Government Engineering College Valsad

Instrumentation & Process Control

Instrumentation & Process Control Lab Manual

INDEX
Exp. Page Signature
Name of Experiment Date Grade
No. No. of Faculty
To determine the time constant of a first
order system (Thermometer) from its
1 response to a step change in the input
variable
To determine the time constant of a first
order system (Thermometer) from its
2 response to a impulse change in the input
variable
To find out the dynamic response of a first
3 order system (liquid level) to a step change in
input variable.
To find out the dynamics response of a first
order system (Liquid level tank arranged in
4 non-interacting mode) to a step change in
input variable.
To find out the dynamic response of a first
order system (Liquid level tank arranged in
5 Interacting mode) to a Step change in input
variable.
To study the step response of a U-tube
manometer and to find the value of time lag
6
(τ) and damping coefficient ( ) for the system
method.
To study the working of Bourdon Pressure
Gauge and to check the calibration of the
7 gauge in a deadweight pressure gauge
calibration set up.
To study and determine the response of
8 thermocouple and to calibrate the given
thermocouple.
To study the response of a first order liquid
9 level system using MATLAB
To study P, PI, PD and PID controllers using
10
MATLAB
11 To study rules for plotting root locus diagram
To study Bode stability criterion with Phase and
12 Gain margin

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Experiment 1
First order system dynamics

Figure:
film resistance

Mercury
Y

Glass Wall

Cross section view of Thermometer

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FIRST ORDER DYNAMICS (THERMOMETER)

Aim:
To determine the time constant of a first order system (Thermometer) from its
response to a step change in the input variable.

Apparatus:
A mercury thermometer
Water bath with a heater
Stop watch

Chemicals/Utility: Water

Procedure:
• Take 100 ml of water in 250 ml beaker
• The beaker is kept on the heater than water is heated with constant agitator by
means of stirrer
• Note down the room temperature (its initial steady state condition)
• Dip the given thermometer in Water-bath and start the stop watch. Note down the
temp. rise at every 10 second interval up to particular temp. (new steady state
condition)
• Now take out the thermometer from water bath. Start the stopwatch and note down
the temp. fall at every 10 second interval down to room temp.

Theory:
We shall develop the transfer the function for a first order system by considering the
unsteady state behavior of ordinary mercury in glass thermometer. A cross
sectional view of the bulb is shown in fig.
Consider the thermometer the to be located in a following stream of fluid for which
the temperature X varies with time. our problem is to calculate the response or time
variation of the thermometer reading y for a particular change in X*.
The following assumptions will be used in the analysis.
1. All the resistance to heat transfer resides in the film surrounding the bulb
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2. All the thermal capacity is in the mercury. Furthermore, at any instant the mercury
assumes a uniform temperature thought.
3. The glass wall containing the mercury does not expand or contract during the
transient response.
It is assumed that the thermometer is initially at steady state. This means that, before
time Zero, there is no change in temperature with time. At time Zero the thermometer
will be subjected to some change in the surrounding temperature X(t)

By applying the Unsteady state energy balance

Input rate – Output rate = rate of accumulation

We get the result
hA(X –Y) – 0 = mCdy/dt.............................................................. (1)

Where A = Surface area of bulb for heat transfer, ft2

C = heat capacity of mercury, Btu/(lbm)(˚F)
m= mass of mercury in bulb, lbm
t = time, hr
2
h = film co-efficient of heat transfer, Btu/(hr) ft F

For the steady state condition above eq. may be written as

hA(Xs - Ys) = 0………………………………………. (2)

The subscript ‘s’ is used to indicate that the variable is the steady state value. Eq. (2)
simply that Ys = Xs, or the thermometer reads the true, bath temperature.
subtracting eq. (2) from Eq. (1) gives

hA[(X – Xs) –(Y - Ys)]=mC(d(Y-Ys)/dt)…………………. (3)

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Notice that d(Y – Ys)/dt = dY/dt because Ys is a constant.

If we define the deviation variables to be the difference between the variables and
their steady state values
X = x - xs

Y = y – ys
Eq. (3) Becomes

hA(X – Y) = mCdY/dt…………………………………………….(4)
If we let mC/hA = τ, Eq. (4) becomes
X – Y = τdY/dt………………………………………………………..(5)

Taking Laplace Transform of Eq. (5) gives

X(s) - Y(s) = τsY(s)……………………………………….(6)

Rearranging the eq. (6) as a ratio of Y(s) to X(s) gives

Y(s) / X(s) =1/(τs + 1) ...........................................(7)

The parameter τ is called the time constant of the system and has the units of the time.
Any Physical system for which the relation between Laplace transform of input and
output deviation variables if of the form given by eq. (7) is called the first order
system
Observation:

1. For positive step input:

Initial steady state temp. (Room Temp.) = xs1 = ys1 = ˚C

Final Steady State Temp.= xs2 = ˚C

Step Input = A = xs1- xs2 = ˚C

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Observation Table:

Temp.
Time Y(t) = Practical Theoretical
Sr. indicated
(Sec.), response response
y(t) - ys1
No. by Y(t) /A 1-e^(-t/τ)
t
Thermomet

er (˚C),y(t)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

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2. For negative step input:

Initial steady state temp. (Room Temp.) = xs1 = ys1 = ˚C

Final Steady State Temp.= xs2 = ˚C

Step Input = A = xs1- xs2 = ˚C

Observation Table:

Temp. indicated by
Time Y(t) = Practical Theoretical
Sr. Thermometer (˚C),
(Sec.), response response
y(t) - y
No. y(t) Y(t) /A 1-e^(-t/τ)
t s1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Graphs:
Draw the graph of Y(t) /A vs. t.

Results:

1. For Positive step change:

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Time constant of thermometer from 63.2% response= ________ sec.

Time constant of thermometer from Analytical method = sec.

2. For Negative step change:
Time constant of thermometer from 63.2% response = ___________ sec.

Time constant of thermometer from Analytical method = _ sec.

Conclusion:

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Experiment 2
First order system dynamics (Impulse input)
Figure:
film resistance

Mercury
Y

Glass-Wall

Cross section view of Thermometer

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FIRST ORDER DYNAMICS (THERMOMETER)

Aim:
To determine the time constant of a first order system (Thermometer) from its
response to an impulse change in the input variable.

Apparatus: -
1. Mercury in glass thermometer of sufficiently large size bulb.
2. Oil bath with a heater.
3. Stop watch.
4. Cotton to wipeout oil from the thermometer.

Chemicals: - Caster oil.

Procedure: -
1. Take 100 ml of castor oil in 250 ml beaker.
2. The beaker is kept on heater than oil is heated up to 100 ˚C with constant agitator by
means of stirrer.
3. Note down the room temperature. (It’s initial steady state condition).
4. Dip the given thermometer in oil-bath for five seconds and note down the
temperature rise.
5. Now take out the thermometer from oil bath and wipeout oil from its bulb with
cotton (take care to wipeout oil completely otherwise the oil form around the bulb
will create an additional resistance to heat transfer and will change the time
constant of the thermometer.), start the stop watch and note down the temperature
fall at every 10 second interval down to room temperature. (It’s initial steady state
condition).

Theory:
We shall develop the transfer the function for a first order system by considering
the unsteady state behavior of ordinary mercury in glass thermometer. A cross
sectional view of the bulb is shown in fig.
Consider the thermometer the to be located in a following stream of fluid for which
the temperature X varies with time. Our problem is to calculate the response or time
variation of the thermometer reading y for a particular change in X*.
The following assumptions will be used in the analysis.
1. All the resistance to heat transfer resides in the film surrounding the bulb
2. All the thermal capacity is in the mercury. Furthermore, at any instant the mercury
assumes a uniform temperature thought.
3. The glass wall containing the mercury does not expand or contract during the
transient response.
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It is assumed that the thermometer is initially at steady state. This means that,
before time Zero, there is no change in temperature with time. At time Zero the
thermometer will be subjected to some change in the surrounding temperature X(t)

By applying the Unsteady state energy balance

Input rate – Output rate = rate of accumulation
We get the result
hA(X – Y ) – 0 = mC dy/dt. ............................................................................................. (1)

Where A = Surface area of bulb for heat transfer, ft2

C = heat capacity of mercury, Btu/(lbm)(˚F)
m= mass of mercury in bulb, lbm
t = time, hr
2
h = film co-efficient of heat transfer, Btu/(hr) ft F
For the steady state condition above eq. may be written as

hA(Xs - Ys) = 0 t < 0 .............................................................................................. (2)

The subscript ‘s’ is used to indicate that the variable is the steady state value. Eq. (2)
simply that Ys = Xs, or the thermometer reads the true, bath temperature.
subtracting eq. (2) from Eq. (1) gives

hA[ ( X – Xs) – ( Y - Ys)] = mC (d(Y-Ys)/dt). .............................................................. (3)

Notice that d(Y – Ys)/dt = dY/dt because Ys is a constant.

If we define the deviation variables to be the difference between the variables and
their steady state values
X = x – xs, Y = y – ys
Eq. (3) Becomes,
hA(X – Y) = mCdY/dt. ....................................................................................... (4)

If we let mC/hA = τ, Eq. (4) becomes

X – Y = τ dY/dt ..................................................................................................... (5)

Taking Laplace Transform of Eq. (5) gives

X(s)-Y(s) = τsY(s) ................................................................................................ (6)

Rearranging the eq. (6) as a ratio of Y(s) to X(s) gives

Y(s)/ X(s) = 1/ (τs + 1) ....................................................................................... (7)

The parameter τ is called the time constant of the system and has the units of the
time. Any Physical system for which the relation between Laplace transform of input
and output deviation variables if of the form given by eq. (7) is called the first order
system
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Observation for set up 1: -

For impulse change: -
Initial steady state temp. (Room Temp.) = xs1 = ys1 = ____ ˚C
Temperature rise after 5 seconds = _____ ˚C
Final steady state temp. (Room Temp.) = xs2 = ys2 = ____ ˚C
Step Input = A = xs1- xs2 = __________=____ ˚C

Theoretical
Y(t) = Practical
Sr. Time Temp. indicated by response
y(t) - y s1 response
No. (t, thermometer(˚C) = (1/τ) *
Y(t) /A
sec) y(t) e^(-t/τ)
1 0
2 3
3 6
4 9
5 12
6 15
7 18
8 21
9 24

Observation for set up 2: -

For impulse change: -
Initial steady state temp. (Room Temp.) = xs1 = ys1 = ___ ˚C
Temperature rise after 5 seconds = _____ ˚C
Final steady state temp. (Room Temp.) = xs2 = ys2 = ___ ˚C
Step Input = A = xs1- xs2 = __________=_______ ˚C

Sr. No. Time ( sec) Temp. indicated Practi

Theoretical
by Y(t) = cal
response
thermometer(˚C) y(t) - y s1 respo
(1/τ) * e^(-
=y(t nse
Y(t) /A t/τ)
1 0
2 5
3 10
4 15
5 20
6 25
7 30
8 35
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9 40
10 45
11 50
12 55
13 60
14 65
15 70
16 75
17 80
18 85
19 90
20 95
21 100
22 105
23 110
24 115
25 120
26 125
27 130
28 135
29 140
30 145
31 150
32 155

Graph: Draw graph of Y(t)/A vs. time.Determine

value of time constant.

Conclusions:

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Experiment 3
FIRST ORDER DYNAMICS (LIQUID LEVEL)
Figure: Experimental set up

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EXPERIMENT: 3

FIRST ORDER DYNAMICS (LIQUID LEVEL)

Aim:

To find out the dynamic response of a first order system (liquid level) to a step
change input variable.

Apparatus:
Interacting and Non-Interacting System Apparatus

Chemical:
Water

Procedure:
• Start up the set up.
• A flexible pipe is provided at the rotameter outlet. insert the pipe into the cover of
the topTank-1. Keep the outlet valves (R1 & R2) of the tank1 and tank2 slightly
closed.

• Switch on the pump. Adjust the initial flow rate and allow the system to steady state.
Note down the height of the tank1 (initial steady state height = hs)
• Apply the step change by increasing the rotameter flow by @20 Lph. (Positive
stepchange)
• Immediately start recording the level of the tank1 at the interval of 60Sec, until
levelreaches to the new steady state condition.
• Carry out the calculation as mentioned in calculation part and compare the
predicated andobserved value of the lank level.
• Repeat the experiment for negative step change (decreasing the rotameter flow by
@20Lph.)

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Theory:
Consider the system shown in fig. which consist of a tank of uniform cross-sectional
area
A to which is attached a flow resistance R such as a valve, a pipe or a weir. Assume that q0
,thevolumetric flow rate through the resistance, is related to the head h by linear

relationship

qo = h/R ................................................................................(1)
A resistance that has this linear relationship between flow and head is referred to as a
linearresistance. Determine the transfer function that relates head to flow
We can analyze this system by writing a transient mass balance around the tank:

Mass flow in – Mass flow Out = rate of accumulation of mass in tank

the mass balance becomes
ρq(t) - ρqo(t) = d(ρAh)/dt

q(t) - qo(t) = d(Ah)/dt ........................................................................................... (2)

Combining the equation (1) and (2) to eliminate qo(t) gives the following linear
differential eq.:
q - h/R = A dh/dt ................................................................................(3)

we shall introduce deviation variables into the analysis before proceeding to the
transferfunction. Initially, the process is operating at steady state, which means that
dh/dt = 0 and we
can write eq. (3) as

qs – hs/R = 0 ........................................................................................................ (4)

Where the subscript s has been used to indicate the steady state value of the variable.
Subtracting eq. (4) from eq. (3) gives

(q - qs) = (1/R) (h - hs) + A d(h – hs)/dt ............................................................. (5)

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if we define deviation variables as

Q = q - qs

H = h - hs

Eq. (5) can be written

Q = (1/R) H + A dH/dt .................................................................................................. (6)

Taking the transform of Eq. (6) gives

Q(s) = 1/R H(s) + As H(s)

Eq. (6) can be rearranged into the standard form of the first lag to give

H(s)/ Q(s) = R/(τs + 1)

Where τ = AR

Observations:

For positive Step change

Diameter of tank-1(mm): 92
Initial flow rate (LPH): 10
Final flow rate (LPH) : 20
Initial steady state tank h s: 26
level(mm)
Final steady state tank level (mm): 136

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Observation Table:

Level
H(t)=h-hs H(t)
Sr No. Time of
Predicted
(sec) tank-1 Observed
(mm)
(mm) (mm)
1 0
2 60
3 120
4 180

5 240
6 300
7 360
8 420
9 480
10 540
11 600
12 660
13 720
14 780
15 840
16 900
17 960
18 1020

CALCULATION:

For t = 60 sec.

H(t) Observed = {Final steady state tank level(h) - Initial steady state tank level (hs)}
=

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H(t) Predicted = AR (1 – e-

t/τ)A = Magnitude of step

change

= (Flow after step input – Initial flow before step input) in m3/sec.

dH = (final steady state level – Initial steady state level) m

dQ = (flow rate after step change – initial flow rate)

m3/secR = Outlet Valve Resistance in (sec/m2)

= dH/dQ

A1 = Area of tank
= (π/4) * d2
= (π/4) * (0.092)2

τ = A× R
=

H(t) Predicted = AR (1 – e-t/τ)

Results: H(t) Observed =

H(t) Predicted =
Plot H(t)Observed and H(t)Predicted vs time on same graph

Conclusion:

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Experiment 4
Non –interacting system (step input)
Figure:

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NON –INTERACTING SYSTEM (STEP INPUT)

Aim:

To find out the dynamics response of a first order systems (Liquid level tank arranged
in non-interacting mode) to a step change in input variable.

Apparatus:
Interacting and Non-Interacting System Apparatus

Chemical:
Water

Procedure:
• Start up the set up.
• A flexible pipe is provided at the rotameter outlet. Insert the pipe into the cover of
the top Tank-1. Keep the outlet valves (R1 & R2) of the tank1 and tank2 slightly
closed.

• Switch on the pump. Adjust the initial flow rate and allow the level of both tanks
(tank-1 & tank-2) to reach steady state. Note down the height of the tank1 & tank-2
(Initial steady state height = hs)

• Apply the step change by increasing the rotameter flow by @20Lph.(Positive stepchange)
• Immediately start recording the level of the tank-2 at the interval of 10Sec,Until levelreaches
to the new steady state condition.
• Note down the final flow and steady state level of tank-1.
• Carry out the calculation as mentioned in calculation part and compare the predicated
and observed value of the lank-2 level.

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• Repeat the experiment for negative step change(decreasing the rotameter flow by
@20Lph.)

Theory:
Fig shows the non-interacting system of tanks in which outlet from tank-1 discharges
directing into atmosphere before falling into tank-2
Due to this arrangement the outflow let flow qo1 through R1 depends only on level h1
in the first tank and not on change in level h2 in second tank. Thus dynamic response of tank-
1is not effected by any variation in level of tank-2 hence the name non-interacting system
the tanks are of uniform as area and contain liquid of constant density ρ
Now on applying step input from initial steady state value q is to certain steady value
qfs , which is represented by

Qi(t) = 0, t<0

= [qfs - qis] y(t), t ≥ 0

= A y(t)

A = magnitude of step change = [qfs - qis]

y(t) = unit step function.

 Q1(s) = L[qi(t)] = L[A y(t)] = A / S

The response of outflow qoL for this step change can be obtained from the transfer
Function q2(s)/q1(s) described in eq as

Q2(s) = Q1(s) X (1/(1+τ1S)( 1+τ2S))

= A / (S(1+τ1S)( 1+τ2S)) S = domain response

= (A/ τ1 τ2) X (1/S(S + 1/ τ1)( S + 1/ τ2))

= (A/ τ1 τ2) X [(τ12 τ2/S) – (τ12 τ2/ τ1- τ2)/ (S + 1/ τ1) - (τ1 τ22/ τ2 -

τ1)/ (S + 1/ τ2)]

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= ( A / S) – (A/ τ1- τ2)[ (τ1/ (S + 1/ τ1) – τ2/ (S + 1/ τ2)]

Taking inverse Laplace transform on both sides, we get the time domain response as

Q2(t) = A – (A/ τ1- τ2) X [τ1 e-t/τ1 - τ2 e-t/τ2]

= A [1 – (τ1 e-t/τ1 - τ2 e-t/τ2)/ (τ1- τ2)]

similarly, the response of level ‘h2’ in tank-2 for step change in flow can be obtained
from the transfer function H2(s)/Q1(s) described in eq. as

H2(s) = Q1(s) X (R2/(1+τ1S)( 1+τ2S)) (S – domain response)

Taking the inverse Laplace transform of the above eq. the t – domain response can be
obtained as,

H2(t) = AR2[1 – (τ1 e-t/τ1 - τ2 e-t/τ2)/ (τ1- τ2)]

Observations:

Area of tank-1& tank-2: ____cm2

Initial flow rate (LPH):

Final flow rate (LPH) :

Initial steady state tank level tank-1(mm), h1s1 :

Final steady state tank level tank-1 (mm), h1s2 :

Initial steady state tank level tank-2(mm), h2s1 :

Final steady state tank level tank-2 (mm), h2s2 :

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Observation Table:

Tank- H2(t)Observe H2(t)/hf2,

Sr Time Tank-1 H1(t)observed d
2h2(t) H2(t) Predicted (hf2= h1s1 -
No. (sec) h1(t) = h1(t)-h1s1 = h2(t) -
(mm) h2s2)
(mm) h2s1

1 0
2 10
3 20
4 30
5 40
6 50
7 60
8 70
9 80
10 90
11 100
12 110
13 120
14 130
15 140
16 150
17 160

Calculations:

H(t) Observed = (level at time t – level at time t=0) X 10-3

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H(t) Predicated = AR2{1-{(τ1 X τ2)/ (τ1 - τ2)}{(e-t/τ1/τ2) - (e-t/τ2/τ1))}}m

Where,
A = magnitude step change
= (flow rate after step change – Initial flow rate) m3/sec
R = Outlet valve resistance in sec/m2
dH1 = (final steady state level – Initial steady state level) for tank-1 m
dH2 = (final steady state level – Initial steady state level) for tank-2 m
dQ = (flow rate after step change – initial flow rate) m3/sec

τ = time constant in sec

τ1= A1 X R1
τ2= A2 X R2
Where A1 = A2 = Area of tank 1 & tank-2 in m2

A1 = A2 = (π/4) X d2
=
=

R1 = dH1/dQ
=
=

R2 = dH2/dQ
=
=
τ1 = A1 X R1
=

τ2 = A2 X R2
=

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H2(t) Predicated

= AR2{1-{(τ1 X τ2)/ (τ1 - τ2)}{(e-t/τ1/τ2) - (e-t/τ2/τ1))}}

Graphs:
H2(t)observed vs. time and H2(t)predicted vs. time on the same graph.

Results:

Time constant of system from graph: τ1 = ________sec. , τ2 = ______ sec.

Conclusions:

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Experiment 5
Non–interacting system (step input)
Figure:

Interacting Liquid-Level System

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INTERACTING STSTEM (STEP INPUT)

Aim:
To find out the dynamic response of a first order system (Liquid level tank arrange in
Inter acting mode) to a Step change in input variable.

Apparatus: Glass bottles, rubber tubes, measuring cylinder, stopwatch.

Chemicals: Water

Procedure:

• Arrange the equipment as shown in figure. Both the tanks are kept at the same level
so that the height of liquid in the second tank will depend on the height in the first
tank.
• Measure the cross sectional area of the bottle.
• Start inlet flow rate to the first bottle and allow it to reach to steady state.
• Measure the initial height as well as the steady state flow rate.
• Increase the flow rate to the first tank and note down the change in heights of the
liquid in both the tanks with time until the new steady state is reached.
• Measure the new steady state flow rate and steady state height.
• Plot the graph of H2 (t) vs. T.
• Compare the results of interacting and non-interacting systems.

Theory:
The mass balance for tanks (1) and tanks (2) are
q - q1 = A1 dh1/dt (1)
q - q2 = A2 dh2/dt (2)

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Now q1 = (1/R1) (h1-h2)

at steady state equation (1) and (2)
qs – q1 s = 0 (3)
q1s- q2s = 0 (4)
Substituting equation (3) from (1) and equation (4) from (2)
Q – Q1 = A1 dH1/dt (5)
Q – Q2 = A2 dH2/dt (6)
Q1 = H1 - H2/R1 (7)
Q2 = H2/R2 (8)

Now from equation (5) and (8)

Q(s) – Q1(s) = A1S H1S (9)

Q1(s) – Q2(s) = A2S H2S (10)

R1Q1S = H1(s) – H2(s) (11)

R2Q2S = H2(s) (12)

From (9), (10), (11) & (12) we get

H2(s)/Q2(s) = R2/ (τ1τ2S2 + (τ1 +τ2 + A1R2) S + 1)

To understand the effect of interaction on the response of a system consider a two

tank system. For which the time constant is equal (τ1 = τ2 = τ) if the tanks are non-
interacting the transfer function is known by
Q2(s)/Q(s) = (1/(τs+1))2
Unit step response transfer function is given by

Q2 = 1 – e-t/τ – (t/τ) e-t/τ

For interacting tanks over all transfer function is

Q2(s)/Q(s) = 1/ (τ2S2 + 3τS +1)

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Observations:

Diameter of tank-3 & tank-2 : __mm

Initial flow rate(Lph) :
Final flow rate(Lph) :
Initial steady state tank-3 level(mm):
Final steady state tank-3 level(mm):
Initial steady state tank-2 level(mm):
Final steady state tank-2 level(mm):
Observation table:

Time H2(t)
Sr No. Level of Tank (h2t) H2(t) Observed
(sec) Predicte
(mm)
d
1 0
2 100
3 200
4 250

5 310
6 370
7 440
8 510
9 580
10 685
11 795
12 900
13 1000
14 1155
15 1320
16 1540
17 1820
18 2100

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Calculation:

H2(t) Observed = (level at time t – level at time t=0) X 10-3

H2 (t) Predicated = AR2 {1 – (eαt/α – eβt/β)/ (1/α – 1/β)}m

Where,
A = magnitude step change
= (flow rate after step change – Initial flow rate) m3/sec
R = Outlet valve resistance in sec/m2
R1 = dH1/dQ
R2 = dH2/dQ
dH1 = (final steady state level – Initial steady state level) for tank-1 m
dH2 = (final steady state level – Initial steady state level) for tank-2 m
dQ = (flow rate after step change – initial flow rate) m3/sec
τ = time constant in sec
τ1= A1R1
τ2= A2R2
Where A1 = A2 = Area of tank 1 & tank-2 in m2
t = time in Sec.
α = (-b/2) + {(b/2)2 – (1/ τ1 τ2)}1/2
β = (-b/2) - {(b/2)2 – (1/ τ1 τ2)}1/2
Where, b = {1/τ1 + 1/ τ2 + (A1 R2/ τ1 τ2)}

A1 = A2 =(π/4) d2
=(π/4) (0.092)2

= 6.648 X 10-3 m2
dQ =
R1 = dH1/dQ
=
=
R2 = dH2/dQ

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=
=
τ1 = A1R1
=
=
τ2 = A2R2
=
=
b = {1/τ1 + 1/ τ2 + (A1 X R2/ τ1 τ2)}
=
=

α = (-b/2) + {(b/2)2 – (1/ τ1 τ2)}1/2

=
=

β = (-b/2) - {(b/2)2 – (1/ τ1 τ2)}1/2

=
=

H(t) Predicated

= AR2 {1 – {(eαt/α – eβt/β)/ (1/α – 1/β)}}

=
Graph:
H2(t) Vs time

Result:
Conclusion:

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 Government Engineering College Valsad
Instrumentation & Process Control

Experiment 6
U-Tube Manometer (STEP INPUT)
Figure:

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 Government Engineering College Valsad
Instrumentation & Process Control

U-Tube Manometer (STEP INPUT)

Aim: To study the step response of a U-tube manometer and to find the value of
time lag () and damping coefficient (  ) for the system method.

Apparatus: U-tube manometer, manometer liquid, stop watch.

Chemicals: Mercury as a manometer liquid
Procedure:
• Fill the manometer with the manometric fluid.
• Measure the initial height of the manometric fluid.
• Give the step input to the manometer by suddenly applying a pressure with the help of
air compressor/vacuum pump.
• At different time record the height of the manometric fluid until it achieves a steady
state.
• Plot graph of deviation variable H Vs t.
• From the plot calculate overshoot and decay ratio.
• From Overshoot calculate  , from the formulae:
  
Overshoot = Exp 
 1−  2 
 
• Also calculate  from equation L =  2 and 4L
2 =
2g 2
gR
Observation
1. Initial height of the manometric fluid : cm
2. Final height of the manometric fluid : cm
3. Density of the manometric fluid : g/cm3
4. Viscosity of the manometric fluid : cP
5. Diameter of manometer tube : cm
6. Length of manometer tube : cm

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Observation Table
H,mm Diff. in height of liquid in Time
Sr. No.
Hs=____mm manometer H=2(h - hs),mm t (sec)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Result:

Conclusion:

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 Government Engineering College Valsad
Instrumentation & Process Control

Experiment 7
Bourdon Pressure Gauge
Figure:

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 Government Engineering College Valsad
Instrumentation & Process Control

Bourdon Pressure Gauge

Aim: To study the working of Bourdon Pressure Gauge and to check the calibration
of the gauge in a deadweight pressure gauge calibration set up.

Apparatus: Deadweight Pressure Gauge calibration set up.

Procedure:
• Firstly fill the apparatus with the oil for the oil under which the gauges are to be
tested.
• Ensure that the plunger is fully open and no pressure is been applied to the system
• Now affix the calibrated gauge into the space provided.
• Now place the pressure plate whose calibration is to be done.
• Now slowly start closing the plunger until the point at which the pressure plate that
which is to be calibrated lifts up.
• Note down the pressure as seen in the calibrated pressure gauge.

Observation
1
Dead weight Applied Total Pressure as
of the plate. Pressure Applied seen in the Error
Sr. No.
(D) (W) Pressure calibrated = l P - Pa l
(Kg/cm2) (Kg/cm2) P=D+W gauge (Pa)
1
2
3

Calculation
1. Total Applied Pressure (P) = Dead weight of the plate (D) + Applied Pressure (W)
=

2. Error = |P –Pa |
=

Result:
Conclusion:
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 Government Engineering College Valsad
Instrumentation & Process Control

Experiment 8
Response of thermocouple

Aim: To study and determine the response of thermocouple and to calibrate the
given thermocouple.
Apparatus: Thermocouple, glass beaker, thermometer, heating mantle, stop watch, mill
voltmeter
Chemicals: Water.
Procedure:
• Clean the glass beaker with water and fill it with water up to half of the volume.
• Put the glass beaker on the heater, start heater and raise the temperature of water and
wait for the steady state to reach.
• Join the thermocouple with mill voltmeter and insert thermocouple into the glass
beaker.
• For each 50C temperature rise in water note down the temperature by temperature
indicator and mV simultaneously in observation table.
• Draw a graph of mV versus temperature and compare the graph with the standard
graph.

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Observation
J- Type K- Type
Thermom Thermom
Milli Milli
eter eter
Sr. Voltmeter Sr. Voltmeter
Reading Reading
No. Reading No. Reading
Temperat Temperat
mV mV
ure. deg. C ure. deg. C
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

E- Type N- Type
Thermom Thermom
Milli Milli
eter eter
Sr. Voltmeter Sr. Voltmeter
Reading Reading
No. Reading No. Reading
Temperat Temperat
mV mV
ure. deg. C ure. deg. C
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

Result:

Conclusion:

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