant self-pollinates.

A plant self-pollinates when its male and female gametes come from the

same plant.

Science Notebook • Introduction to Genetics and Patterns of Inheritance

126
 1 Mendelian Genetics (continued)
Get It? Infer why it is important that Mendel’s experiments used a
true-breeding plant.

The use of true-breeding plants allowed Mendel to easily segregate the

genes passed from generation to generation.

Analyze Mendel’s experiment with green-seed and yellow-seed pea

plants by completing this summary paragraph.

Mendel used only true breeding lines, which consistently

produced the same trait in the offspring. To see how these traits are
inherited, Mendel performed cross pollination . When he crossed a
green-seed plant with a yellow-seed plant, the F1 offspring were
100 percent yellow and 0 percent green. He allowed the F 1

plants to self-fertilize to produce F2 plants. The F2 plants

were 75 percent yellow and 25 percent green. Mendel
concluded that each trait has two forms, called alleles . Mendel
called yellow seed color the dominant form and green seed color
the recessive form of the trait.

Compare genotypes and phenotypes for pea plants.

Homozygous or
Genotype Phenotype
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Heterozygous
YY homozygous yellow seeds

Yy heterozygous yellow seeds

yy homozygous green seeds

Get It? Infer whether an individual with a recessive phenotype for a

trait is heterozygous or homozygous for that trait.

homozygous recessive for the trait

Science Notebook • Introduction to Genetics and Patterns of Inheritance

127
1 Mendelian Genetics (continued)
Get It? Restate Mendel’s law of segregation in your own words.

The two alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation. Two alleles

for a trait unite during fertilization.

Demonstrate the law of independent assortment by listing the

4 alleles that are produced when a pea plant with the genotype
YyRr produces gametes.
1. YR 2. Yr 3. yr 4. yR

Get It? Evaluate How can the random distribution of alleles result
in a predictable ratio?

Because there is an equal chance that each pair of alleles can randomly

combine with each other, the outcome of a large sample size will be a

predictable ratio.

Complete the Punnett squares for seed texture in the F1 and F2

generations. Round seeds (R) are dominant over wrinkled seeds (r).
Write the expected genotypes and the probability for each.
F1 F2
R R R r
RR 25%
r Rr Rr R RR Rr Rr 100%
Rr 50%

r Rr Rr r Rr rr rr 25%

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Identify the genotypes within the Punnett square showing the
dihybrid cross of seed color and seed texture. The first row has been
done for you. Write the expected phenotypic ratio.

YR yR Yr yr
YR YYRR YyRR YYRr YyRr
yR YyRR yyRR YyRr yyRr
Yr YYRr YyRr YYrr Yyrr
yr YyRr yyRr Yyrr yyrr

Phenotypic ratio: 9 yellow round : 3 green round : 3 yellow wrinkled :

1 green wrinkled

Science Notebook • Introduction to Genetics and Patterns of Inheritance

128
 1 Mendelian Genetics (continued)
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
1. Diagram Use a Punnett square to explain how a dominant allele masks the
presence of a recessive allele.

The Punnett square should show possible combinations of dominant and recessive
alleles. When at least one dominant allele is present in a pair, the phenotype of the
dominant allele will be expressed.

2. Apply the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment by giving an
example of each.

Possible answer: Law of segregation example: A pea plant with the genotype YY and a pea plant with

the genotype yy produce the genotype Yy during fertilization. Law of independent assortment

example: A pea plant with the genotype YyRr self-fertilizes in a dihybrid cross, with the result that the

male and female gametes have equal chances of having a genotype of YR, Yr, Ry, or yr.

3. Use a Punnett Square In fruit flies, red eyes (R) are dominant to pink eyes (r). What
is the phenotypic ratio of a cross between a heterozygous male and a pink-eyed
female?

1 red:1 pink
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4. Evaluate the significance of Mendel’s work to the field of genetics.

Mendel’s work demonstrates how genes are passed from one generation to the next and how

genotype affects phenotype. Mendel’s work created the study of heredity and led to modern

research in genetics.

5. What is the probability of rolling a 2 on a six-sided die? What is the probability of

rolling two 2s on two six-sided die? How is probability used in the study of genetics?
_
6 36(_ _ )
​  1  ​; _
1
6
1
​  1  ​ ​ ​   ​ × ​   ​ ​; to predict likely outcomes of crosses
6

Science Notebook • Introduction to Genetics and Patterns of Inheritance

129
Name Date

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Section 3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy

Main Idea Details

Scan the headings, boldfaced words, pictures, figures, and captions

in Section 3.
Read all section titles.

Read all boldfaced words.

Look at all pictures and read the captions.

Look at all figures.

Read all captions.

Predict three things that you think will be discussed.

1. Accept all reasonable responses.

2.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

3.

Review
Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define protein.
protein large complex polymer essential to life that provides structure

for cells and tissues and helps carry out cell metabolism

New
Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define each term.
genetic recombination new combinations of genes that result from crossing over and

independent assortment

polyploidy the occurrence of one or more extra sets of all chromosomes in an

organism

104 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

 Name Date

Section 3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy (continued)

Main Idea Details

Genetic Calculate the number of chromosome combinations due to

Recombination independent assortment by filling in the chart. Use the formula 2n.
I found this information The first one has been done for you.
on page .
Species Chromosome Possible
SE, p. 283 Number (n) Combinations
RE, p. 113
Pea 7 27 = 128
Housefly 6 26 = 64
Cabbage 9 29 = 512
Fruit fly 4 24 = 16
Frog 13 213 = 8192

Gene Linkage Summarize at least five pieces of information about genetic

and Chromosome recombination by creating a concept map below. Accept all
Maps reasonable responses.
I found this information
on page . independent
crossing over
SE, pp. 283–285 assortment
RE, p. 114
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

during of

meiosis chromosomes

leads to during

genetic
leads to meiosis
recombination

which
increases

genetic
variation

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 105

Name Date

Section 3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy (continued)

Main Idea Details

I found this information Complete the paragraph about gene linkage.

on page . • chromosomes • farther • inherited • sequence
SE, pp. 283–285
• crossing over • individual genes • linked
RE, p. 114
Genes close together on the same chromosome are linked .
Linked genes are usually inherited together. Chromosomes ,
not individual genes , follow Mendel’s law of independent
assortment. Linked genes might become separated, as a result of
crossing over . Crossing over is more likely to happen if
genes are farther apart on a chromosome.

Analyze whether the gene linkage is an exception to, or an example

of, Mendel’s law of independent assortment. Use an example from
your book.
Gene linkage is an exception because genes that are located close

to each other on the same chromosome usually travel together.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Scientists studied the fruit fly to confirm this exception.

Polyploidy Identify four species that show polyploidy.

I found this information
1. earthworms 3. wheat
on page .
SE, p. 285 2. goldfish 4. sugar cane
RE, p. 114

S UMM ARIZE Compare and contrast gene linkage to polyploidy and how they
do not follow all of Mendel’s laws of inheritance.

Gene Linkage Polyploidy

• Genes close together on the • Polyploid organisms have more
chromosome do not sort than two sets of chromosomes.
independently.
• They have more than two alleles
• Each trait is controlled by for each trait.
two alleles.

106 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Module 10 • Introduction to Genetics and Patterns of
Inheritance

Lesson1 Check
BASIC PATTERNS OF HUMAN INHERITANCE
1.
a. What do the Roman numerals in the pedigree diagram represent?
generation(s)
b. How many of the offspring in this example have the alleles for Tay-Sachs
disease?
1
2. You and your colleagues are constructing a pedigree for a boy with cystic fibrosis.
The individual’s younger brother has also been diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. How
would these brothers be represented in a pedigree?
Both would be represented as completely shaded squares.
3. Distinguish between a person who is a carrier for cystic fibrosis and a person who
is afflicted with cystic fibrosis. Include the term recessive genetic disorder in
your answer.
Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disorder. For the outward expression of the
disorder to express itself, a person must have two alleles for the disease. A
carrier of the disorder will not express the disease outwardly but will carry one
allele for the disorder
Lesson Check Answers
COMPLEX PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE
1. Determine the genotypes of the parents if the father is blood type A, the mother is
blood type B, the daughter is blood type O, one son is blood type AB, and the
other son is blood type B.
Both parents are heterozygous and carry a recessive type O (i) gene.
2. Traits controlled by genes on the X chromosome are called sex-linked traits.
In what individuals are recessive sex-linked traits more commonly
expressed?
males because they have only one X chromosome
3. During a science lecture, a student states that human females cannot be red-green
color blind because color blindness is a sex-linked trait. Critique the student’s
statement.
The statement is incorrect. Red-green color blindness is a recessive X-linked trait.
Because males have only one X chromosome, they are more likely to be colorblind
because only one recessive allele for the trait will cause the disorder to be outwardly
expressed. Females have two X chromosomes, and a female must have two
recessive alleles for the trait to be outwardly expressed. This condition is less likely,
but it does occur.
4. Why is sickle-cell disease a codominant genetic condition?
Both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous condition.
5. Human blood groups are determined by .
multiple alleles
6. A gardener crosses a snapdragon plant that has white flowers with a snapdragon
plant with red flowers. All the offspring in the F1 generation produce pink flowers.
The gardener crosses two of the plants with pink flowers, and the snapdragon
plants of the F2 generation have red, white, and pink flowers. Infer reasons for the
gardener’s observations.
The snapdragon is an example of codominant inheritance. Both alleles are expressed
in the heterozygous plant.

Module 10 • Introduction to Genetics and Patterns of

Inheritance

1
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