CESC REVIEWER

Lesson 1

What is community? A community is a group of people who share something in common. You can
define a community by the shared attributes of the people in it and/or by the strength of the
connections among them.

What is community action? Community action is any activity that increases the understanding,
engagement and empowerment of communities in the design and delivery of local services.

Why is community action important? Community action is about putting communities at the heart of
their own local services.

Role of the Community The role the community includes community consultation, joint planning, joint
design, joint delivery and community-led activities.

Applied Social Sciences These are social science disciplines, professions and occupations which seek to
use basic social science research and theory to improve the daily life of communities, organizations and
persons.

Social Science Careers

Psychologist- There are a range of different psychologist roles but broadly they help clients to improve
their psychological well being

Mediator- Working with people to help them solve conflicts and disagreements

Legal Careers- Providing legal services to clients

Social science Social science is the branch of science devoted to the study of societies and the
relationships among individuals within those societies.

Anthropology Anthropology is the study of what makes us human.

Politics Politics (from Greek: Πολιτικά, politiká, 'affairs of the cities') is the set of activities that are
associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations between individuals, such
as the distribution of resources or status.

1. Anthropological perspective-focuses on the study of the full scope of human diversity and the
application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds. These are culture, cultural
relativism, fieldwork, human diversity, holism, bio-cultural focus.
2. Sociological perspective-involves the investigation of the problem on micro and macro levels. At
micro level, sociology studies how individuals behave in social situations— It deals with people’s
everyday interactions At macro level, sociology focuses on patterns of behaviour and forms of
organisation that characterise entire societies (classical and grand theorist’s approaches).

3. Political Perspective Perspectives on politics seeks to provide a space for broad and synthetic
discussion within the political science profession and between the profession and the broader scholarly
and reading publics.

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Social institutions - consist of a group of people who have come together for a common purpose

Five basic social institutions 1. The family 2. Education 3. Religion 4. Economics 5. Politics

Lesson 2

Community development is a process where community members come together to take collective
action and generate solutions to common problems.

Effective community development should be:

• a long-term endeavour • well-planned • inclusive and equitable • holistic and integrated into the
bigger picture • initiated and supported by community members • of benefit to the community •
grounded in experience that leads to best practices

Lesson 3

TYPES OF COMMUNITIES

1. Formal communities A formal group is formed when people come together to accomplish specific
goals and objectives.

Characteristics of Formal Groups - The formal group is characterized in engaging joint activities and
discussion, helping each other, and sharing information with each other. Moreover, they care about
their standing with each other.

Examples of formal communities • Academic • Recreation •Retirement

2. Informal Communities An informal group is formed when two or more people come together to
accomplish a specific task which is mainly socially geared.

Characteristics of Informal Groups - It consists of a set of personal relations, social networks, common
interest and emotional sources of motivation.

Examples of informal communities: • Ecovillages • Co-housing communities • Co-ops communities •

Religious communities
3. Urban communities The term urban simply refers to the region or area which is densely populated
and possess the characteristics of the man-made surroundings.

Physical condition- refers to the development of physical fitness through the adaptation of the body
and its various systems to an exercise program.

Social condition- refers to the sociological process of training individuals in a society to respond in a
manner

Characteristics of Urban Communities:

• Advancement in science and technology • Many business establishments, recreational centers,
educational and religious institutions • People are crowded

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4. Rural Communities It refers to a small settlement, which is outside the boundaries of a city,
commercial or industrial area. A rural area is an open swath of land that has few homes or other
buildings, and not very many people. A rural area’s population density is very low.
Characteristics of the Rural Community:
• Greater personal interaction • Deep, long-term relationships • Generally, peace and order exists •
Mutual give and take affairs • Emphasis of shared values

5. Global communities A global community are the people ornations of the world, considered as being
closely connected by modern telecommunications and as being economically, socially, and politically
interdependent.The quality of global governance is reflected in each local community worldwide.

Characteristics of Global Communities

• World community • Common point of view toward issues of human rights, global warming and climate
change, peace and order, socio-economic conditions as well as disputed issues such as territorial
conflict.

6. Sectoral communities Community sectors can mean a number of different things. In some cases, it
describes broad categories Sectoral means relating to the various economic sectors of a society or to a
particular economic sector.

So what are these sectors? Sectors that exist in all communities

• Health • Education • Law Enforcement • Government •Business

Examples of Sectoral Communities:

1. Non-profit organization- A nonprofit organization is a business that has been granted tax exempt
status by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) because it furthers a social cause and provides a public
benefit.
2. Non-governmental organization Organizations which are independent of government involvement are
known as non-governmental organizations or NGOs ofor non-government organizations.

IBON Foundation is a research-education-information

Philippine Red Cross The PRC provides six major services: Blood Services

7. Social Space communities A social space is a physical or a virtual space such as social center, online
social media, or other gathering place where people gather and interact.

Characteristics of Social Space Communities: • Environmental infrastructures • Natural and semi-

natural (man influenced) green infrastructure elements • Natural spaces

Examples of social space communities: Social Center Town Squares Parks

Five community features

1. Interest. Communities of people who share the same interest or passion.

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2. Action. Communities of people trying to bring about change.

3. Place. Communities of people brought together by geographic boundaries.

4. Practice. Communities of people in the same profession or undertake the same activities.

5. Circumstance. Communities of people brought together by external events/situations.

Lesson 4

The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 which we are commemorating in August as we celebrate its
56th anniversary, intends to provide jobs, educate, and support the financial needs of entrepreneurs.
These goals were realized as community leaders and its people act to convert ideas into results.

Solidarity solidarity must defy boundaries. Race, gender, wealth and other factors that could create
segregation must be eradicated. Community members must work as one. Everybody must be given
equal opportunity to experience what their community could offer. Unity is needed for survival. It is a
key for success and without it, failure is inevitable.

Citizenship "A citizen is a member of a political community who enjoys the rights and assumes the
duties of membership."

ten (10) qualities of a good citizen

1. Respects the rights and properties of others

2. Respects and obeys the laws of the land

3. Take part in and improve life in his community

4. Take an active part in the government

5. A responsible family member

6. Loyal to his country and proud of his accomplishments

7. Uses natural resources wisely

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8. Believes in equal opportunities for all people

9. Well informed on important issues and is willing to take a stand on these issues when conscience
demands it

10.Respects individual differences, point of view, and acknowledges that ways of life are different from
his own

Lesson 5

Social Institutions (five key sectors):

• Schools • Media • Businesses • Churches • Government - town or city

Community Virtues
1. Resilient Communities Countless challenges are faced by almost everyone every day. Only resilient
people become successful after facing each challenge. As Filipinos are known to be resilient people, it is
also hoped that our communities should be resilient, as well.

2. Vigilant Communities As we take extra careful in securing our door locks at night, communities must
also be vigilant to possible threats. Securing the safety of its members is one of the main focus of any
community.

3. Progressive Communities Change is the only constant in this world. One who is afraid of change can
never go to places. From what we have learned from the previous virtue, safeguarding our belief system
is important but so as keeping with development.

4. Adaptive Communities Progressive community is more likely the same with Adaptive Community.
However, the former is more into looking for long-term changes.

5. Accountable Communities Accountable communities have the best people who knows their role in
their community. They have the sense of ownership.

Five-Point Community Initiatives The five-point community initiatives are the processes or mechanisms
that a community undergoes in order to develop and realize its goals.

1. Engagement - connecting to the community and its people

2. Planning - converting ideas into blueprints through meetings and discussion

3. Implementation - action and realization of the set plans

4. Development - enhancing process for continuous implementation

5. Sustainability - meeting needs of stakeholders; pursued as a goal

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Community action is vital in building harmonious and progressive community. It is associated with the
term social action, which involves local citizens to be part of planning, operationalization, and
implementation of goals set by the community to develop.

The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 was crafted to fight poverty. It has established over a thousand
of Community Action Agencies.

Social Determinants of Health and Development

1. Differences in exposure People in poverty are likely to get exposed to particular health risk, as they
are prone to higher levels of stress brought by their work. Lower paid employees usually do hard manual
or technical labor.

2. Differences in vulnerability People in poverty has the inability to pay for regular health care or
medical treatment. They suspend their treatment or choose not to get treated at all.

3. Differences in consequences Children in poverty, most of the time, skip school to work. They end up
going back to school years older than their grade level peers.

Lesson 6

Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Preamble

This agenda is a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. It also seeks to strengthen universal
peace in larger freedom.

People We are determined to end poverty and hunger, in all their forms and dimensions, and to ensure
that all human beings can fulfill their potential in dignity and equality and in a healthy environment.

Planet We are determined to protect the planet from degradation, including through sustainable
consumption and production, sustainably managing its natural resources and taking urgent action on
climate change, so that it can support the needs of the present and future generations.

Prosperity We are determined to ensure that all human beings can enjoy prosperous and fulfilling lives
and that economic, social and technological progress occurs in harmony with nature.

Peace We are determined to foster peaceful, just and inclusive societies which are free from fear and
violence.

Partnership We are determined to mobilize the means required to implement this agenda through a
revitalized Global Partnership for Sustainable Development, based on a spirit of strengthened global
solidarity, focused in particular on the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable and with the
participation of all countries, all stakeholders and all people.

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Importance of Solidarity No matter how beautiful your plans are, if you are not willing to pursue it, it
will never come to life.

Solidarity is more than unions Union is the act of uniting people to achieve a common goal. It is formed
when people have the same interest and they need to gather up in order to help them pursue their goal.
Solidarity is unity regardless of interest.

Solidarity is defying boundaries Race, gender, wealth do not define inclusion. Everybody has equal
opportunity for almost everything. Active involvement for a cause is the heart of solidarity.

Solidarity is from communication to action Communication is vital in delivering and receiving message.
However, this does not limit only to language because involvement sends its message through action.
Results of action done in unity is the true meaning of solidarity.