Unit-2 Data Literacy
Data Literacy: Meaning-
Data Pyramid
Data Pyramid is made of different stages of working with data
Moving up from the bottom
● Data is available in a raw form. Data in this form is not very useful.
● Data is processed to give us information about the world.
● Information about the world leads to knowledge of how things are happening.
● Wisdom allows us to understand why things are happening in a particular way.
Who is a Data Literate?
Data Literate is a person who can interact with data to understand the world around them.
A data literate person can –
● Filter the category as per the requirement – If the budget is low, select the price filter as low to
high
● Check the user ratings of the products
● Check for specific requirements in the product
What is Data Privacy?
Data privacy referred to as information privacy is concerned with the proper handling of sensitive
data including personal data and other confidential data, such as certain financial data and
intellectual property data, to meet regulatory requirements as well as protecting the confidentiality
and immutability of the data.
What is Data Security?
Data security is the practice of protecting digital information from unauthorized access, corruption,
or theft throughout its entire lifecycle.
Best Practices for Cyber Security
Do’s
• Use strong, unique passwords with a mix of characters for each account.
• Activate Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) for added security.
• Download software from trusted sources and scan files before opening.
• Prioritize websites with "https://" for secure logins.
• Keep your browser, OS, and antivirus updated regularly.
• Adjust social media privacy settings for limited visibility to close contacts.
• Always lock your screen when away.
• Connect only with trusted individuals online.
• Use secure Wi-Fi networks.
• Report online bullying to a trusted adult immediately.
Don’t ‘s
• Avoid sharing personal info like real name or phone number.
• Don't send pictures to strangers or post them on social media.
• Don't open emails or attachments from unknown sources.
• Ignore suspicious requests for personal info like bank account details.
• Keep passwords and security questions private.
• Don't copy copyrighted software without permission.
• Avoid cyberbullying or using offensive language online.
Data Literacy Process Framework
The data literacy framework provides guidance on using data efficiently and with all levels of
awareness. Data literacy framework is an iterative process.
Steps to make Data Literacy Framework:
Types of data
Types of Data used in three domains of AI:
• Computer Vision: Visual Data E.g., Images, Videos
• NLP: Textual Data, E.g., Document, pdf files
• Data Science: Numeric Data E.g., Tables, Excel Sheets
Data Acquisition/Acquiring Data
Data Acquisition, also known as acquiring data, refers to the procedure of gathering data. This
involves searching for datasets suitable for training AI models. The process typically comprises three
key steps:
Sources of Data
Various Sources for Acquiring Data:
● Primary Data Sources — Some of the sources for primary data include surveys, interviews,
experiments, etc. The data generated from the experiment is an example of primary data.
● Secondary Data Sources—Secondary data collection obtains information from external sources,
rather than generating it personally. Example: Kaggle, Github, .gov portals, Google Dataset, UCI
Data Features
Data features are the characteristics or properties of the data. They describe each piece of
information in a dataset. For example, in a table of student records, features could include things like
the student's name, age, or grade. In a photo dataset, features might be the colors present in each
image. These features help us understand and analyze the data.
In AI models, we need two types of features: independent and dependent.
Independent features are the input to the model—they're the information we provide to make
predictions.
Dependent features, on the other hand, are the outputs or results of the model—they're what we're
trying to predict.
Usability of Data:
There are three primary factors determining the usability of data:
1. Structure- Defines how data is stored.
2. Cleanliness- Clean data is free from duplicates, missing values, outliers, and other anomalies
that may affect its reliability and usefulness for analysis.
3. Accuracy- Accuracy indicates how well the data matches real-world values, ensuring
reliability. Accurate data closely reflects actual values without errors, enhancing the quality
and trustworthiness of the dataset.
Data Processing
▪ Data processing helps computers understand raw data.
▪ Use of computers to perform different operations on data is included under data processing.
Data Interpretation
▪ It is the process of making sense out of data that has been processed.
▪ The interpretation of data helps us answer critical questions using data.
Methods of Data Interpretation
Based on the two types of data, there are two ways to interpret data-
● Quantitative Data Interpretation
● Qualitative Data Interpretation
Qualitative Data Interpretation
● Qualitative data tells us about the emotions and feelings of people
● Qualitative data interpretation is focused on insights and motivations of people
Data Collection Methods – Qualitative Data Interpretation
• Record keeping
• Observation
• Case Studies
• Focus groups
• Longitudinal Studies
• One-to-One Interviews
Quantitative Data Interpretation
▪ Quantitative data interpretation is made on numerical data
▪ It helps us answer questions like “when,” “how many,” and “how often”
▪ For example – (how many) numbers of likes on the Instagram post
Data Collection Methods-Quantitative Data Interpretation
• Interviews
• Polls
• Observations
• Longitudinal Studies
• Survey
Types of Data Interpretation
There are three ways in which data can be presented:
Importance of Data Interpretation
• Informed Decision Making
• Reduced Cost
• Identifying needs of people.
