Healthcare systems
Organizational structure- the levels of management within a hospital
Importance of an organizational structure- encompasses a line of authority or chain of
command
Grouping of hospital departments- grouped in order to promote efficiency of the facility,
generally done according to similar duties
5 categorial groupings- administrative services, informational services, therapeutic services,
diagnostic services, support services.
Therapeutic services- services that provide treatment to patients
Support services- services that provide support for the entire hospital
World health organization (who)- international agency sponsored by united nations that
compile statistics and information on disease
National institute of health- research on disease
Centers for disease control and prevention (cdc)- concerned with causes, spread and
control of disease within populations
Food and drug administration (fda)- responsible for regulating food and drug product sold to
the public
Occupational safety and health administration (osha)- established and enforced standards
that protect workers from job related injury and illness
State and local health departments provide health services as directed by the department of
health and human services.
● Immunizations,
● Inspection
● Communicable disease control
● Stats and records
● Health education
● Clinics for health care and prevention
Deductible- amount paid by the patient for medical services before the policy begins to pay
Medicare- provides health care for people age of 65 or renal failure
Medicaid- pays healthcare for low income, children who qualify for public assistance, physically
disabled or blind.
Max age young adults can be on a parents insurance- 26
Veterans administration- provides care for military veterans
The pyramid- in order: administrative services, informational services, therapeutic services,
diagnostic services, support services.
Personal qualities of a hc worker
Empathy- being able to identify with and understand another persons feelings, situations and
motives.
Honesty-truthfulness and integrity are important in healthcare. Others must be able to tryst you
at all times .
Dependable- employers and patients rely on you, so you must accept the responsibility acquired
by your position.
Willingness to learn-you must be willing to learn and adapt to changes.
Patience- you must be tolerant and understanding, learning to deal with frustration and
overcoming obstacles is important.
Acceptance of criticism- be willing to accept criticism and learn from it rather than being
resentful.
Enthusiasm- you must enjoy your work and display a positive attitude.
Self motivation- the ability to begin or follow it through with a task. You should be able to
determine things that need to be done and do them without constant direction.
Tact- having the ability to say or do the kindest or most fitting thing in a difficult situation.
Requires constant practice.
Competence- you are qualified and capable of performing a task.
Responsibility- being willing to be held accountable for your actions
Discretion-you must always use good judgment, proper behavior, courtesy, goof communication
skills, honesty,politeness, responsibility, integrity, competence, and proper appearance
Team player- each member of a team must do his or her part to provide the patient with quality
care.
History of medicine
Marie curie- isolated radium in 1910
Sir alexander fleming- discovered penicillin 1928
Albert sabin- developed an oral live virus polio vaccine in the mid 1950s
Dr.william devries- implanted the first artificial heart, the jarvick 7 in 1982
Carl landsteiner- classified the abo blood groups in 1901
Sigmund freud- formed the basis for psychology and psychiatry
Francis crick and james watson- described the structure of dna in 1953
Jonas salk- developed the polio vaccine using dead polio virus in 1952
Joseph murray- performed the first successful kidney transplant in 1954
Dr christian bernard- performed the first successful heart transplant in 1968
Earliest keeper of accurate medical records- ancient egyptians
Hippocrates-called the father of medicine
Dark ages- the study of medicine was prohibited. Emphasis was on saving the soul. Monks and
priests.
Cultural diversity
ethnicity -Classification based on national origin and/or culture
Stereotyping- Process of assuming that everyone in a particular group is the same.
disparity-a difference in level or treatment, especially one that is seen as unfair.
5 social determinants of healthcare-
● Education access and quality
● Healthcare quality
● Neighborhood and built environment
● Social and community context
● Economic stability
Law and ethics in healthcare
Ethics- set of principles relating to what is morally right and wrong
Assault-an or threat attempt to injury
Legal disabilities examples- minors, mentally incompetent, under the influence of drugs, semi
conscious or unconscious
False imprisonment- restaining and individual or restricting an individual's freedom without
authorization
Defamation- occurs when false statements cause a person to be ridiculed or danged the
person's reputation
Slander- spoken defamation
Living will- documents that allow individuals to state what measures should or should not be
taken to prolong life when their conditions are terminal.
Durable power of attorney- a document that does allow a individual to appoint another person to
make any decisions regarding healthcare if the principle should become unable to make
decisions
DNR- do not resuscitate means they won't do cpr when an individual stop breathing
Malpractice- referred to as “bad practice” and commonly called “professional negligence”
World of work
Good employee characteristics-
● Assess strengths and weaknesses
● Report to work on time and when scheduled
● Be prepared to work
● Practice teamwork
● Promote a positive attitude
● Accept responsibility for your actions
● Be willing to learn
● without good job keeping skills, no amount of knowledge will help you keep a job
Resigning from a job
Reasons
● Better job offer
● Job better suited to your skills/interests
● Personal reasons
When resigning,
● Always give notice
● Notify your supervisor, be positive about reasons for leaving
● Work at your best level until resignation
● Offer to train replacement
● Ask for letter of recommendation
resume - your record of information. Makes you appear qualified as an employee.
On computer.
Parts include
● Personal identification
● Employee objective
● Education background
● Work or employee experiences
● Skills
● Other activities
Career portfolio- professional way to highlight your knowledge, abilities, skills. Allows for
presentation in an organized and efficient manner.
Final step of calculating your budget- idk make sure budget expenses do not exceed your net
monthly income. Avoid overspending
Careers in healthcare
Interest in math and science
Students get on job training through training programs
Health science job outlook- health science is the fastest growing industry in the United states.
The healthcare industry employs over 10 million workers in more than 200 careers.
Bachelor's degree- four years course if study at college or uni
Certification- a professional association or government agency regulation a particular health
career issues a statement that a person has fulfilled the requirement of education and
performance and meets the stands and qualifications established
Primary purpose of accreditation- ensures that program of study meets the establishes quality
competency standards
Health science career cluster is divided- 5 career pathways
Therapeutic- focus on changing the health status of a patient over time. Thye work directly with
patients. ex;chiro , registered nurse, dental hygienist, veterinarian, pharmacist, emt/paramedic
Diagnostic- use test and evaluations that aid in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment
Of diseases, injuries, or physical conditions
biotechnology research and development- bioscience research and development as it applies
to human beliefs.
Masters degree- one or more years of study beyond a bachelors degree
Purpose of registration- a regulatory body in a healthcare area administers and examinations
and maintain a list of qualified personnel
Health informatics- this pathway offers a wide range of career opportunities. Careers range from
health care administrators who manage healthcare agencies to individuals responsible for
managing patients data. Financial information and computer applications related to health.
License- a government agency authorizes an individual to work in a given occupation after they
completed an approved education program and passes state board test
Business and accounting
Reason to complete insurance forms correctly- receive prompt payment
Explanation of benefits- may be received with payment totals
Receipt- used as a record of goods or money received
endorsement - signature of payee
Voicemail- common feature of the automatic routing unit systems
Numerical codes- used to clearly identify info in a standard manner
Medical terminology
● Abdominal pelvic regions: pelvic-space between hip bones
Hypogastric- below stomach
● ACE inhibitor: lowers blood pressure
● Adhesion: band of fibrous tissue
● Anatomic position: stand tall, palms forward, feet forward
● Anemia:
➔ iron deficiency- not enough iron
➔ Hemochromatosis- iron overload disease
➔ Megaloblastic- larger than normal rbc
➔ Sickle- genetic, shaped weirdly/unusual.
● Aneurysm: balloon like enlargement of artery wall
● Antibody: disease fighting protein from body
● antigen: foreign substance (like an invader)
● Antigen-antibody reaction: antigen binds/connects with the antibody
● Arrhythmia: unusual heart rhythm
● Arthrodesis: surgery to stiffen/strengthen a joint
● Arthrolysis: surgery to loosen a joint
● Arthroplasty: surgical repair or replacement of a damaged joint
● Atonic- lack of muscle tone, without tone
● Atrophy- muscle weakness
● bacteria - single celled, can cause disease but not always
● b cell- specialized lymphocytes, produces antibodies
● Blood pressure
➔ Systolic- pressure against artery walls, higher number.
➔ diastolic - lower number, when your heart relaxes in between heartbeats
● Body cavities: thoracic cavity- heart and lungs
● Body planes:
➔ Coronal- frontal/anterior front and back ventral is front, dorsal is back
➔ Transverse- horizontal
➔ Sagittal-vertical
● Capillaries: the smallest, one cell thick
● Cardiomyopathy: all disease of the heart muscle
● Cell: basic structural function unit of the body
● Cell type: neutrophil is the most common type of WBC
● Chromosomes: in the nucleus
● Communicable disease: capable of being transferred
● Congenital disorder: you're born with it
● Circumduction: circular motion
● Congestive heart failure: chronic, your heart isnt able to pump out all the blood
● Craniostenosis: sutures close too early, narrowing
● Crepitation: grinding sound of bones
● Cyanosis: you turn blue from the lack of oxygen
● Deep vein thrombosis: blood clot attached to wall of a deep vein
● Airborne: flu is an example, you can catch it if its in the air
● Elevation: rising
● Endothelium: tissue that lines organs and vessels
● Epicondylitis: tennis elbow, inflammation of the tissue surrounding the elbow
● Fasciitis: inflammation of the fascia
● Fasciectomy: surgical removal
● Flexion: bend limb at a joint
● Foramen: opening for the nerves/ligaments in a bone
● Fracture types
➔ Simple, also knows as complete and closed
● Hamstring injury: strain or tear of muscle. Straightens hip, bends knee
● Purkinje: they rely on impulses to the cells of the ventricles, causes them to
contract
● Pulmonary arteries: carries deoxygenated blood to lungs from the right
● Hemolytic: destroys worn out red blood cells
● Hemopoietic: forms rbc in red bone marrow
● Histologist: specialist in the organization of tissues
● Hodgkin's lymphoma: type of lymphoma, has reed steenburg
● Immunodeficiency disorder: immune system is compromised, does not work
● Muscle spasm: muscle tissue can contract and relax
● smooth muscle tissue: involuntary, lines larger organs
● Myeloma: plasma cancer/red blood making cells
● Myocele: protrusion of a muscle through tear
● Lymph node: small and bean shaped, destroys pathogens
● Myoclonus: muscle spasm: sudden involunatry jerking
● Myofascial release: soft tissue, manipulation to ease pain (massage)
● Myolysis: degeneration of muscle
● Myoplasty: surgical repair of muscle
● Neuroplasty: surgical repair of nerve
● Osteitis: inflammation of the bone
● Osteomalacia: softening of the bone
● Osteoporosis: loss of bone density
● Otorhinolaryngology: ear, nose, and throat
● Pagets disease: breakdown of bone tissue
● patella: knee cap
● Plantar flexion: foot goes down
● Plaque: fatty deposit on artery wall
● Radiograph: x-ray
● Yellow bone marrow- yellow means fat
● Shin splint: when your muscle tears away from the bone
● Spina bifida: congenital, spinal cord doesn't fully close so you can see it, fails to
close completely
● Spondylolisthesis: slipping of the vertebrae
● Sprain: injury to joint, stretch or torn ligament
● Tendon: narrow band, non elastic, dense, fibrous, connects muscle to bone
● Thrombocytopenia: low blood platelets
● Tibia: shin bone
● Adipose: fat
● Valvular prolapse: abnormal protrusion of valve
● Valvulitis: valve inflammation
● Word root: base meaning
