Disaster
Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 2 – Module 3:
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction
Hydrometeorological Hazards
CO_Q2_DRRR12_Module3
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 3: Hydrometeorological Hazards
First Edition, 2020
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Published by the Department of Education
Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Development Team of the Module
Authors: Louise A. Ferrer, Mark Anthony C. Mamon, Emerina Clarisse R. Bernante,
Cheryl A. Retio
Editor: Ma. Lanie A. Socorro, Ed.D.
Reviewers: Raquel M. Austero, Ph.D.
Illustrator: Mark Anthony C. Mamon
Layout Artist: Louise A. Ferrer, Oliver O. Ostulano
Management Team: Malcolm S. Garma, Director IV
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Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional EPS In-Charge of LRMS
Micah S. Pacheco, Regional ADM Coordinator
Violeta M. Gonzales, CID Chief
Jennifer L. Tubello, Division EPS In-Charge of LRMS &
Division ADM Coordinator
Printed in the Philippines by ________________________
Department of Education – National Capital Region
Office Address: Misamis St., Bago Bantay, Quezon City
Telefax: 02-929-0153
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Disaster
Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 2 – Module 3:
Hydrometeorological Hazards
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-
bystep as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each
SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is
here to help you understand Hydrometeorological Hazards. This module provides
discussions and activities that will help you learn the concepts, ideas, and relevant
information about the lesson. This module emphasizes the guidelines, and
importance of disaster readiness, risk reduction, and management in connection to
the hazard being discussed.
The module is all about Hydrometeorological Hazards.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. recognize signs of impending hydrometeorological hazards;
2. interpret different hydrometeorological hazard maps; and
3. use available tools for monitoring hydrometeorological hazards.
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What I Know
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What hazard may happen if a dam collapses?
A. flashfloods C. tsunami
B. storm surge D. typhoon
2. Which of the following signs is associated with flashflood?
A. muddy water
B. running water
C. thunder and lightning
D. increase in temperature of the surroundings
3. Why is it likely for a storm surge to occur during a typhoon? A. The sea level rises
during a typhoon.
B. A typhoon is usually accompanied by strong winds.
C. A typhoon is usually accompanied by lightning and thunder
D. The atmospheric pressure drops during at typhoon, pushing the waves.
4. Which of the following instruments can be used to track typhoons and cloud
masses which may bring thunderstorms?
A. Doppler radar C. Theodolite
B. Radiosonde D. Weather surveillance radar
5. Which of the following may be observed in an approaching thunderstorm?
A. column of clouds C. high lying clouds
B. heavy rainfall D. saturated ground
6. Which hydrometeorological hazard could happen if one observes lightning and
thunder?
A. typhoon C. Both A and B
B. thunderstorm D. None of the above.
7. Which of the following information can be obtained from a flood hazard map?
A. susceptible areas to flood
B. location of nearby waterways
C. the possible flood water level that an area could experience.
D. All the above.
8. Which of the following information may be obtained from a storm surge hazard
map?
A. path of a typhoon
B. wind speed and force of impact
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C. the possible time that the storm surge will hit
D. possible height of wave that can hit the surface
9. Which instrument can be used to measure atmospheric pressure?
A. Barometer C. Radiosonde
B. Hygrometer D. Sling psychrometer
10. Why is a flashflood considered more hazardous than a flood? A. It is contaminated.
B. It lasts for a few hours only.
C. It is characterized by a rapid current.
D. All of the above.
11. Which of the following increases the likelihood of a storm surge?
A. lightning C. strong winds
B. heavy rainfall D. drop-in atmospheric pressure
12. How do weather satellites benefit people about hydrometeorological hazards? A. It
provides a visualization of the typhoon.
B. It helps predict the areas that may be affected by the typhoon.
C. It relays weather information from remote automatic weather stations
D. All of the above.
13. Why does the sky turn dark before a typhoon or thunderstorm?
A. the sky has a dark and greyish tint
B. clouds filled with water droplets block sunlight C.
lightning and thunder interfere with the sun’s rays.
D. All the above.
14. What changes would NOT be observed on the ocean as a thunderstorm or typhoon
approaches?
A. the water is receding
B. the waves are much higher
C. the waves come in much faster
D. the strong winds are present
15. What does it mean when there is no thunder heard after lightning is seen in the
sky?
A. The storm has passed.
B. Strong wind may have masked the sound of thunder C. A
thunderstorm is approaching or forming from a distance.
C. None of the above.
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Lesson
Hydrometeorological
1 Hazards
Weather and climate provide us with a steady supply of water which is essential
to survival. However, they also cause hydrometeorological hazards which are natural
processes that may cause loss of lives and livelihood, damage to properties,
infrastructures, and the environment as well. It is highly important to prepare
ourselves to be able to deal with these hazards and overcome the crisis.
What’s In
In the last module, you learned about geological hazard maps and mitigation
strategies to prevent the damages brought about by geological hazards. What kind of
information can a geological hazard map provide? Can you enumerate strategies that
can be used to prevent the negative effects of different geological hazards?
We commonly experience geological hazards such as earthquakes,
liquefaction, sinkhole, volcanic eruption, and tsunami. Hydrometeorological hazards
such as typhoon, storm surge, and flooding are also frequently experienced here in
the Philippines. Each hazard has its own characteristics and potential impacts to our
community.
What’s New
Activity 1. Will it rain or not?
Analyze the scenarios given below. Suppose that you plan to go out for a picnic.
Write YES if the scenario shows that it will rain and NO if it will not. Answer the guide
questions that follow.
_____________A. The sun is shining brightly.
_____________B. A high lying veil of clouds is seen on the horizon.
_____________C. It looks dark outside.
_____________D. It suddenly becomes windy.
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_____________E. It is bright outside, but I see dark clouds at a distance.
_____________F. The temperature of the surroundings feels slightly cool.
_____________G. The sky has high-lying clouds.
_____________H. The surroundings feel humid.
Guide questions:
1. How can you tell if it will rain or not?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Why do you need to be aware of the changes in your surroundings concerning the
weather?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
What is It
Hydrometeorological hazards are natural processes or phenomena that are of
atmospheric, hydrologic, or oceanographic. These hazards may cause the loss of lives,
damage to property, social and economic disruption, or environmental degradation.
The geographic location of the Philippines accounts for the high frequency of
occurrence of these hazards. At times, these hazards concur in a single event and
varying intensities.
Signs of impending hydrometeorological hazards
In this module, we will focus on common hydrometeorological hazards experienced in the
Philippines.
Typhoon
A typhoon is a violent tropical cyclone that forms over warm waters, North of
the equator in the Western Pacific Ocean. It contains winds rotating counterclockwise,
with a speed of 118-220 kilometers per hour. It could also develop into a super
typhoon if the wind speed exceeds 220 kilometers per hour. The impending signs of
a typhoon are felt when it is close to landfall. These include the following:
1. increased ocean swell– A swell is a series of ocean waves brought about by
strong winds. An incoming typhoon would cause a swell of about a meter in
height that hit the shore every 10 seconds. As the typhoon approaches the
waves to come in much faster and may also increase in height.
2. changes in clouds – Cumulus clouds may fill the sky about 36 hours before a
typhoon. As the storm approaches, the sky could be clear of clouds and may
later have a mass of cirrus clouds which appear as a veil covering the horizon,
eventually covering a large portion of the sky. A few hours before the typhoon
landfall, low-lying clouds form which slowly become thick and dark, usually
accompanied by rain.
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3. barometric pressure drop – the atmospheric pressure may start to drop about
36 hours before typhoon landfall. This will continue as the storm approaches.
4. abrupt changes in wind speed – wind speed increases due to the drop in
atmospheric pressure as air moves from an area with high pressure to low
pressure. The increase in wind speed also increases the height of the ocean
swell.
Thunderstorm
A thunderstorm is a small-scale storm accompanied by lightning and thunder.
A typical thunderstorm only lasts about 30 minutes to an hour and may cover an
area as small as 5 kilometers in diameter. However, they bring about other hazards
such as strong winds and heavy rainfall. In extreme cases, they may be accompanied
by hail or tornado.
Figure 1: Structure of a thunderstorm
Source: https://cdn.britannica.com/28/24028-050-DD042B9F/updrafts-thunderstorm-Structureatmosphere-downdrafts-
thundercloud-top.jpg
The impending signs of a thunderstorm include the following:
1. system of cumulonimbus clouds – unequal heating of the Earth’s surface
cause the upward movement of moist air, forming a tower of cumulonimbus
clouds that continuously accumulate in the sky, signaling an incoming
thunderstorm (Figure 1).
2. the sky turns dark – the cumulonimbus clouds filled with water droplets serve
as a barrier for sunlight. The sky darkens with a greyish tint or may also have
hues of green, yellow, or violet. As clouds start to have dark bases, they may
be in the process of becoming thunderstorm clouds.
3. lightning and thunder– flashes of lightning followed by thunder may be
observed. This may occur even before the rain falls. In some cases, thunder
that follows the lightning is inaudible which could mean that the thunderstorm
is approaching or forming from a distance. As the atmosphere is becoming
electrically charged, a radio static may also be experienced.
4. gusts of wind and change in wind direction – Figure 1 shows downdrafts
which are rapidly descending air columns. Downbursts descend even faster
and maybe as strong as a tornado.
Storm surge
Storm surge is a rapid rise of seawater above normal sea level on the coast,
generated by strong winds brought about by typhoons and thunderstorms. This
means that the impending signs of storm surge are similar to that of the two
aforementioned hazards. Unlike a tsunami that has visual signs such as receding
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water level, a storm surge is a rather fast and unexpected hazard that can sneak in
anytime during a storm. It is advised that residents of low-lying coastal areas should
evacuate upon observing signs of an incoming storm.
Flood and Flashflood
The flood occurs when land areas which are normally not covered with water
are being submerged, often after heavy and continuous rainfall. In some cases, heavy
rainfall may cause temporary overflow from bodies of water, adjacent lands, or
floodplains causing the flood. The impending signs of the flood are similar to that of
typhoons or thunderstorms as they are usually accompanied by rain. People should
also watch out for overflowing water from manholes as this could mean that the area
may be flooded soon. Flooding may last for days and even weeks.
Flashflood is a flood characterized by a raging current that occurs when the
water level rises due to heavy rainfall. Unlike flood, flashflood lasts from a few minutes
to a few hours only. It is common along rivers, mountain canyons, coastline, creeks,
and even urban areas. The impending signs of a flashflood include the following:
1. weather forecasts typhoon or thunderstorm – they may bring intense and
prolonged rainfall.
2. water collecting in puddles and rapidly rising water – this could mean that the
ground is saturated with water and flooding may follow. Water could be stocked up
in a distant area and a flash flood could occur anytime soon.
3. muddy water – this may mean that calm water has been disturbed and the dirt has
mixed with the water.
4. roaring sound from upstream – this may be from stones, branches, or logs being
carried in the water.
5. floating debris in water – twigs, leaves, and sticks may be from bigger branches
and logs carried by the water.
Hydrometeorological hazard maps
A hydrometeorological hazard map is a guide that highlights areas that are
vulnerable to potential hazards like storm surge, typhoon, and flood. They are created
to identify the areas that are prone to or affected these hydrometeorological hazards.
Hazard maps can also help prevent serious damage and deaths.
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Figure 2: Flood and Landslide Hazard Map of Alaminos Watershed
Source: https://phil-lidar.iccem.com.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/alaminos-1024x724.jpg
Figure 2 shows that areas in the northern part of Alaminos are highly
susceptible to flooding. The hazard map can inform people about where they can
relocate before they can be affected by the disaster. By knowing the possible threats
in their area, they can plan accordingly and act to prevent any damage or devastating
effect of the disaster.
Tools for Monitoring Hydrometeorological Hazards
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical
Services
Administration (PAGASA), as the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services
(NMHS) of the Philippines is authorized in providing the warning for the public safety
of the people. They used various instruments to monitor environmental conditions.
You may be familiar with common weather instruments such as thermometer,
anemometer, barometer, rain gauge, and sling psychrometer. They are still used
today. Below are other tools used to monitor weather and hydrometeorological
hazards:
Image Instrument Description
Barograph – a barometer that reads and records atmospheric
pressure continuously.
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Barograph_01.jpg
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Thermograph – an instrument that measures and records air
temperature continuously.
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Thermograph_hg.jpg
Ceiling light projector - an instrument that projects a light beam to
the clouds.
Source: http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/themes/hiraia//assets/images/learning_to
ols/weather_instruments/ceiling_projector.jpg
Clinometer – an instrument that determines the height of the cloud
base by measuring the distance of the cloud base to the ground.
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Clinometer_commonl
y_used_by_foresters.JPG
Ceiling balloon – a balloon filled with hydrogen or other gas lighter
than air, which is used to determine the height of the cloud base. This
is done by measuring the time that the balloon disappears into the
clouds from the time that it is released.
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/NWS_weather_ballo
on_station%2C_Riverton_WY.jpg
Theodolite – an instrument that determines wind speed and
direction. It is attached to a hydrogen-filled pilot balloon and is
allowed to float in the atmosphere at different heights to reach its
different levels.
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Th1_theodolite.jpg
Radiosonde – an instrument attached to a balloon and is used to
measure temperature, pressure, and relative humidity in the
atmosphere. It is equipped with a transmitter that sends data to a
radiosonde receiver on the ground.
Source: http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/themes/hiraia//assets/images/learning_to
ols/weather_instruments/radiosonde.gif
A rawinsonde is like a radiosonde, but it is also capable of measuring
wind velocity
Source: http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/themes/hiraia//assets/images/learning_to
ols/weather_instruments/radiosonde.jpg
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Wind finding radar – it measures wind speed and direction thru radar
echoes. It works by attaching a radar target to a balloon that is sent
to the atmosphere. The time interval and bearing of the radar echoes
are evaluated by a receiver ground radar.
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Darwin_Ap_WF3_Rad ar.jpg
Weather Surveillance Radar - it detects and monitors the track of
typhoons and cloud masses within 400 kilometers.
Source: https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcTHDszsVRNXYIVFAJpg0h4APHRcwydH76SHA&usq
p=CAU
Doppler Radar - calculates the motion of precipitation, estimates its
type, and determines the structure of storms and their potential to
cause severe weather.
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Advanced_Radar_for_
Meteorological_and_Operational_Research.jpg
Weather Satellite - provides the synoptic view and coverage area of a
weather disturbance and the capability to relay weather data from
remote automatic weather stations.
Source: https://assets.climatecentral.org/images/made/2_27_13 _Brian_GPMSatelliteSp
ace_1050_788_s_c1_c_c.jpg
What’s More
Activity 2. What is happening?
Directions: Analyze the given situations or events. Write the hydrometeorological
hazard that you can associate with these situations. Choose from the list of
hydrometeorological hazards in the box below. You may have more than one answer
for each item.
flashflood Flood storm surge thunderstorm typhoon
Situation/ event Associated hydrometeorological hazard
1. Heavy rainfall
2. Puddles of water
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3. Strong winds
4. Dark clouds
5. Thunder and lightning
Guide question:
How can you relate the observation of changes in the surroundings to the
preparation for a hydrometeorological disaster such as typhoon, storm
surge, flash flood, etc.?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Activity 3. Watch out!
Directions: The signs of an approaching thunderstorm can be seen, heard, and felt by
anyone. They can also be detected by meteorologists. Write the signs of an impending
thunderstorm in the appropriate column.
Guide question:
What should you do if you observe the signs of an impending disaster such as
a thunderstorm?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Activity 4. Flood risk
Directions: Study the flood hazard map of Metro Manila below and answer the questions
that follow.
Image source: https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S2212420917302200gr2.jpg
Answer the questions:
1. According to the hazard map, which localities would be affected as a whole by flooding?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. What measures can be done by these localities to address this concern?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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What I Have Learned
1. What are the signs of different hydrometeorological hazards?
2. What information can you obtain from hazard maps?
3. What tools are used to monitor hydrometeorological hazards?
What I Can Do
Common hydrometeorological hazards affecting the Philippines come in the
forms of typhoons, storm surge, and flood. Extend your help to your community as a
young citizen by sharing what you have learned in this module.
Directions: Interview an adult in your family or barangay about hydrometeorological
disasters that they have experienced. Share to them the signs of those impending
hazards. Let them recall if they recognized those signs.
Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Which is a sign of an impending typhoon?
A. receding water
B. continuous rainfall
C. drop-in temperature
D. rapid rise of water level
2. Which of the following would lead to raising a storm surge alert?
A. calm seas
B. muddy water
C. public storm signal announcement
D. None of the above.
3. Which of the following would be observed before a flood?
A. overflowing water in nearby bodies of water
B. overflowing water in manholes
C. heavy rainfall
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D. All of the above.
4. Which of the following would indicate that a typhoon is coming?
A. a drop in atmospheric pressure
B. heavy and prolonged rainfall
C. observed lightning and thunder in the sky
D. a column of cumulonimbus clouds form in the sky
5. Why is it necessary for people to recognize signs of an impending disaster?
A. to be able to prepare for the hazard
B. to inform others of the impending disaster
C. to minimize and prevent the negative outcome
D. All of the above
6. Which of the following information can be obtained in a flash flood hazard map?
A. location of nearby bodies of water
B. areas that could be affected by flashflood C. history of water
level from previous flash floods
D. All of the above.
7. Which instrument can be used to monitor the motion of precipitation, its type and
determines the structure of typhoons and thunderstorms?
A. Ceiling balloon
B. Doppler Radar
C. Radiosonde
D. Theodolite
8. What would be observed in the ocean before a typhoon or thunderstorm?
A. calm waters
B. heavy rainfall
C. ocean swell
D. radio static
9. What role do meteorologists play in disaster readiness and risk reduction? A. They
warn the people of an impending disaster.
B. They develop methods to provide accurate weather forecasts.
C. They interpret observations obtained from weather instruments.
D. All of the above.
10. Which of the following instruments provides a view of the coverage area of a weather
disturbance such as a typhoon?
A. Thermograph
B. Weather satellite
C. Rawinsonde
D. Clinometer
11. Which of the following signs would indicate that a flash flood could happen?
A. strong winds
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B. flashes of lightning
C. water in a river turns cloudy
D. None of the above.
12. Which of the following is NOT true about a thunderstorm? A. It lasts for a few days.
B. It can cause radio static.
C. It is accompanied by rainfall.
D. It covers a relatively small area, about a few kilometers in diameter.
13. Which hydrometeorological hazard could happen if the sky begins to have dark
cloud formations?
A. flood
B. thunderstorm
C. typhoon
D. All of the above.
14. What information does a hazard map provide a community?
A. possible hazards that can hit the area
B. areas where people can relocate or evacuate C. areas that are
vulnerable and safe to a hazard
D. All of the above.
15. Which could be a sign that a flood could occur in the area?
A. water levels are rising
B. manholes in the street are overflowing
C. weather forecast reported an incoming strong typhoon
D. All of the above.
Additional Activities
Directions: Go to your local barangay or municipal office and check what hazard
maps and early warning systems are being used to prepare the local community on
certain hydrometeorological events. List down the possible hydrometeorological
hazards of your home and identify your susceptibility to different hazards.
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References
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Typhoon Updates. Accessed July 30, 2020.
http://typhoonmanila.weebly.com/the-typhoon-experience.html.
“4 Warning Signs of an Approaching Hurricane You Really Must Know.” 2015. Science
Struck. January 2, 2015. https://sciencestruck.com/warningsigns-of-
approaching-hurricane.
“Flash Flood Warning Signs | What You Need To Know.” 2015. Outdoor Family
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“Knowing the Signs WHAT ARE THE WARNING SIGNS FOR A FLOOD IN THE
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sheet.pdf.
“Mapping Philippine Vulnerability to Environmental Disasters.” n.d.
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signs-hurricane-7429165.html.
“Warning Signs of Thunderstorms.” 2019. Sciencing. 2019.
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Bullock, Jane, George Haddow, and Damon Coppola. 2012. Homeland Security: The
Essentials. 1st Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann.
Commission on Higher Education. 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High School:
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction.
Dianala, John Dale B., Mario A. Aurelio, and Chechen M. Tan. 2017. Disaster Readiness
and Risk Reduction - Reader. Pasig City: Lexicon Press, Inc. Department of
Education-Bureau of Learning Resources.
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