DILLA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTEMENT OF COTM
Department of Civil Engineering
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION (CENG 4113)
FINISHING
Damp proofing
Formwork and Scafolding
Building finishes are used:
To give protective coating to the surface which preserves and
protects the materials used in building from weather effects such
has rain water, heat, frost, etc.
To provide decorative finishes which add to the appearance of
the material surfaces and building as a whole.
Types of building finish:
Plastering,
pointing,
white washing and color washing,
painting,
varnishing, and
distempering
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SELECTION OF FINISHING TYPE
In making the decision for the selection of a suitable finish, its
specifications and color, the following major factors need to be
considered.
The appearance required,
The maintenance necessary for giving the satisfactory
appearance,
The degree of protection against rain penetration to be
provided by the finish,
The severity of exposure to atmospheric and climatic
agencies affecting durability,
The time of year during which the finish is applied,
The background materials on which the finish is to be
applied, and
The cost.
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2.1 INTRODUCTION
Plastering is the process of covering various surfaces of
structure with a plastic material such as cement mortar, lime
mortar or composite mortar, etc. to obtain an even, smooth,
regular, clean and durable surface.
Purpose of Plastering:
Conceals inferior quality materials and defective workmanship,
Provides a protective coating against atmospheric effects
Provides a base or receiving other decorative finishes
Tools - Laying trowel, float, floating rule and gauging trowel
2.2 PLASTERING MATERIALS:
Binders - hydrated lime, gypsum or Portland cement
Sand - used also to reduce shrinkage of binders, and should be free
from organic matters and silt.
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2.5 DEFECTS IN PLASTERING
Some of the defects in plastered work include cracking, blistering,
efflorescence and falling out of plaster.
A. Cracking in plastering
The major causes of cracking in plastering can be:
i. Structural defects in building and discontinuity of surface,
ii. Plastering on very wet background,
iii. Old surface not being properly prepared,
iv. Movement in the background due to thermal expansion or rapid
drying of backing surface,
v. Movements in the plaster itself, due to expansion as in the case of
gypsum plaster or due to shrinkage of plasters coat during, drying
as in the case of lime-sand plasters,
vi. Excessive shrinkage of the plaster due to thick coat,
vii. Due to faulty workmanship or method of application.
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2.5 DEFECTS IN PLASTERING
B. Blistering or blowing of plaster
This consists of formation of one or more swelling in small patches
over the finished plastered surfaces.
It is caused due to faulty slaking of lime particles in the plaster after
its application.
C. Falling out of plaster
Some portion of the surface comes off (peeling) due to:
Lack of adhesion,
Excessive moisture in the background,
Excessive thermal changes in the background,
Rapid drying of plaster coats,
Insufficient drying between each coat of plaster.
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Pointing is the process of finishing of mortar joints in exposed brick
or stone masonry.
Pointing consists of raking out the green mortar in the joint to a
depth of about 15mm and then refilling the joint with fresh
mortar.
Pointing gives good appearance and water resistance.
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Types of pointing finishes
Typical pointing profile
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Paints are coating of fluid materials, which are applied as a final
finish to all surfaces such as walls, ceilings, woodwork, metalwork,
etc.
The process of application of paint as a coating is termed as
painting.
OBJECTS OF PAINTING
The objects of painting can be summarized as to:
Protect the surface from weathering effects of the atmosphere,
Protect the decay of wood and corrosion of metals,
Provide a decorative finish to obtain a clean, colorful and
pleasing surface.
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Defects in painting work
Some of the usual defects in paining works are:
A. Blistering: This defect occurs by formation of bubbles under the
paint film. It is generally caused due to excess of oil in final coat
and imperfect seasoning of timber.
B. Crawling: This occurs due to application of too thick coat. It can be
rectified by sandpapering the surface.
C. Grinning: This is clear reflection of the background due to lack of
opacity of final coat of paint.
D. Fading: This is the loss of paint color due to the effect of sunlight
on pigments of paint.
E. Flashing: This is appearance or reflection of glossy patches on the
painted surface due to either workmanship or cheap paint used or
due to weather effect.
F. Saponification: This is the chemical formation of soap patches on
the painted surface due to chemical action of alkalis.
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Varnish is a solution of resinous substance in oil, turpentine or
alcohol.
The varnish solution on drying or evaporation forms or leaves a hard,
transparent and glossy film of resin on the varnish surface.
Varnishing is the process of applying varnish to the wooden surfaces
and also to the painted surface in order to improve their appearance
and protect them from atmospheric action.
The objects of varnishing are to:
Brighten the ornamental appearance of the grains of the unpainted
wood surfaces,
Protect the structural wooden surfaces from atmospheric action,
Give brilliancy to the painted surface and also to papered walls
and
Protect the painted surface from atmospheric actions in order to
increase the durability of the paint film.
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REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD VARNISH
A good varnish should have the following characteristics or qualities:
i. It should dry rapidly or quickly.
ii. On drying, it should form a protective film, which should be
hard, tough, resistance to wear or durable.
iii. It should exhibit a glassy surface.
iv. The finished surface should be uniform in nature and pleasing
in appearance.
v. The color of the varnish should not fade or change when
exposed to atmospheric action.
vi. It should not crack in drying and should have sufficient
elasticity.
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One of the basic requirements of a building is that it should remain
dry or free from moisture passing through walls, roofs or floors.
Dampness is the presence of hygroscopic or gravitational moisture.
It leads to unhygienic conditions affecting badly the health and
comfort of the inhabitants.
It also seriously deteriorates the stability of the building.
Damp prevention is, therefore, one of the important items of
building design.
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The following causes are considered to be the main sources of
dampness in buildings
I. Moisture rising up the walls from the ground
All the structures are founded on soils, and the substructure is
embedded into it. If the soil is pervious, moisture constantly
travels through it.
This moisture may rise up into the wall and the floor through
capillary action.
Ground water rise will also result in moisture entry into the
building through walls and floors.
II. Rain travel from wall tops
If the wall tops are not properly protected from rain penetration,
rain will enter the wall and will travel down.
Leaking roofs will also permit water to enter.
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Imperfect roof slope: specially in the case of flat roofs,
Defective construction: imperfect wall jointing, joints in
roofs, defective throating etc.,
Absorption of water from defective rainwater pipes,
water introduced in the building during construction,
shrinkage of wooden frames permits an entry of rain,
Poor material choice, e.g. use of porous bricks in chimneys.
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The following methods are used to make a building damp proof :
A. Use of damp proofing course (D.P.C): membrane damp proofing
B. Integral damp proofing
C. Surface treatment
D. Cavity wall construction
E. Guniting
F. Pressure grouting
A. Membrane damp proofing: use of D.P.C
This consists of introducing a water repellent membrane or damp
proof course (D.P.C) between the source of dampness and the part of
building adjacent to it.
D.P.C may consist of flexible materials such as bitumen, mastic
asphalt, bituminous felts, plastic or polyethylene sheets, metal sheets,
etc.
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D. Cavity wall construction
This is an effective method of damp prevention, in
which the main wall of a building is shielded by
an outer skin wall, leaving a cavity b/n the two.
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An ideal damp proofing material should have the following
characteristic:
1) The material should be perfectly impervious and it should not
permit any moisture penetration or travel through it.
2) The material should be durable, and should have the same life
as that of the building.
3) The material should be strong, capable of resisting
superimposed loads/pressure on it.
4) Material should be flexible, so that it can accommodate the
structural movements without any fracture.
5) The material should not be costly.
6) The material should be such that leak-proof jointing is
possible.
7) The material should remain steady in its position when once
applied. It should not allow any movement in itself.
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The following materials are commonly used for damp-proofing
1. Hot bitumen
This is a highly flexible material, which can be applied with a
minimum thickness of 3mm.
It is placed on the bedding of concrete or mortar, while in hot
condition.
2. Mastic asphalt
Mastic asphalt is semi rigid material which is quite durable and
completely impervious.
It is obtained by heating asphalt with sand and mineral fillers.
However it should be laid very carefully, by experienced persons.
It can withstand only very slight distortion. It is also liable to squeeze
out in very hot climate or under heavy pressure.
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3. Bituminous or asphaltic felt
This is a flexible material which is available in rolls of various wall
thickness.
It is laid on a levelled flat layer of cement mortar.
An overlap of 10cm is provided at joints and full width overlap is
provided at angles, junctions and crossings. The laps should be sealed
with bitumen.
Bituminous felts can not withstand heavy loads, though they can
accommodate slight movements.
4. Metal sheets
Sheets of lead, copper and aluminium can be used as D.P.C. These
sheets are of flexible type.
Lead sheets
Lead sheets are quite flexible. They are laid similar to the bituminous
felts.
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Building construction Formwork
FORMWORK
Formwork is a temporary or permanent mold used to shape and
support wet concrete until it has cured and can support its own
weight. It can be made from a variety of materials, including wood,
steel, aluminum, or plastic.
Formwork can be of timber, steel, plastic, or fiberglass
CONCRETE FORMWORK
Joining concrete slab:
Very seldom can any type of concrete construction be
built without joints.
CONCRETE FORMWORK
Formwork for concrete wall
Formwork for a concrete wall is normally built up on both sides of the
wall. Reinforcement bars are laid on wires before the spreaders are
placed and the wall is tied. The studs are approximately 600 mm apart.
All studs are braced.
a) Formwork for high concrete wall:
There are two methods of fixing wall forms, one with "wales" and
the other without wales.
Wall forms without wales: The sheeting is made in panels of a size
convenient to handle and are placed between two rows of studs. Wire
ties are used to hold the sheeting, with spreaders between to keep
them in the correct distance apart.
CONCRETE FORMWORK
Formwork for concrete wall
CONCRETE FORMWORK
Formwork for concrete wall
Formwork for concrete stairs
• Concrete stairs also require temporary formwork and the necessary
check timber supports. As with timber stairs, check the height from
floor to floor as the first step in the preparation of a set out.
Certain dimensions must be followed to ensure this.
− Maximum rise is 190 mm.
− Minimum going is 255 mm.
− One going plus two rises should equal 585 mm to 625 mm.
− Before pouring the concrete reinforcing mesh is laid in position.
CONCRETE FORMWORK
Formwork for concrete wall
Formwork for concrete stairs
SCAFFOLDS AND FALSEWORKS
• Scaffolding, also known as staging or a scaffold, is a
temporary structure that supports workers and
materials during the construction, maintenance, or
repair of buildings, bridges, and other human-made
structures.
• It's typically made of wood planks and metal poles.
SCAFFOLDS AND FALSEWORKS
• Scaffolding is widely used during construction and renovation
activities.
• In its simplest form, a scaffold is any temporary elevated or
suspended work surface used to support workers and/or materials.
There are many types of scaffolds, both supported and suspended.
THANK YOU!
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