The tenses of the verbs

1. Simple
2. Continuous
3. Perfect
4. Perfect Continuous

Simple Past: the past form of verb

Used for actions that were completed at a specific time in the past.
I went to Canada about a year ago.
I got an admission from University of Ottawa a year ago.

Past Continuous: was/were + gerund

Describes actions that were ongoing at a particular moment in the past.
I was going to karate classes until my fifteenth birthday.
You were taking pilot classes.
I was going to the gym until my leg broke.

Past Perfect: had + P.P.

Usage:
1. doing an action in the past before something else.
2. An action that is in process during another action.
I had taken a shower before I went to the party.
Messi had won his first golden ball when he was 21.
I hadn’t done my homework when Ms. Ahmadi came to the class.
Past Perfect Continuous: had + been + gerund
Usage:
1. It was a process

2. Continuously

3. Not finished yet

I had been writing a novel before my wife died.

You had been taking math classes before you failed at Arabic.
I had been studying French before I met my GF.

Simple Present:
Usage:
1. When your talking about your daily routine
2. When you want to talk about present
I walk my dog every day.
I run 200 miles at noon every weekend.
I go to the doctor.

Present Continuous: am/is/are + gerund

Usage:
1. the action that is in progress
2. An action which is happening now
I am talking to you right now.
You are eating fast food.
I am taking piano lessons.
Present Perfect: has/have + P.P.
Usage: an action which started in past and resuming at the moment
I have taken karate classes since I was 12.
I have traveled to France 4 times by now.
I have already visited Italy.
Present Perfect Continuous: has/have + been + gerund
Usage:
1. An action that started in the past and planned to be done in the near
future and it is doing Continuously.
2. An action that needs to be done to accomplish a goal. (80% to 90%
sure)
I have been taking swimming lessons since I learned how to walk.
I have been playing tennis since I was 14.
I have been saving money to buy a Mercedes.

Simple Future:
Will + verb:
Usage: without any plans (0% done yet)
I will buy a Mercedes.

Be Going to + verb:
Usage: with plans (99% sure)
I am going to buy a Mercedes.

Future Continuous:
will + be + gerund
Usage:
I will be going to the gym every month in 2025.
I will be banging girls every day next week.
I will be studying for an exam next week.
Future Perfect: will + have + P.P.
Usage: for talking about your goals that you will do in the future.
I will have done my PHD by 2027.
I will have done my masters by 2026.
Amir will have changed his shifts by next week.
I will have excelled in karate by the year 2028.
Amir will have started his family by 2026.
He will have gotten married by next year.

Future Perfect Continuous: will + have + been + gerund

Usage: for talking about your goals that you will do in the future and
keep doing it.
I will have been taking piano lessons by the year 2030.
You will have been raising crocodiles by 2029.
Amir will have been trading in Wall Street by 2030.
HW: write some sentences from each Tense.
Present Tenses
● She plays guitar.
● He goes to the gym.
● They take English classes.
Present Continuous
● I am studying for the ielts.
● She is going to the third class.
Present Perfect
● She has written several books.
● He has been to Canada 5 times.
● I have played badminton since I was 4.
● They have been here since morning.
● They have achieved first rank
Present Perfect Continuous
● They have been waiting for the exam’s results.
● I have been playing basketball for 2 years.
● I have been working here for a month.
Simple Past
● The coat dried.
● I ate lunch.
● He had an accident.
Past Continuous
● She was writing a letter.
● I was having lunch.
● He was doing his homeworks.
Past Perfect
● He had done his homework by the time I arrived.
● I had had my lunch before he called me.
● I had gotten my degree by the time he came to Canada.
Past Perfect Continuous
● They had been playing football for 2 hours.
● She had been writing a book for months before she got here.
● Thay had been asking so many questions before the exam started.
Simple Future
● I will get some wine.
● I will finish my studies next semester.
Future Continuous
● I will be studying English next month.
● I will be working as an engineer next year.
Future Perfect
● I will have gotten my degree before he gets here.
● I will have mastered tennis by next summer.
● I will have completed my French course by the year 2030.
Future Perfect Continuous
● I will have been studying French for a year by the time he gets
here.
● I will have been living here in Canada for a year by the time I want
to apply for jobs.
 Conditionals: (ifs)

Type zero: Simple present, Simple present

1. Scientific Facts:
EXP:
If you heat water, it evaporates.
If you heat ice, it melts.
2. Daily routine:
EXP:
If it rains, I arrive late for work.
If I have an accident with my dad’s car, he gets mad.

Type one: simple present, simple future

Future conditional
EXP:
If tomorrow rains, I will arrive late for work.
If women drive cars, they will have an accident.
If I study hard enough, I will pass the exam.

Type two: simple past, would/could/might + verb

Hypothetical (unreal) situations
EXP:
If I had a million dollars, I would buy a Ferrari.
If you got steroids, you might get muscular.
If I was lucky, I would win the Lottery.
If I studied hard enough, I would pass the exam.
Type three: Past perfect, would/could/might + have + P.P.

EXP:
If I had studied harder, I would have arrived in Canada sooner like you.
If hulk had killed Thanos in the first place, we couldn’t have watched
Avengers Endgame.
If Amir had gotten to the gym sooner, he might have gotten laid until
now.
If I had been more passionate, I would have gotten the job.
If I had studied hard enough, I would have passed the exam.

MIXED Type one: Simple past, Simple present

The situations that actually happened
(speaking)
EXP:
If I was rude, I am sorry.
Type 2 Type 0
If I was late, I apologize.
If I talked heavily, I am really sorry.
If I damaged your car, I want to make it up to you.

MIXED Type two: Past perfect, would/could/might + verb

Possibilities
(Something that we could change in the past that could make a
different result (we are not sure that the outcome is positive or
negative).)
EXP:
If I had saved more money, I would be richer.
Type 3 Type 2
If Amir had studied Chemistry, he might be a meth cooker by now.
If I had gone to school, I would be more successful.
If she had gone to university, she could have a Mercedes.
If I had been more passionate, I would get the job.

Mixed Type three: Past simple, would/could/might have P.P.

Usage: You’re imagining how a present or ongoing situation (that is
different from reality) would have changed something that happened in
the past.
Examples:
"If I were smarter, I would have passed the exam."
(In the present, I’m not smart, and this caused me to fail the exam in the
past.)
"If he were a better player, his team would have won the match."
(Right now, he’s not a great player, and because of that, his team lost the
game in the past.)

HW: write some sentences from each Ifs.

 Modal perfects
Modal perfect verbs:
Should have
Ought to have
Could have
Might have
Must have
Would have

I should have bought those sneakers. (regrets)

Should have = ought to have (formal)

Usage: Regrets
I should have bought the Samsung S24 over the Iphone 16.
I ought to have chosen a guidance professor, Dr. Smith, when I had the
choice.

Shouldn’t have:
Usage: Regrets
I shouldn’t have walked through that door.
You shouldn’t have chosen that movie in the theater.

Could have:
Usage:
1. The possibility that could happen in the past = might have
EXP: I could have been stuck in a traffic jam.
(traffic jam
noun
noun: traffic jam; plural noun: traffic jams
a line or lines of stationary or very slow-moving traffic, caused by
roadworks, an accident, or heavy congestion.
)
I might have got stuck in traffic.
you could have chosen the UofT.
2. Take guess about a thing that happened in the past
EXP: I could have got stuck in the traffic jam if I turned left on
that highway.

Couldn’t have:
Usage: it’s about a possibility that could not happen in the past.
EXP: I couldn’t have lifted Thor’s hammer in 100 years.
I couldn’t have passed the exam without his help.

Must have:
Usage: when you feel sure about something
EXP: It must have been hard for him to take that step in life.
It must have been difficult for Seyed to immigrate to Canada.
I must have felt terrible about the Afghan massacres, but now, I enjoy the
Afghans getting killed.
He must have gotten angry, because I forgot to tell him about the party.

Would have:
Usage: It’s something you wanted to do in the past but couldn’t
EXP: I would have called you sooner, but I got stuck at work.
I would have gone to that party, but I was pretty much busy.

((Difference between must and have/has to))

Must: inner pressure
I must choose redhead girls over Blondes.
I must lose weight. (I’m getting fat and I should lose weight)
have/has to: outer pressure
I have to choose UofT.
I have to lose weight. (you don’t have any choice)

Idiom:
It's not a must, it’s a have to. (certainty in your speech)
 Compound and Complex

Compound sentence:
I am hungry. (independent clause)
I should eat. (independent clause)
I am hungry, so I should eat.
I am hungry; therefore, I should eat.

1. FANBOYS: (also, because, because of)

Format: , Connector
For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
I got on a heavy diet to lose weight.
I didn’t lose weight.
I got on a heavy diet, also I got some weight loss supplements.
I got on a heavy diet to lose weight, ((yet))/but/and I didn’t lose
weight.
I can’t play tennis.
I can’t play piano.
I can’t play tennis, nor can I play piano.
2. Format: ;
I am hungry; I should eat.
3. Connector formats (we can use them as transitions at the beginning
of sentences too):
Format: ; connector ,
Connector: therefore, moreover, however, by contrast,
additionally, in addition, due to, due to the fact that, similarly,
similar to, as a result, etc.
I got on a heavy diet. Also (transition), I used dome supplements.

In the beginning, to begin with. (transition)

Complex sentences:
If I borned in the US. (dependent clause)
I would be happy. (independent clause)

If I borned in the US, I would be happy.

Although I was hungry.

I didn’t eat much.
I didn’t eat much although I was hungry.

Connector: Although, though, despite, even though, if (all the

conditionals), ….

Difference between I was and I were:

If I were smart, I would have a lot of money. (Hypothetical)

I was smart in the exam.

I were on a ghost haunting trip. (Hypothetical)

I was on a haunting trip. (realistic)

HW: write 10 sentences from each format of compound sentences (skip

the second format), write 10 if sentences and 6 complex sentences. (36
sentences)
 Passive voice

Simple present:
Obj + is/are + P.P.
I read a book.
The book is read.
He washes his dishes every day.
The dishes are washed every day.

Simple past:
Obj + was/were + P.P.
I washed my car.
My car was washed.
She walked his pitbull every night.
The pitbull was walked every night.

Present continuous:
Obj + is/are + being + P.P.
I am finishing a pizza right now.
A pizza is being finished right now.
I am doing my homework.
My homework is being done.

Past continuous:
Obj + was/were + being + P.P.
I was driving a Mercedes to my office.
A Mercedes was being driven to my office.
Present perfect:
Obj + have/has + been + P.P.
I have written a letter to my uncle.
A letter has been written to my uncle.
I have repaired my bike.
My bike has been repaired.

Past perfect:
Obj + had + been + P.P.
I had done my research about crypto currencies.
My research about crypto currencies had been done. (it’s emphasizing on
the subject/topic of the research)
My research had been done about crypto currencies.(it’s emphasizing on
the research itself and not subject)
I had gifted a car to my friend.
The car had been gifted to my friend.

Modal (will, would, may, might, can, could,should, must, have to, has to,
had to, ought to):
Obj + modals + be + P.P.
I will buy a Landcruser in the US.
The Landcruser will be bought in the US.
I could break the branch easily.
The branch could be broken easily.

future (am/is/are + going + to):

Obj + Future +be + P.P.
I am going to answer Anne Charlotte when she calls next time.
Anne Charlotte is going to be answered when she calls Stuped Amir.
HW: write some sentences from each format of passive sentences.

I got busted.
They put me in Jail.