Signal and System Analysis: Assignment 2 Solutions
1. Determine whether the system is linear, time-invariant, memoryless, and
causal:
a) y(t) = x(t) cos(5t)
- Linearity: Substitute two inputs, x1(t) and x2(t), and check: y1(t) = x1(t)cos(5t), y2(t) =
x2(t)cos(5t). For linearity: y(t) = a1y1(t) + a2y2(t). y(t) = a1x1(t)cos(5t) + a2x2(t)cos(5t).
Since this holds true, the system is linear.
- Time-Invariance: Apply time shift t0 to the input: Input: x(t – t0) → Output: x(t –
t0)cos(5t). Compare with y(t – t0) = x(t – t0)cos(5(t – t0)). Since the cosine term depends on
absolute time, the system is not time-invariant.
- Memoryless: The output at time t depends on x(t) only and not on past or future values, so
the system is memoryless.
- Causal: The output y(t) depends only on the current input x(t), so the system is causal.
b) y(t) = x(t – 2) + x(2 – t)
- Linearity: Similar to part (a), substitute and verify: y(t) = a1[x1(t – 2) + x1(2 – t)] + a2[x2(t
– 2) + x2(2 – t)]. Since this holds true, the system is linear.
- Time-Invariance: Apply time shift t0 to the input: Input: x(t – t0) → Output: x(t – t0 – 2) +
x(2 – (t – t0)). Compare with y(t – t0): y(t – t0) = x(t – t0 – 2) + x(2 – t + t0). Since the second
term depends explicitly on t0, the system is not time-invariant.
- Memoryless: The output y(t) depends on shifted values of x(t), so the system is not
memoryless.
- Causal: Since the output depends on both past (t – 2) and future (2 – t) inputs, the system
is not causal.
2. For the circuit in Fig Q#2:
a. Write state equations in matrix form.
Given:
- x1(t) = Vc(t) (capacitor voltage)
- x2(t) = iL(t) (inductor current)
State equations:
1. Vc(t): iC = C(dVc/dt) ⇒ dVc/dt = (1/C)iC.
2. iL(t): V = L(diL/dt) ⇒ diL/dt = V/L.
Using Kirchhoff’s Voltage and Current Laws (KVL and KCL), the state equations can be
written as:
d[x1(t)]/dt = A[x1(t)] + B[u(t)], where A and B are determined from the circuit parameters.
b. Compute e^(At) using the Inverse Laplace transform method.
- Assume A is diagonalizable. Use eigenvalues and eigenvectors for computation.
c. Find Vc(t) and iL(t) for t > 0.
- Solve the state-space equations using initial conditions and input function.
3. For the network in Fig Q#3:
Input: Vin(t) = u0(t) – u0(t – 2).
Use the convolution integral: Vout(t) = (Vin * h)(t) = ∫⁰ⁿ Vin(τ)h(t – τ)dτ.
Perform step-by-step evaluation using h(t) (impulse response of the system).
4. For the signal in Fig Q#4:
a) Compute the Trigonometric Fourier series representation:
- Use formulas for Fourier coefficients:
a0 = (1/T) ∫⁰ⁿ x(t) dt, an = (2/T) ∫⁰ⁿ x(t)cos(nωt) dt, bn = (2/T) ∫⁰ⁿ x(t)sin(nωt) dt.
Substitute the signal and integrate over one period.
b) Compute the Exponential Fourier series representation:
- Use: cn = (1/T) ∫⁰ⁿ x(t)e^(–jnωt) dt.
c) Plot the amplitude and phase spectrum:
- Amplitude: |cn|, Phase: arg(cn).
d) RMS value:
- RMS = sqrt(Σ (harmonics)^2).
e) Filtered output:
- Use transfer function H(ω) = u0(ω) – u0(ω – 6) to compute the output spectrum.
5. Fourier Transform for the circuit in Fig Q#5:
Use voltage-current relationships and Fourier transform properties.
Solve for i(t) in the frequency domain, then apply inverse Fourier transform.
6. Compute Fourier Transform of:
a) e^(–t)cos(3t + π)u0(t):
- Use the formula for Fourier transform of modulated exponential functions.
b) u0(t) – u0(t – 1):
- Transform of a rectangular pulse.
c) 4sgn(t – 2) + 3δ(t):
- Use properties of the Fourier transform for the signum and delta functions.
d) The waveform in Fig Q#6d:
- Break into piecewise segments and calculate the Fourier transform for each.
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