Problem #1: What is the molecular mass of an
organic compound if 16.00 g of the compound is
dissolved in 225.0 g of carbon tetrachloride
raises the boiling point to 85.36 °C?
Solution:
1) We need to look up the ebullioscopic constant
of CCl4 as well as its boiling point:
ebullioscopic constant: 5.03 °C kg mol-1
boiling point: 76.72 °C
In addition:
85.36 - 76.72 = 8.64 °C <--- that's the Δt
2) We now utilize this formula:
Δt = i Kb m
8.64 °C = (1) (5.03 °C kg mol-1) (x / 0.2250 kg)
8.64 °C = (22.36 °C mol-1) (x)
x = 0.3864 mol
3) Calculate the molar mass:
16.00 g / 0.3864 mol = 41.4 g/mol
Problem #2: A solution of 10.0 g of a nonvolatile, nondissociating
compound dissolved in 0.200 kg of benzene boils at 81.2 °C.
Calculate the molecular weight of the compound.
Solution:
1) The equation to use is this:
Δt = i Kb m
2) Look up necessary values:
boiling point of pure benzene: 80.1 °C
ebullioscopic constant for benzene: 2.53 °C/m
3) Insert values into equation:
1.1 °C = (1) (2.53 °C/m) (x / 0.200 kg)
x = 0.0869565 mol
Remember that molality is moles solute / kilograms solvent. The
kg will cancel as will the °C, leaving moles in the numerator.
We know the van 't Hoff factor is 1 from the problem stating that
the compound id nondissociating. By the way, nonvolatile tells us
that the solute is not present in the vapor above the solution. This
tells us that all the compound remains in solution and our
calculation for 'x' gives us the true amount of moles.
4) Calculate molecular weight:
10.0 g / 0.0869565 mol = 115 g/mol
Problem #3: Seawater is about 3.5% (by weight) dissolved solids,
almost all of which is NaCl. Calculate the normal boiling point of
seawater.
Solution
Some comments prior to starting:
a) 3.5% means 3.5 grams of solids per 100 grams total of solution.
So that means 3.5 grams of solids are dissolved in 96.5 grams of
water.
c) since we know most of the solids are NaCl, we can't go too
wrong is we assume NaCl is 100%. Some error is introduced, but
not too much.
1) Calculate moles of NaCl:
3.5 g / 58.5 g mol¯1 = 0.0598 mol
2) Calculate molality of NaCl:
m = 0.0598 mol / 0.0965 kg = 0.612 m
3) use boiling point elevation constant:
ΔT = i Kb m
x = (2) (0.52 °C m¯1 ) (0.612 m) = 0.64 °C
So, the water boils at 100.64 °C
Problem #4: What is the new boiling point of a solution prepared
by adding 96.0 g of sodium acetate to 383 mL of water? The
boiling point constant for water is 0.52 °C/m.
Solution:
1) Determine the molality of the NaCl solution:
(96.0 g / 58.443 g/mol) / 0.383 kg = 4.28884 m
2) We utilize this formula:
Δt = i Kb m
x = (2) (0.52 °C kg mol-1) (4.28884 mol/kg)
x = 4.46 °C
The new boiling point is 104.46 °C.
Note the use of the theoretical van 't Hoff factor of 2 for NaCl, as
opposed to the experimentally-determined value of 1.8, one which
takes ion-pairing into account.
Problem #5: What is the boiling point elevation when 147 g of
lactic acid (C6H10O5) is dissolved in 647 g of cyclohexane (C6H12)?
The boiling point constant for cyclohexane is 2.79 °C/m.
Solution:
1) Determine the molality of the lactic acid solution:
(147 g / 162.14 g/mol) / 0.647 kg = 1.40127 m
2) We utilize this formula:
Δt = i Kb m
x = (1) (2.79 °C kg mol-1) (1.40127 mol/kg)
x = 3.91 °C
Problem #6: How many grams of fucose (C5H12O5) must be
dissolved in 419 g of benzene to raise the boiling point by 3.8 °C?
The boiling point constant for benzene is 2.67 °C/m.
Solution:
1) Determine moles of fucose:
Δt = i Kb m
3.8 °C = (1) (2.67 °C kg mol-1) (x/0.419 kg)
3.8 °C = (6.372315 °C mol-1) (x)
x = 0.59633 mol
2) Determine grams of fuctose:
0.59633 mol times 164.1565 g/mol = 97.9 g (to three sig figs)
Note that the sugar involved is fucose, not fructose.
Problem #7: What is the boiling point of a solution prepared by
adding 29.3 g of methol (C10H20O) to 0.0590 kg of chloroform? The
boiling point of pure chloroform is 61.2 °C. The boiling point
constant for chloroform is 3.85 °C/m
Solution:
1) Determine the molality of the menthol solution:
(29.3 g / 156.267 g/mol) / 0.0590 kg = 3.17796 m
2) We utilize this formula:
Δt = i Kb m
x = (1) (3.85 °C kg mol-1) (3.17796 mol/kg)
x = 12.2 °C
61.2 + 12.2 = 73.4 °C <--- this is the bp of the solution
Problem #8: A solution was prepared by dissolving some
acetamide, CH2CONH2, in 50.0 g of pure water. The boiling point
of the solution at 1 atm was 100.208 °C. How much acetamide, in
grams, was dissolved to yield the solution.
Comment on question: note that the ebullioscopic constant for
water is not given. This is sometimes done because the constants
for water and other substances are widely-available in reference
sources.
Solution:
1) Determine the moles of acetamide dissolved:
Δt = i Kb m
0.208 °C = (1) (0.52 °C kg mol-1) (x/0.0500 kg)
0.208 °C = (10.4 °C mol-1) (x)
x = 0.020 mol
2) Determine grams of acetamide:
0.020 mol times 58.0596 g/mol = 1.16 g (to three sig figs)
Problem #9: At a barometric pressure of 744 mmHg, the boiling
point of water is 99.4 °C. What approximate mass of NaCl should
be added to 3.50 kg of the boiling water to raise the boiling point
to 100.0 °C?
Solution:
1) Calculate projected bp elevation:
100.0 - 99.4 = 0.6 °C
2) Determine moles of NaCl required:
Δt = i Kb m
0.6 °C = (2) (0.52 °C kg mol-1) (x/3.50 kg)
0.6 °C = (0.297143 °C mol-1) (x)
Note: I used the theoretical value for sodium chloride's van 't Hoff
factor.
x = 2.01923 mol
3) Determine grams of NaCl:
2.01923 mol times 58.443 g/mol = 118 g
Problem #10: 2.60 grams of a compound know to contain only
indium and chlorine is dissolved in 50.0 g of tin(IV) chloride (Kb =
9.43 °C kg mol¯1). The normal boilng point is raised from 114.1 °C
for pure SnCl4 to 116.3 °C for the solution. What is the molecular
weight and probable molecular formula for the solute?
Solution
1) Keep in mind that the units on molecular weight are grams per
mole. We already have the grams, what we now need are the moles
that 2.60 grams represent. We can get that by the molality (moles
solute / kg solvent):
ΔT = i Kb m
2.2 = 9.42 (x / 0.050); x = 0.01168 mol
2) Now we calculate the molecular weight:
2.60 g / 0.01168 mol = 222.6 g/mol
The probable molecular formula is InCl3, but I will let you ponder
on how I did it.
Bonus Problem #1: 5.00 g of an organic solid is dissolved in
100.0 g of benzene. The boiling temperature of this solution is
82.42 °C. The organic compound is 15.72% nitrogen, 7.92%
hydrogen, 35.92% oxygen and the remainder is carbon. The
boiling temperature of pure benzene is 80.1 °C; Kb = 2.53
°C-kg/mol.
a. Determine the molecular weight of the organic solid.
b. Determine the molecular formula of the solid
c. Determine the mole fraction of the organic solid in the solution
d. If the density of this solution is 0.8989 g/mL , calculate the
molarity of the solution
Solution:
1) Determine moles of solute using boiling point elevation data:
Δt = i Kb m
1.42 °C = (1) (2.53 °C kg mol¯1) (x / 0.100 kg)
1.42 °C = (25.3 °C mol¯1) (x)
x = 0.0561265 mol
2) Use moles and 5.00 g to determine molecular weight (answer to
part a):
5.00 g / 0.0561265 mol = 89.0845 g/mol
89.1 g/mol (to 3 sig figs)
3) Use an on-line empirical formula calculator to determine the
empirical formula from the percent composition:
C3H7NO2
4) Determine the molecular formula (answer to part b):
the "empirical formula weight" of C3H7NO2 is 89.1 g
the molecular weight divided by the "EFW" yields 1
therefore, the molecular formula is:
C3H7NO2
the same as the empirical formula
5) Determine the mole fraction of the solute (answer to part c):
moles of solvent = 100.0 g / 78.1134 g/mol = 1.28019 mol
χsolute = 0.0561265 mol / (0.0561265 mol + 1.28019 mol)
χsolute = 0.042
6) Determine molarity of solution (answer to part d):
i) our solution weighs 105.0 g; calculate its volume:
0.8989 g/mL = 105.0 g / x
x = 116.81 mL
ii) calculate the molarity:
0.0561265 mol / 0.11681 L = 0.48 M
Bonus Problem #2: A 0.255 g sample of an orange non-
electrolyte with the empirical formula of C10H10Fe is added to 11.12
g of benzene. The resulting boiling point is 80.26 °C. Boiling point
of benzene is 80.10 °C and ebullioscopic constant of benzene is
2.53 °C/m. What is the molar mass and molecular formula of the
orange compound?
Solution:
1) Determine the change in boiling point:
80.26 - 80.10 = 0.16 °C
2) We now utilize this formula:
Δt = i Kb m
0.16 °C = (1) (2.53 °C kg mol-1) (x / 0.01112 kg)
0.16 °C = (227.52 °C mol-1) (x)
x = 0.000703235 mol
3) Calculate the molar mass:
0.255 g / 0.000703235 mol = 362.6 g/mol
4) Determine the weight of C10H10Fe, leading to the molecular
formula:
186.034
362.6 / 186.034 = 1.95
The molecular formula is C20H20Fe2
By the way, C10H10Fe is known as ferrocene. I did not know it
could dimerize.
Bonus Problem #3: An organic compound contained: C, 18.3%;
H, 0.51%; Br, 81.2%. When 0.793 g of the compound was
dissolved in 14.80 mL of chloroform (density = 1.485 g/mL), the
solution boiled at 60.63 °C. Pure chloroform boils at 60.30 °C and
has Kb = 3.63 °C kg mol-1. What is the molecular formula of the
organic compound?
Solution:
1) Kilograms of chloroform:
1.485 g/mL times 14.80 mL = 21.978 g = 0.021978 kg
2) Determine moles of the compound dissolved:
Δt = i Kb m
0.33 °C = (1) (3.63 °C kg mol-1) (x / 0.021978 kg)
0.33 °C = (165.165 °C mol-1) (x)
Note: I used the value 165.165165165 (repeating) that was on the
calculator to obtain the answer just below.
x = 0.001998 mol
3) Determine molecular weight of the compound:
0.793 g / 0.001998 mol = 396.9 g/mol
4) Determine empirical formula:
Assume 100 g of compound present. Now, determine moles of
each element present:
C ---> 18.3 g / 12.011 g/mol = 1.5236 H ---> 0.51 g / 1.008 g/mol
= 0.5059524 mol Br ---> 81.2 g / 79.904 g/mol = 1.01622 mol
Divide through by smallest:
C ---> 1.5236 mol / 0.5059524 mol = 3 H ---> 0.5059524 mol /
0.5059524 mol = 1 Br ---> 1.01622 mol / 0.5059524 mol = 2
C3HBr2
5) Determine molecular formula:
C3HBr2 weighs 196.85
396.9 / 196.85 = 2
C6H2Br4
