CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the study

The problem of solid waste disposal has become one of the most serious
environmental problems facing many cities in Nigeria. In recent years, there has
been an increase in the volume of wastes generated daily in the country. This is
due to a number of reasons including the increasing population growth rate,
increasing development, industrialization and economic growth. In addition, many
urban areas of Nigeria lack effective waste management systems. As a result, most
urban households resort to the haphazard dumping, burn and/or burying solid
waste. The common arrangement in the few urban communities where a system is
in place, is for waste management authorities to collect refuse from households and
public containers on a regular basis using collection trucks.

Daramola, Mobolaji & Idowu (2022) referred to waste as unwanted materials,

substances or objects which are disposed or intended to be disposed off by the
provision of the law at state or national levels. It was further seen as substances or
objects discarded as useless or unwanted from human and animal activities. Waste
can be generated during the extraction of raw materials, processing of raw
materials into intermediate and final products, consumption of final product and
other human activities. In real sense, wastes nclude all items that people no longer
have any use of, which they either intend to get rid of or discard due to their
hazardous nature.

As population densities per capita waste generation increases, the available

land for waste disposal decreases proportionately and as a result sanitation has
emerged as an essential specialized sector for keeping cities or gatherings of
people, healthy and live able; and therefore, one of the key challenges of the 21st
century. Also, a key responsibility of the local governments is managing solid
waste well and affordably. Generally, the composition of waste produced is
influenced by culture, economic development, geographic location, climate and
energy resources and its composition influences how waste is collected and
disposed. Low income countries have the highest proportion of organic waste with
a high percentage of organic matter in urban waste stream, most low and lower
middle income countries have low levels of collection services with the disposal of
their waste mainly in open dumps associated with open burning (Mobolaji, 2020).
Similarly, the Nigeria situation is no different. So, the prevailing poor sanitation in
the Nigerian markets is a reflection of the deplorable sanitation situation in the
country.

Olatunji (2021) identified that high rate of urbanization, rising standard of

living results in increased generation from waste. Also, looking at the developing
countries, it evident that rapid social development, population growth, resource
exploitation and unchecked technological advancement create the main problems
of waste. While developing countries are busy improving access to clean drinking
water, they are falling behind on sanitation goal especially on the disposal of solid
wastes”.

Solid waste management is the generation, prevention, characterisation,

monitoring, treatment, handling, reuse and residual disposition of materials
produced by human activities in order to reduce their effect on health and the
environment. Of all the municipal waste generated, solid waste from trade in the
markets and marketing sweeping need to be looked into. This is due to the fact that
the product from these markets are either consumed raw or processed before
consumption and can be hazardous to human health if not properly taken care of.
Globally and considering the above assertions and notion the disposal of solid
waste which has created numerous challenges may not be seen as the real problem,
but its management by different nations of the world. The management in the real
sense refers to people’s habit and behaviour towards the said waste.

The market place, a major source of solid waste, is an important structural

part of the local economy occupying an important social and economic position in
the lives of Nigerians and as such it is a high vulnerable place with the
convergence of people, attracting large gatherings of buyers, sellers and their
children who either accompany their parents or are alone to sell or buy products
(Olatunji & Ayeni 2022). These people especially the adult sellers and their
children spend a greater part of the day within the market environment and
therefore, can be called market residents and as such, the improper, unsafe and un
healthy manner in which they collect and dispose of waste among themselves,
provides opportunities for the increased risk and spread of diseases. These waste
management practices which are associated to their attitudes, perceptions,
motivations and incentives, are all contributory to their existing sanitation
problems.
All activities in solid waste management involve risk either to the workers
involved in collection or to the market residents, as these risks occur at every step
of the process from the point of handling the waste to the point of final disposal
with children being particularly vulnerable to the risks associated with these waste
because of their behaviour and physiological characteristics (Olatunji & Ayeni
2022). Solid waste that is not properly collected and disposed can block drains,
cause flooding and accumulate on open areas and therefore become breeding
grounds for insects, vermin, scavenging animals and people which in turn become
sources for air and water borne diseases. A number of studies have shown that
among residents and especially sanitation workers, there is a 6 times more relative
risk of infectious diseases, 10 times more relative risk of acute diarrhoea and 3
times more relative risk of allergic pneumonia and parasitic diseases (Daramola &
Olowoporoku, 2023). It is obvious, that an unclean environment will affect the
health, productivity and quality of life of the people.

Control of waste is part of the important service which is the basic right of
every household to sustainthe society. This basic human right involves ensuring
proper sanitation, solid waste management, provision of potable water, shelter,
food, energy, transport, and communications which are all beneficial to society and
the economy as a whole. (Olutmayin & Lawal, 2020). In Nigeria, Environmental
sanitation has remained a problem in the urban areas for a long time. Knowledge,
attitude, and practice of environmental sanitation management are important for
quality living.

For an effective waste management system to be developed, the knowledge,

attitudes and practices of the producers of waste in addition to the waste
composition and volume must be known and also the existing safe, effective and
sustainable local options in the management of waste must be understood. It is
imperative that a comprehensive waste management plan with a winning strategy
that bridges the identified gaps in the knowledge, attitude and practices and also
identifies and improves already working indigenous processes is critically
important. Thus the aim of this study is to assess the attitude and practice of traders
union towards waste disposal in ilaje local government Ondo state Nigeria.

Statement of the Problem

Inadequate knowledge, poor attitude and practice of environmental sanitation

have been recognized as a public health hazard worldwide. In recent times there
have been concerns about the sustainability of the environmental health is
increasing due to environmental degradation and occurrence of diseases associated
with poor waste management (Mobolaji, 2020). Environmental sanitation involves
the waste collection, segregation, storage, transportation, safe disposal and reused.
This is to protect and promote human health by making the environment clean for
habitation and breaks the cycle of disease transmission. However, the issue of poor
environmental sanitation practice seems to exist right from the collection, storage,
transportation and disposal of household‘s waste. It has also been discovered that it
has a strong relationship with the knowledge and the attitude of people (Daramola
& Olowoporoku, 2023). Safe waste disposal and hygienic behaviours are essential
for the dignity, status, and wellbeing of every household, irrespective of whether
they are rich or poor, live in rural or urban areas, small towns or cities. The
intensity of the waste management problem increases with increased population
due to the increased human activities and the wastes to be transported for disposal .

Despite all the efforts makes by the government, many areas around market
places are indiscriminately littered with domestic refuse, sewage, Sullage, garbage,
and other wastes. And it is believed that improper wastes management leads to the
multiplication of pathogens causing diseases like cholera and diarrhea, it will also
provide a good breeding site for disease vectors like mosquitoes (which may cause
malaria fever), flies (which may transmit diarrhea infection) and rodents that can
easily cause food contamination illnesses such as Lassa fever, salmonella species
(bacteria of typhoid fever) among others. Furthermore, the market characteristics
and access to environmental sanitation facilities and services could be strong
predictors of environmental sanitation behavior in the market. It is based on this
that this study intended to assess the attitude and practice of traders union towards
waste disposal in ilaje local government Ondo state Nigeria.
Purpose of the Study

1. To examine the awareness level of traders union towards environmental

sanitation and waste disposal in Ilaje Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria

2. To assess the common practices of traders union in waste disposal in the area

3. To analyse the challenges faced by traders in effectively disposing of waste in

Ilaje Local Government

4. To examine initiatives or programs have been implemented by the traders union

to improve waste disposal practices in the area?

Research Questions

1. What is the awareness level of traders union towards environmental sanitation

waste disposal in Ilaje Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria?

2. What are the common practices of traders union in waste disposal in the area?

3. What are the challenges faced by traders in effectively disposing of waste in

Ilaje Local Government?

4. What initiatives or programs have been implemented by the traders union to

improve waste disposal practices in the area?

Significance of the Study

The attitude and practice of traders union towards waste disposal in Ilaje
Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria is a significant area of study due to several
reasons:
Environmental Impact: Improper waste disposal practices can have a significant
negative impact on the environment, leading to pollution of air, water, and soil.
This can in turn harm human health and the ecosystem.

Public Health Concerns: Poor waste disposal practices can also lead to the spread
of diseases and infections, as waste can serve as breeding grounds for pests and
pathogens. This poses a significant risk to the health and well-being of the
residents of Ilaje Local Government.

Sustainable Development: Proper waste management is a key component of

sustainable development, as it contributes to the preservation of natural resources
and the protection of the environment for future generations. The attitude and
practices of traders union towards waste disposal can play a crucial role in
promoting sustainable development in the region.

Community Well-being: Effective waste disposal practices can improve the overall
quality of life in the community by creating a clean and healthy living
environment. This can enhance the well-being and livelihoods of the residents of
Ilaje Local Government.

Economic Opportunities: The proper management of waste can also create

economic opportunities, such as recycling and waste-to-energy initiatives, which
can generate income and employment for the local community. The attitudes and
practices of traders union towards waste disposal can influence the development of
such initiatives.

Overall, understanding the attitudes and practices of traders union towards waste
disposal in Ilaje Local Government is crucial for promoting environmental
sustainability, public health, and community well-being in the region. The findings
of this study can help inform policies and interventions aimed at improving waste
management practices and fostering sustainable development in the area.

Scope of the Study

The scope of the study on the attitude and practice of traders union towards
waste disposal in Ilaje Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria includes assessing
the knowledge, attitude, and practices of traders in solid waste disposal, identifying
sociodemographic factors influencing waste disposal behaviors, and evaluating the
effectiveness of current waste management strategies in markets. Additionally, the
study aims to highlight the challenges faced in waste disposal, such as poor
environmental sanitation practices, lack of designated waste collection points,
delays in waste collection and insufficient education on waste sorting. The research
also emphasizes the need for market sensitization on environmental sanitation,
enforcement of laws against indiscriminate waste dumping, and the importance of
proper waste management policies and implementation to address the existing
waste disposal issues in Ilaje Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria

Operational Definition of Terms

Attitude: Refers to the traders union's collective feelings, beliefs, and behaviors
towards waste disposal practices, including their perceptions, values, and
willingness to engage in proper waste management activities.

Practice: Encompasses the actual actions and behaviors undertaken by the traders
union in relation to waste disposal, such as the methods used for waste collection,
segregation, transportation, and disposal within the market areas.

Traders Union: Organized group or association of traders operating within the

markets of Ilaje Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria, responsible for
coordinating waste disposal activities and implementing waste management
strategies.

Waste Disposal: Involves the systematic handling, collection, transportation, and

final disposal of solid waste generated within the market areas, focusing on
maintaining cleanliness, hygiene, and environmental sustainability.

Ilaje Local Government: Refers to the administrative region within Ondo State,
Nigeria, where the study is conducted, specifically targeting the waste disposal
practices and attitudes of traders union in this geographical area.
 CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter gives an insight into various studies conducted by outstanding
researchers, as well as explained terminologies with regards to the attitude and
practice of traders union towards waste disposal in Ilaje Local Government Area
Ondo State, Nigeria. The studies cover the following concept:

 Theoretical Framework
 Conceptual Framework
 An overview of Environmental Sanitation in Nigeria
 Sanitation Problems in Nigeria
 Environmental wastes
 Strategies to Improve waste disposal practice
 Common practices of waste disposal
 Importance of Environmental Sanitation
 Awareness of Environmental Sanitation
 Attitude towards Environmental Sanitation among market traders
 Practice of environmental sanitation among market traders
 Empirical Reviews
 Summary of literature Reviewed

Theoretical Framework

The traditional waste management theory view is centered on assurance

compliance, risks management, health and environmental protection that are short
term tactical. Baabou (2017) reshaped the traditional waste management theory
view into new value creation that can raise productivity, enhance relations, support
eco-innovations, and enable growth for long term endeavors. But the focal point of
practical waste management lies on three vital objectives; waste quantification,
waste characterization and waste management methods or practices. And the three
waste management practices classification include: prevention practices
comprising strategies on waste minimization, end-of-pipe strategies involves
recovering the economic value on waste through waste separation, recycling,
proper landfilling, incineration and environmental restoration practices, aimed at
repairing leakages and damages to the environment (Lewis & Duarte 2017).
Lewis & Duarte (2017) correspondingly classified improving resident's awareness
and legislation as preventive practices. Hence, purportedly instrumental in the
attainment of environmental and societal wellbeing. In the same context, end-of-
pipe strategies cover waste segregation methods that are either origin-separated
collection or destination-separated collection. These end-of-pipe strategies are
classified as eco-innovations. And shredding their shadows on the light of
economic boundaries, the prevention practices are less costly but offer the highest
effectiveness rate, while environmental restorations are the most expensive yet the
least effective (Baabou 2017).

The initial scope of eco-innovation includes in part the productions and

processes, then on the improvement of the management system, the creation of
new markets, material flows and social eco-innovation (Smith 2018). Eco-
innovation is well-defined as “all measures of relevant actors which develop new
behavior, new ideas, process and products, to apply or introduce them in the
attainment of ecologically specified sustainability targets that contributes to lessen
environmental burdens” (Pialot & Millet, 2017). Simply stated, eco-innovation is
innovation in “any form”, which is beneficial to the environment. Innovations
include but not limited to the use of renewable energy technologies, green
products, and pollution prevention schemes.
 Cross-disciplinary technological trials related to eco-innovations are the
furthermost precarious and problematic issues when a city or organization moves
toward sustainability. Effective eco-innovations lead the way towards sustainable
development. The benefits of eco-innovation other than complying environmental
regulations will also improve economic aspect, the competitiveness of companies
and countries by supporting the creation of a new market for green growth
products and processes, corresponding employment effects and so on. Hence, the
execution of multidisciplinary systems and technologies concerning eco-innovation
is the road toward sustainability (Pialot & Millet, 2017). Smith's (2018) theory of
planned behavior considers foremost the end user’s behavior in purchasing.
Rationality dictates the consumer’s intention by considering these aspects: social
norms observed behavioral control and a person’s attitude. Much of the
environmental glitches are due to human behavior when put into actions are called
anthropogenic.

Therefore, changing consumers' behavior toward sustainable consumption

and green innovation is a necessity for a business or successful community
modeling. Research studies have enunciated that a significant reduction in
environmental damage is possible if users’ behavioral purchases conform to
environmental protection. In this context, pro-environmental behavior causes
minimal or no harm to the environment. Businesses must innovate to respond to
environmental needs while creating a product’s value in ever-changing consumer’s
demand and lifestyle toward environmental sustainability.
Conceptual Framework

An overview of Environmental Sanitation in Nigeria

Environmental sanitation conditions in many areas threaten to reverse the

gains made in the environment over the last several decades. Every human should
have a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature (Olawale & Olatunji,
2018). In a tragically degraded environment, human life is threatened. Most
Nigeria cities are faced with problems of growth that results in environmental
pollution which is an important challenge to society. Environmental sanitation
declined in Nigeria as a result of poor managerial skills and many more which
thus, deteriorate the maintenance of good sanitation. Environmental sanitation
stresses the price of the development; in fact, widespread environmental damage is
likely to hinder developmental efforts and worsen the plight of people living in
acute poverty (WHO & UNICEF, 2019). The relationship of humans to the
environment is reciprocal in such that the environment has a profound influence on
humans and, at the same time, humans extensively alter the environment to suit
their needs and desires. Some of these changes created new hazards.

The humans‘ attitudes toward the environment are still negative and are
often contrary to the concept of sustainable development, which recognizes that
economic growth and environmental protection are inextricably linked and the
quality of present and future life rests on meeting basic human needs without
destroying the environment on which all life depends. Despite various programs by
different tiers of governments to address the issue of environmental sanitation,
many Nigerians still have negative attitudes toward environmental sanitation and
do not value personal or environmental sanitation (WHO & UNICEF, 2019). The
single most significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa and
other third world countries is a poor standard of environmental sanitation. Most of
the tropical African countries do not have adequate facilities to achieve ideal
environmental sanitation.

This predicament has significantly been contributory to the perennial high

incidence of such communicable diseases as dysentery, cholera, typhoid, hepatitis
(Viral) meningitis, Malaria and tuberculosis (Nwankwo, 2016). Hence, experience
from Nigerian environmental policies and implementation has shown that the
traditional command-and-control system to pollution abatement had not produced
the desired result both economic and environmentally wise. There is hence the
need to examine the potential of mixed monthly environmental policies involving
the use of market-based instruments to complement the traditional command-and-
control system in achieving economic efficiency in the use of the resource. On the
other hand, environmental sanitation is an often-misconstrued subject matter
environmental sanitation have improved living conditions, enhanced health and
well-being and economic productivity (Oluwaseun, 2017). The average person on
the street and even in government circles understands it as no more than the routine
evacuations of municipal waste. As long as refuse is removed from the streets, the
average individual seems completely satisfied with the state of the environment,
not wanting to be bothered by other aspects of life that might be infringing on the
wellbeing of the individual in the society at large (Olawale, & Olatunji, 2018). To
assess environmental sanitation, knowledge, attitude and practice study tell us what
the society know about environmental sanitation, how they feel about the
environmental sanitation and how they respond to it. The knowledge possessed by
the society refers to their understanding of the topic of interest for example for this
study it is an environmental sanitation. Attitude refers to their feelings toward
environmental sanitation, as well as preconceived ideas they may have towards it.
Practices refer to the ways in which they demonstrate their knowledge and attitude
through their actions (Eckman, 2018).

It is expected that when the environmental sanitation standards the city will
improve, there will be upliftment in the living condition and health security for the
inhabitants. Thus, there will be an improvement in the quality and aesthetic of the
environment at large thereby making it habitable (Owoeye, 2018). Amoran (2019)
showed that regularly cleaning house surroundings is associated with decreased
levels of malaria infection in rural areas in Nigeria and the sources of the disease
must also be removed through proper environmental sanitation. Environmental
management is a promising technique for vector control, as it alters these micro-
environmental conditions in order to decrease the available breeding habitat for
mosquitoes by removing stagnant or slow-moving water sources.

Sanitation Problems in Nigeria

Activity in the environment has tended to degraded and make the

environment untidy and unlit for human habitation because of its poor
environmental sanitation nature. According to WHO (2017) Environmental
Sanitation problems refer to the conditions in our environment which affect our
health especially those which have to do with dirt and infections. If we look around
us in our cities, towns, villages, and market square we see several conditions which
encourage dirt and the spread of infections, environmental sanitation can be seen as
the policy and practice of protecting health through hygienic measures of
households. Environmental sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities
and services for the safe disposal of refuse, human urine and feces, it has been
realized that improving sanitation is known to have a significant impact on health
both in households and across communities (WHO, 2017). Environmental
sanitation refers to the control of environmental factors related to disease
transmission within marketplaces, particularly in developing countries. This
includes the management of solid, liquid, and human waste.

Ndukwe & Uzoegbu, (2019) comprehends Environmental sanitation as the

process of keeping places clean and hygienic especially by providing a sewage
system and a clean water supply to households. Environmental Sanitation refers to
all conditions that affect people‘s health in the same geographical area. The word
sanitation operationally refers to the maintenance of hygiene conditions, through
services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal so as not to endanger
the health and welfare of people and also for the social and environmental effects,
it (more than 35% of the world‘s population) (World Health Organization &
UNICEF, 2019) Basic sanitation is described as having access to facilities for the
safe disposal of human waste (feces and urine), as well as having the ability to
maintain hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection,
hazardous waste management, and wastewater treatment and disposal (WHO &
UNICEF, 2019). Public health intervention in sanitation activities is very essential
for social and economic development especially in developing countries like
Nigeria.

This leads to the improvement of health, well-being, and economic

productivity and benefits the individual, household and community through the
provision and practice of adequate environmental sanitation, good hygiene and the
use of safe water (Mara, 2018). Though, since 1990, there has been an
improvement in sanitation with the proportion of people having access increasing
from 54% to 68%, the Millennium Development Goal target by 2015 was not
achieved, as up to 700 million people remaining to attain the target, were still
without adequate sanitation (WHO, 2017). About 10% of the global burden of
disease and one-third of all annual deaths in low- and middle-income countries
resulting from inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene is believed to be due to
poor sanitation (WHO, 2017 & Mara, 2018). Therefore, interventions targeted at
sanitation improvements can significantly enhance health and wellbeing of the
population by preventing, reducing the severity and impact of diseases associated
with poor environmental sanitation (Duru, 2017).

According to Uchegbu (2019), sanitation is said to be the state of

cleanliness, it is a broad concept and connotes the process of keeping the
environment clean. Sanitation is the arrangement for protecting the health,
especially the removal of the human, industrial and household‘s wastes, Sanitation
is also a process embarked upon to keep the total of man's environment hazard-free
(Hussaini 2018). According to WHO (2017), infectious diseases are only one type
of health threat. During the last 25 years, citizens have become more aware of
health problems in the environment. The environment is made up of all the living
and men living things surrounding an individual of a community. Environmental
health problems are often caused by pollution is the dirtying of the air, water, or
soil by chemicals, disease, or waste products. Many forms of pollution have been
linked with sties diseases, including cancer, since the 1960s local, state, and
national governments have passed many laws to clean up and protect the
environment. Despite much progress, pollution continues to be a health problem
today.

Environmental sanitation is defined as the cleanliness of the environment,

the removal of refuse and anything that is injurious both liquid and solid waste,
purification of air, the supply and protection of portable water, good housing,
streets, and environmental noise control(Yoada,Chirawurah, & Adongo 2014).
Ahmed and Adewale (2018) defined environmental sanitation as the process of
cleansing, tidying and beautifying the environment for the purpose of controlling,
communicable diseases and promotes optimal health. World Bank, (2019)
expressed access to water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services are
limited in Sub-Saharan Africa: 319 million people in the region did not have access
to improved water, and 694 million lacked access to improved sanitation facilities
in 2015.

Alarmingly, a large body of evidence suggests that limited or no access to

WASH services adversely impacts development outcomes such as health, limits
access to educational and economic opportunities, and hampers work efficiency
and labor productivity. Improved environmental sanitation condition affects
positively a wide range of development indicators. Thus, environmental sanitation
is a channel to improved quality of life of the individuals and a contributor to their
social, economic and physical development (Olowoporoku, 2014).

Environmental Wastes

The term waste also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk, and
other litters has been defined by The European Environmental Agency (EEA)
(2018), as an object the holder discards, intends to discard or is required to discard.
Items considered as waste according to the same document include household
rubbish, wastes from manufacturing activities, packaging items, discarded cars, old
televisions, garden waste, and old paint containers. Consequently, all our daily
activities can give rise to a variety of wastes arising from different sources (EEA,
2018). Environmental Wastes are typically classified as solid, liquid and gaseous
waste which could be bio-degradable, semi-biodegradable and non-biodegradable.
Solid waste is any non-liquid and non-gaseous product of human activities,
regarded as being useless. It could take the form of refuse, garbage, and sludge
(Leton & Omotosho, 2018).

Environmental wastes comprise all the organic and inorganic waste

materials that are normally not free-flowing produced as a result of human and
animal activities and have lost their value to the user, hence discarded as useless or
unwanted. Discarding the waste generated by the daily activities is very important
in order to minimize the risk to environmental degradation, human and animal
health. Inadequate collection and improper disposal of environmental wastes
facilitate the multiplication of pathogens causing diseases like cholera and diarrhea
and provide a good breeding site for disease vectors like mosquitoes (malaria),
flies (diarrhea) and rodents (Abul, 2016). Dumpsites are good sources of
environmental sanitation (polluting soil, ground and surface water) due to the fact
that they usually contain almost all types of pollutants from the initial collection
sources (Olukanni & Ajayi, 2018).

Proper environmental waste disposal is a big problem in urban cities and

more so in developing countries. The intensity of the waste management problem
increases with increased population due to the increased human activities and the
solid wastes to be removed for disposal. Industries and urban management systems
generate a massive amount of wastes and most often dumping them in open fields
posing serious detrimental effects on the environment. The main causes of
improper waste disposal in urban centers are due to lack of good and enough
infrastructures, non-implementation of existing environmental sanitation laws,
irregular and unplanned dumping of environmental wastes, population and urban
growth due to rural-urban migration, insufficient capital to run environmental
waste management process and lack of new technology in waste disposing
(Momodu, 2021).
 The insufficient coverage of the collection system and methods, lack of
institutional arrangement and information resources, inflexible work schedule and
insufficient information on quantity and composition of waste have been reported
as the major problems facing the environmental wastes management systems
(Olukanni & Ajayi, 2018). Moreover, lack of awareness and active involvement of
key stakeholders in service provision, delay of market traders households to pay
collection fees to the organizations concern with collection of wastes and bad
relationship between the market traders, households and the collectors of
environmental wastes are other factors hindering the process of proper solid wastes
management (Kassim & Ali, 2016). In order to overcome the greatest problem
facing many urban and semi-urban areas in many countries during solid waste
management, several methods have been suggested including creation of special
agencies for the collection, solid wastes incineration, recycling and conversion of
Municipal Environmental Waste (MEW) to wealth (Awopetu, 2014; Oloruntade
2014). Also launching of an emergency city clean-up campaign, privatization of
solid waste management services, and composting will ensure good management
of solid wastes in the urban settings.

This should be accompanied by educating households, providing good

services, creating a good relationship with the households and collecting fees for
the service at the light time (Olukanni & Ajayi 2018). The improper disposal of
Environmental wastes can lead to the occurrence of health hazards to the
households living and or working near the disposal sites. There was considerable
public concern over the possible effects emanating from the improper disposal of
wastes.

Strategies to Improve Environmental Sanitation

 The consequence of poor environmental sanitation behavior leads to an
increase in water and sanitation-related diseases. Poor sanitation gives rise to a
number of health consequences. The ultimate goal of sanitation is to ensure that
measures are designed for the prevention of diseases and promotion of health.
Sanitation the maintenance or improvement of sanitary conditions to promote
hygiene and to prevent diseases. According to Olowoporoku, (2014), the strategies
to improve environmental sanitation are as follows:
1. Sanitation needs to be addressed as a whole including improvement of facilities,
environmental conditions, and behavioral change.
2. Sanitation programs should be demand-based and the community should be
fully involved in the process. High-risk group should be identified for better
targeting of funds and efforts.
3. Sanitation should be a component of other health-promoting or disease control
programs.

4. Awareness needs to be raised and sanitation set as a priority in national and local
government and also in the population at large. Systems have to be sustainable cost
sharing and cost recovery need to be addressed carefully.

Sanitation is the protection and improvement of society by organized

community effort. It is a broad field employed not only the medical personnel‘s
such as doctors, nurses, medical laboratory scientist but sanitary engineers,
veterinarians, industrial chemist, microbiologists, statisticians, behavioral
scientists, economists, educations, nutritionists and laboratory technicians.
Environmental sanitation as the control of all those factors which may contribute to
disease transmission and or causation. Environmental sanitation is essential
because it is a means by which man tries to overcome the effect of his activities in
his environment. It is a process of taming the environment so that it can no longer
constitute a hazard to man. The main objective of environmental sanitation is to
create or maintain conditions in the environment that will promote health and
prevent diseases.

Sanitation refers to measures taken to promote and to preserve public health.

Sanitation is a way of life, quality of living expressed in a clean home, clean
business, clean neighborhood, clean environment, and clean community. In this
connection, water aid Nigeria is providing potable water supply and creating
access to adequate sanitation in urban and rural communities in line with the
millennium development goal of poverty reduction and environmental
sustainability. Access to sanitation refers to the population with adequate means of
sanitation facilities and services for safe excreta and other waste disposals to
prevent human contact with excreta and other infectious wastes. Indicators of these
include a number of the latrine, refuse and sewage systems especially a number of
people that can access safe excreta disposal facilities (Selanders, 2017).

Sanitation further involves a process of sorting out refuse from re-useable

ones. The provision of refuse bins, refuse pits, refuse vehicles, sewage systems and
final disposal sites are part of the management of waste materials in order to attain
sound sanitation. Agbaje (2018) defined sanitation as the science of formulation
and ensuring for effective implementation of measures designed to facilitate the
promotion of hygiene and prevention of diseases and hygienic disposal of waste
materials. Sanitation in the present study refers to the science and act of promoting
hygiene, prevention of diseases and waste management so that wastes do not
constitute a hazard to man and other creatures in an environment.

According to Selanders, (2017) the importance of environmental theory is to

Disease control, Sanitation and water treatment, Utilization of modern architecture
in the prevention of ―sick building syndrome‖ applying the principles of
ventilation and good lighting, Waste disposal, Control of room temperature and
Noise management.

Common Practices of Waste Disposal

Refuse disposal and Collection in an ideal situation, waste is collected from

the source of generation and taken to disposal sites but in Nigeria, waste is dumped
off by horst generators before they are collected and disposed off by sanitation
agencies. Momodu, (2021) stated that the main causes of improper waste disposal
in Bauchi state are due to lack of good and enough infrastructures, non-
implementation of existing environmental sanitation laws, irregular and unplanned
dumping site for environmental wastes from households, population and urban
growth due to rural-urban migration, inadequate knowledge to practice
environmental waste management process and lack of new technology in waste
disposing of households in the state.

The waste storage and collection receptacles used at generation site are old
buckets, basket, cartons, plastic bag/containers tin/can in most cases. However,
providing sanitation to households requires a systematic approach rather than only
focusing on the toilet or water waste treatment plan (Tilley 2014). Waste is
collected and disposed off in open dumps, drainage channels, and few designated
collection centers, from these orthodox and unorthodox collection centers, waste is
packed and transported using tippers vehicles, wheelbarrows and few specialized
covers topped environmental sanitation vehicles, the benefits of suitable vehicles
for conveying refuse, Tilley (2014) advocated the use of modern dustless vehicles.
According to him, the use of covered vehicles will control liters and exposure of
refuse to flies, promotes sound and safe environment as well as prevent the
outbreak of diarrheal diseases.
 Zainu & Songip (2017) stressed that refuse includes all the solid waste
materials from human habitations except sewage primarily ashes, rubbish, and
garbage. Refuse also accumulates from industrial establishments. Ashes are now of
minor importance in household wastes of many cities due to the use of oil, gas, and
electricity for the heating of dwellings. Garbage is the refuse (vegetable, animal
and food waste) resulting from the preparation cooking and serving of food.
Rubbish includes oil household and business refuse like rags paper, excelsior and
other packing materials, wood, grease, crockery, metals, plastics, and other solid
wastes.

Most cities in advanced countries collect refuse at regular intervals. In some

cities, all types of refuse are mixed and collected together. In other cities, garbage
and rubbish are kept in separate containers and collected separately. In some cases,
there is a separation of the noncombustible from the combustible rubbish. It is
stressed that the government has the responsibility both for the collection and the
disposal of garbage and refuse Government here implies State government, Local
government or their agencies, whatever, the government agency is charged with
the job; the health authority must shoulder the responsibility for proper sanitation
relating to refuse. There will be a need for the Health Ministry of a State or Health
Committee of a Local Government to work in collaboration with the government
agency and assigned the duty of refuse collection and disposal. Waste management
is an important part of the urban infrastructure that ensures the protection of the
environment and human health (Zainu & Songip 2017). The accelerated growth of
urban population with unplanned urbanization, increasing economic activities and
lack of training in modern waste management practices in developing countries
complicate the efforts to improve waste services. The changes in consumption
patterns with alterations in the waste characteristics have also resulted in a
quantum jump in a waste generation. In addition, environmental waste
management is hampered by a lack of data at all levels from the ward, district, and
household where available is generally unreliable, scattered and unorganized.

According to WHO (2017), various household waste bins or bins used in

markets and offices are stall emptied. In most Nigerian urban centres, since the
institution of sanitation authorities, collection points have been provided along the
streets and in some cases, Collection services workers move around with their
vehicles with bells in their hands for every household to empty their bins into their
collection vehicles. In most rural Communities Collection Service is not available.
Though Household bins are emptied by the roadside and carelessly spilled even on
the premises as the government intensifies proper collection of refuse the urban
areas, towns union and village health communities should embark on sound
Collection in Our Communities. On final disposal of refuse, dispose of large
quantities of refuse requires the use of different methods of waste disposal such as
sanitary landfill, incineration or cesspit for each category of refuse disposal.
Egobueze & Briggs, (2020) stated that there are several methods of refuse disposal
used by many of the advanced countries of the world. These include the open
dumps, sanitary landfill, incineration (burning) hog-feeding (feeding garbage to
pigs) reduction and grinding.

Final disposal sites, methods used include open dumping, composting,

sanitary landfill, and incineration. Open dumping is a process whereby refuse is
piled in open land and left to decompose or consumed by birds or rodents and rain
erodes it causing land, water or air pollution. They noted that the method is often
used in Nigeria because it is less expensive. They maintained that the method is
detrimental to human health and the environment (Egobueze & Briggs, 2020).

Importance of Environmental sanitation

 Environmental Sanitation is one of the most important aspects of households
well-being because it protects human health, extends life spans and provides
benefits to the economy. Environmental Sanitation is defined by the Joint
Monitoring Programme (JMP) as one that separates ―human excreta from human
contact in a hygienic manner (WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2017). The health of
households depends largely on the conditions of their environmental sanitation and
low level of health of households can be traced by looking at environmental related
factors such as the presence of polluted water sources, soil and air pollution, poor
house condition, the presence of vectors of diseases and insects that threaten the
health of households. WHO (2017) defines sanitation as the facilities and services
that can be used to dispose of human waste safely.

Therefore, poor sanitation can cause various diseases, while healthy

environmental sanitation has a significant impact on health, social, and economic
life in households and in society because the environment includes not only water,
air and land but also conditions the social and economic place in which we live
(Osinibi, 2020). One of the key goal of environmental sanitation is to safely reduce
human exposure to pathogens, Pathogens are excreted by infected individuals and
if not properly contained or treated may present a risk to humans who come in
contact with them. These households can also be exposed to pathogens through
drinking water or eating food contaminated with pathogens found in human excreta
(WHO, 2017).The earth is the only planet known to support life, as we know it. It
supplies us with all the resources, the materials we use and the food that we eat or
drink. All living organisms have a specific surrounding or medium with which they
continuously interact, from which they derive substance and to which they are fully
adopted.
 Environmental sanitation means the prevention of contact with wastes, for
hygienic purposes. It also means promoting health through the prevention of
households contact with the hazards associated with the lack of healthy food, clean
water and healthful housing, the control of vectors and a clean environment. It
focuses on management of waste produced by household‘s activities (Lukkumanul
Hakkim, 2019).

According to Yoada, Chirawurah & Adongo (2017) the most important

aspect of controlling waste is educating households on how to collect, segregate,
store, transport and safe disposal of domestic waste which are the components of
waste management that mainly pertains to local authorities this involves increasing
awareness on pandemic preparedness, adaptation to climate change, animal control
and vaccination requirements, transportation and land use planning affecting public
wellness, water quality protection, waste management, energy choices, food safety
and systems, and ecological protection and restoration. Facilitating communication
among increasingly specialized experts improves health outcomes for
communities.

However, if the one health approach is to be implemented effectively, there

is need for amore community based means of health educating the public so as to
achieve increased awareness of connections between food production, infectious
diseases, human and animal health conditions (Yoada, Chirawurah & Adongo,
2017).

Awareness of Environmental Sanitation

All over the world, poor environmental sanitation quality is increasingly

recognized as a major threat to social and economic development and even to
human survival. (Osinibi, 2020). That is unless our communities have adequate
knowledge of how one‘s carelessness could endanger self and others, the above
problem as it is manifested now in our unhygienic environment, will increase our
being engulfed in the trash. In Nigeria, adequate environmental sanitation
knowledge has not been ensured. They are characterized by a lack of basic
amenities and poor sanitation habits (Afon, 2017). Disposal of waste by means of
landfills is done with technically complex systems specifically designed to protect
the environment (Daramola 2016).

In an effort to improve household‘ hygiene, children‘s knowledge of

personal hygiene is very important as knowledge plays a major role in determining
a household‘s action, the poor household‘s hygiene or practice such as not washing
hands before eating and after defecation, eating contaminated food, defecating not
in the toilet, as well as the availability of clean water and a bad household sewage
drainage system will highly contribute to environmental pollution (Dewi & Hans
2017). Environmental conditions in many areas threaten to reverse the gains made
in public health over the last several decades; every human should have a healthy
and productive life in harmony with nature. Environmental stress is the price of
development; in fact, widespread environmental damage is likely to hinder
developmental efforts and worsen the plight of people living in acute poverty
(WHO & UNICEF, 2019). The relationship of humans to the environment is
reciprocal in such that the environment has a profound influence on humans and, at
the same time, humans extensively alter the environment to suit their needs and
desires. Some of these changes created new hazards.

The humans‘ attitudes toward the environment are still negative and are
often contrary to the concept of sustainable development, which recognizes that
economic growth and environmental protection are inextricably linked and the
quality of present and future life rests on meeting basic human needs without
destroying the environment on which all life depends. Despite various programs by
different tiers of governments to address the issue of environmental sanitation,
many Nigerians still have negative attitudes toward environmental sanitation and
do not value personal or environmental sanitation (WHO & UNICEF, 2019). Many
United Nations specialized agencies such as WHO, UNICEF, UNESCO, UNDP,
and world bank is that the single most significant cause of morbidity and mortality
in Sub-Saharan Africa and other third world countries is a poor standard of
environmental sanitation. Most of the tropical African countries do not have
adequate facilities to achieve ideal environmental sanitation. This predicament has
significantly been contributory to the perennial high incidence of such
communicable diseases as dysentery (Bacillary and Amoebic) cholera (Vibrio),
typhoid (Salmonella typhoid), hepatitis (Viral) meningitis (meningococcal),
Malaria and tuberculosis, (Olawale & Olatunji, 2018).

Attitude Towards Environmental Sanitation

Proper waste management is a major concern of public health. It is necessary

to create positive behavioral changes towards waste management among
households in order to control diseases (Kaithery & Karunakaran, 2019). The
attitude towards environmental sanitation improvements can significantly enhance
health and wellbeing of the households by preventing, reducing the severity and
impact of diseases associated with poor environmental sanitation (Duru, 2017).
Furthermore, improvements in one or more of these components of good health
can substantially reduce the rates of morbidity and the severity of various diseases
and improve the quality of household‘s life in developing countries like Nigeria.
 According to Omeh (2019), promotion of environmental sanitation quality
depends on how households and community see themselves in relation to their
attitude in the environment. It is the ways people perceive the environment that
they will treat it. And it is the way the environment is treated that it will in turn
support life. He believes that illiteracy, ignorance, poverty, and greediness are
some of the major contributions of environmental degradation because of each
influence people‘s behavior and attitudes towards the environment. A person who
is ignorant of his action on his/her environment will likely have the wrong
perception about the effect of that on his health. A community that understands the
link between a healthy environment and good health can save money and
avoidable agonies. Environmental sanitation comprises the disposal and treatment
of human excreta, solid waste and wastewater, control of disease vectors, and
provision of washing facilities for personal and domestic hygiene which work
together to form a hygienic environment (Omeh, 2019).

The way a person perceives the environment reflects his or her previous
experience, education, lifestyle, and interest. In another word, the way a person
treats the environment depends on his/her knowledge or level of awareness about
the environmental sanitation. Despite the low level of formal education most
especially in the villages, various communities managed the waste generated
properly. In the past, people lived in harmony with their environment and they
enjoyed good health.

There were few medical experts, if any, in many towns and villages
dumpsites are far away from the hearts of the village where people live, and they
occasionally burnt these sites. Villagers whose environments were dirty were often
penalized by elders-in-council. Human fasces at the center of the city was regarded
as sacrilege. People immediately removed carcasses of an animal from the village
any time there was one. Trees were planted to provide fresh air and shades for
relaxation. Community‘s sources of water guarded against pollution (Omeh, 2019).

Practice of Environmental Sanitation

Poor environmental sanitation is a serious health risk and an affront to

human dignity. Adequate environmental sanitation practices are more than just an
inconvenience. It allows households knowledge and experience to design and
manage the facilities and services and to increase the likelihood that the services
will be used sustainably (Sani & Ogbole, 2018). In Nigeria general access to
environmental sanitation practice facilities and services by citizens remains very
poor. Nigerian cities are characterized by rapid population growth which is not
accompanied by a corresponding increase in the delivery of environmental
sanitation facilities and services capable of enhancing environmental sanitation
practices. The resultant effects of these are unsanitary and unhealthy environmental
conditions that are prevalent in Nigerian urban center‘s (Daramola, 2016).

Poor environmental sanitation practice exhibited in the disposal of solid

waste, wastewater, and excreta, cleaning of drainage including personal, household
and community hygiene significantly contribute to infant and child mortality
(Daramola & Olowoporoku 2016) Safe waste disposal and hygienic behaviors are
essential for the dignity, status and wellbeing of every household, irrespective of
whether they are rich or poor, live in rural or urban areas, small towns or cities.
The primary direct impact of sanitation and hygiene promotion is on health, and its
impacts; the most significant is probably the prevention of disease. The primary
barriers to the transmission of diseases include both infrastructures such as
household sanitation and hygiene practices (Abogan, 2018). In the words of Wright
(2020), there is various hygiene of the communities, basic practical‘s, knowledge,
skills and human behaviors as well as social and cultural factors concerning health,
lifestyles and environmental sanitation awareness.

According to Oluwaseun (2017) attributable to the idea that brought

environmental sanitation into the limelight during the military regime of
Buhari/Idiagbon in 1984. The regime instituted the mandatory monthly
environmental sanitation exercise to be carried out from 7 to 10 am of every last
Saturday of the month. With the advent of the current democratic dispensation and
renunciation of the military rule in 1999, the Federal Government of Nigeria
rescinded the monthly environmental sanitation exercise on the basis that it is an
offspring of a military junta. WHO (2019) stated that Poor sanitary conditions of
our environment provide a good breeding ground for disease-causing organisms
(pathogens). This situation leads to the spread of disease especially in tropical
areas like Nigeria. Some of the tropical diseases that have become difficult to
control due to the filthy conditions of our environment are malaria, cholera,
diarrhea, Ascaris, lower respiratory infections, and unintentional injuries. In some
adults and children under the age of five, one-third of all disease is caused by
environmental factors such as unsafe water and air pollution. Tochukwu (2017)
opined that the major way of solving environmental sanitation issues is the
encouragement of research on environmental sanitation. However, providing
sanitation to households requires a systematic approach rather than only focusing
on the toilet or water waste treatment plan (Tilley, 2014).

Environmental Sanitation system generally involves waste collection,

segregation, storage, transportation, Safe Disposal, and some waste can be reused
(Memon, 2020). The main objectives of a sanitation system are to protect and
promote human health by providing a clean environment and breaking the cycle of
disease. In choosing a particular system to use, a lot of factors have to be
considered. The factors to be considered include; experience of the households,
methods of waste collection, segregation, storage, transportation or conveyance of
waste, treatment, and reuse or safe disposal of wastes (Adewole & Taiwo, 2019).

Water Aid Uganda (2019) discovered that diarrhea which is caused by poor
environmental sanitation kills 1.5 million children each year. Practices related to
those basic aptitudes, abilities or the technical competence to handle, in a very
sensitive practical way, the problems, situations, emergencies, and needs which
exist or may arise with respect to sanitation including the ability to teach or impact
these skills to others. Some of these skills would also encompass the ability to
design, construct, build, repair and maintain sanitation related infrastructure,
installations, and mechanisms.

Emprical Review

Mohd and Malik (2017) conducted a study on sanitation and hygiene

knowledge, attitude and practices in the urban setting of Bangalore: using a cross-
sectional survey study. The study reviews unsafe drinking water, poor hygienic
conditions, improper disposal of human excreta and refuse is one of the prime
concerns in India. The study was undertaken among 480 households in
Hegganhalli locality of Bangalore city from January 2016 to December 2016.
Systematic random sampling technique was applied to obtain the desired sample
size. Information on socio-demographic characteristics and existing knowledge,
attitude and practices regarding sanitation and hygiene were gathered by using
pretested, semi-structured questionnaire. The data on knowledge revealed that
88.3% of respondents attributed sanitation and hygiene to hand hygiene followed
by safe disposal of feces (57.7%). Majority of respondents had adequate
knowledge about sanitation and hygiene.
 Florence (2013) conducted a research on knowledge, attitude and practice on
waste management of people living in the University area of Ogbomoso. A
descriptive survey design was adopted. Multistage sampling technique was used to
select 200 respondents. Data collection was carried out using questionnaire, the
questionnaire was constructed and validated using construct validity while test-
retest reliability was used for consistency Descriptive statistics were used for data
classification and simple percentages and frequency count was used for data
analysis. The result indicated that the respondents are knowledgeable in refuse
management but the knowledge is not adequate, Observation from the responses
shows that respondents have a positive attitude toward waste management. The
findings revealed that there was an improper practice of refuse management. In
conclusion, this study showed that the knowledge, attitude, and practice of people
were not appropriate, hence it is necessary to embark on the development of long-
term refuse management awareness programs.

Ige & Adetunji (2014) investigated some socio-economic factors affecting

household sanitation in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. This study examines the
relationship of some socio-economic factors and house sanitation in Ado-Ekiti.
Using simple bar chat and Chi-Square test of independence, the research reveals
that though there seem to be variations among various socio-economic classes in
relation to waste household sanitation technique, the relationship is found not to be
statistically significant. Daramola & Olowoporoku (2016) Environmental
Sanitation Practices in Osogbo, Nigeria: Assessments of residents‘ sprucing-up of
their living environment, a total of 194 residents were selected for survey using the
systematic sampling technique. The study revealed that residents‘ socio-economic
characteristics varied significantly with different residential zones. Findings
revealed that there is a low level of access to environmental sanitation facilities
across the residential zones. Similarly, the proportion of residents with
environmental sanitation facilities in their homes was low. The study established
poor environmental sanitation practices among the residents in terms of utilization
of available amenities across the residential zones.

Research by Chineke (2016) on “weekly and monthly environmental

exercises, and traders and stakeholder’s environmental knowledge, attitude and
waste disposal skills in sanitation Oyo state” the study looks into the identified gap
in weekly and monthly environmental sanitation exercises from traders and
stakeholder’s environmental knowledge, attitude and waste disposal skills in
Akinyele local government area of Oyo state. The survey was conducted involving
twenty eight (28) Traders and one hundred and seventy two (172) Stakeholders. It
revealed that Traders have low knowledge of the environment, non-challant
attitude to environmental sanitation and poor waste disposal skills. It also revealed
Stakeholders’ high knowledge of the environment, average attitude to
environmental sanitation and average waste disposal skills.

In a study by Oke, Atinsola and Aina, (2013) “Evaluation of Sanitation

Practices in Ibadan South East LGAs of Oyo State, Nigeria” Survey method was
used in the study with questionnaire administered on 233 respondents selected
from 40 households spatially spread across the LGAs. The analysis shows that
domestic liquid and solid wastes constitute environmental hazard in the area.
About 69 per cent of the respondents are females which indicate that issue of
household sanitation is gender biased, 64 per cent of respondents are married
depicting large household size with multiplier effect on quantity of waste
generated. Also 28.3 per cent of households pack solid waste in sacks while 24 per
cent use waste bins. Also, 17.2 per cent dump and burn solid waste in front of
houses while nine per cent dispose of refuse on vacant plots. The astonishing
revelation is that 6.9 per cent of them throw waste into flowing streams while 12.9
per cent dump waste into drainage.

Summary of Literature Reviewed

In this chapter, the related literature of attitude, and practice towards waste
disposal among market traders were reviewed. Environmental Sanitation involves
the control of adequate cleanness of the environment without littering with
domestic refuse, sewage, Sullage, garbage, and other wastes. However Improper
wastes management leads to the multiplication of pathogens causing diseases.
Protection of food we eat, housing, the control of insect vectors, rodents and
pollution. These control functions constitute a major aspect of the environmental
sanitation program, the responsibility for such controls rests with each member of
every household.

A pleasant environment promotes healthful living and hazards free is a

fundamental right of every human being. Disposal of fecal matter near homes,
contamination the sources of drinking water, poorly designed sewage system,
dumping of refuse and sweeping into the gutters and disposing of waste by the
street corners and waterways are all unpleasant practices that poses a potential risk
to the development of diseases. Washing of hands after defecation and before
preparing food is of particular importance in reducing disease transmission, Poor
housing also contributes to poor environmental health and its consequent input in
the health of the household.

Other problems include inappropriate design, operations, and maintenance

of dumps and landfills which have led to increased indiscriminate disposal of
waste and lack of expertise and manpower to run waste management programs in
Nigeria. There is inadequate service coverage in most urban areas and in rural
areas, rural households in Nigeria have no access to waste collection service, they
dump waste at any vacant plot, public space, and river or burn it in their backyard,
thereby polluting the air. the overall problem of environmental sanitation and
waste management is multifaceted, many organizations, including the United
Nations (UN) and various governmental and non-governmental organizations
(NGOs), advocate an integrated approach to environmental sanitation and waste
management.

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHOD
 This chapter described the method that will beused in carrying out this
research under the following sub-headings: research design, population, sample
and sampling techniques, instrument for data collection, validity of the
instruments, reliability of the instrument, data collection and data analysis.

Research Design
This research was carried out by employing descriptive survey. The design
was adopted in order to investigate the attitude and practice of traders union
towards waste disposal in ilaje Local Government Area, Ondo State.

Population
The population of this study comprises of Adults and young Adults traders
(male and female) in the market in ilaje Local Government Area.

Sample and Sampling Techniques

The sample for the study consisted of One hundred (110) respondents drawn
from the market population of the Local Government. The study employed simple
random sampling technique to select the 110 respondents to make them
representative of the market population in the Local Government.

Instrument for Data Collection

The instrument used for the study was a self-constructed structured
questionnaire titled the attitude and practice of traders union towards waste
disposal. The instrument was divided into two sections. Section A dealt with
personal data of the respondent. While section B designed to obtain information on
the topic based on the research questions.

Validity of Instrument
 The questionnaire was given to the researcher’s supervisor for proper
correction. Thus, the instrument went through face and content validity of the
researcher’s supervisor and necessary amendment was made.

Reliability of Instrument
The questionnaire was administered twice at an interval of two weeks, and
the results from the two administrations of the instrument were subjected to
Pearson Product Moment Correlation to determine the reliability.

Data Collection

The researcher with research assistant administer the questionnaire to the

respondent. The questionnaires administered were collected from the respondents
on the spot. The “on the spot” administration reduced the incidence of loss and
damage of the research instrument.

Data Analysis
From the responses obtained, the collected data were analyzed using
descriptive statistics of frequency counts and percentage.
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