# Torque
## Definition of Torque
- Torque is a measure of the rotational force applied to an object about an axis.
- Mathematically, \( \tau = r \cdot F \cdot \sin\theta \), where:
- \( \tau \): Torque
- \( r \): Distance from the axis of rotation (lever arm)
- \( F \): Force applied
- \( \theta \): Angle between the force vector and lever arm
## Key Points
- Torque is a vector quantity.
- Unit: Newton-meter (\( N \cdot m \)).
- Direction of torque is determined by the right-hand rule.
## Conditions for Rotational Equilibrium
1. **Net Torque**: The sum of all torques acting on a body must be zero:
\[ \sum \tau = 0 \]
2. **Net Force**: The sum of all forces acting on the body must be zero:
\[ \sum F = 0 \]
## Moment of a Force
- Also called the torque of a force.
- Depends on:
- Magnitude of the force.
- Perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of the force.
## Applications of Torque
1. **Wrenches**: Increase the distance \( r \) to apply greater torque with the same force.
2. **Door Hinges**: Force applied far from the hinge requires less effort to open the door.
3. **Levers**: Torque principle is used in levers for mechanical advantage.
## Torque in Rotational Dynamics
- Relation between torque and angular acceleration:
\[ \tau = I \cdot \alpha \]
where:
- \( I \): Moment of inertia
- \( \alpha \): Angular acceleration
## Practical Examples
- Balancing seesaws by adjusting weights.
- Turning screws or bolts using spanners.
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