‫‪Kuwait University – Chemistry 110 – Chapter 1‬‬

‫)اﻟﻤﻨﮭﺞ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ(‬
‫ﺟ ﺎ ﺑ ﺘ ﺮ ‪ ١‬ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺎ د ﺗ ﻜ ﻢ ﻋ ﺒ ﺎر ة ﻋ ﻦ ﺟ ﺎ ﺑ ﺘ ﺮ ا ﻟ ﻘ ﺮ ﻗ ﺔ ‪ . .‬ﻧ ﺼ ﯿ ﺤ ﺔ ﻻ ﺗ ﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﻒ ﺑ ﺎ ﻟ ﺠ ﺎ ﺑ ﺘ ﺮ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﺑ ﻮ ا ن ا ﻏ ﻠ ﺒ ﮫ ﻛ ﻼ م و ﺳ ﮭ ﻞ ‪ . .‬ﻋ ﻄ ﮫ ﻣ ﻦ و ﻗ ﺘ ﻚ‬
‫و ﺟ ﺎ ﺑ ﻠﮫ ‪ ..‬ر اح ﺗ ﻠﻘ ﻮ ﻧﻲ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ اﺗﺮ ﺟ ﻢ اﻏ ﻠﺐ اﻷ ﺷ ﯿ ﺎء ﺑ ﺲ ﺗ ﻌ ﻮ د و ا ﺗ ﺤ ﻔ ﻈ ﻮ ﻧﮭ ﺎ ﺑ ﺎﻻ ﻧ ﺠ ﻠﯿﺰ ي ﻻ ﻧﮭ ﺎ ﺗﻔ ﯿﺪ ﻛ ﻢ ﻟﻲ ﺟ ﺪام و ﺗﺬ ﻛﺮ و ا ان‬
‫اﻻ ﻣ ﺘﺤ ﺎن ر اح ﯾﻜ ﻮ ن ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﺠ ﻠﯿﺰي ‪...‬‬

‫أ ﺣ ﻔ ﻆ ا ﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﺎر ﯾ ﻒ و ﻻ أﻓ ﮭ ﻤ ﮭ ﻢ ؟ اﻓ ﮭ ﻤ ﮭ ﻢ ‪. . .‬‬
‫ر اح ﯾ ﺴ ﺄﻟ ﻨﻲ و ﯾﻘ ﻮ ل ﻟﻲ اﻛ ﺘ ﺐ ﺗ ﻌ ﺎر ﯾﻒ ؟ ﻻ ‪...‬‬
‫‪So, Chemistry is the study of the properties and behavior of matter.‬‬

‫اﻟﻜ ﯿﻤ ﯿﺎء ﻋ ﻠﻢ در اﺳ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺎدة و ﺧ ﻮ اﺻ ﮭ ﺎ و اﻟﺘﻐ ﯿﺮ ات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻄ ﺮ أ ﻋ ﻠﯿﮭ ﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪- Matter: it is anything that has mass and occupies space.‬‬

‫ا ﻟﻤ ﺎد ة ھ ﻲ ﻛ ﻞ ﻣ ﺎ ﻟﮫ ﻛ ﺘ ﻠﺔ و ﯾ ﺸ ﻐ ﻞ ﺣ ﯿﺰ ا ً ﻣ ﻦ ا ﻟ ﻮ ﺳ ﻂ ‪.‬‬

‫‪- Property: any characteristics that allows us to recognize a particular type of matter and‬‬
‫‪to distinguish it from other types.‬‬

‫ا ﻟ ﺨ ﻮ اص ھ ﻲ ا ﻟ ﺼ ﻔ ﺎ ت ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻤ ﯿ ﺰ ة ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﺎ د ة و ﺗ ﻤ ﺰ ﯾ ﮭ ﺎ ﻋ ﻦ ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻮ اد ا ﻷ ﺧ ﺮ ى ‪.‬‬

‫‪- Chemicals: substances that have the same composition and properties wherever found‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺤﺪد أﯾﻨﻤﺎ ُوﺟﺪت‪ ،‬ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻷﺷﯿﺎء ﺣﻮﻟﻨﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺪ ﺧ ﻞ ھ ﺬه اﻟﻤ ﻮ اد اﻟﻜ ﯿﻤ ﯿ ﺎ ﺋ ﯿﺔ ﻣ ﻊ ﻣ ﻮ اد ﻛ ﯿﻤ ﯿ ﺎ ﺋ ﯿﺔ أﺧ ﺮ ى ﻟ ﺘ ﻜ ﻮ ﯾﻦ ﻣ ﻮ اد أﺧ ﺮ ى ﻧ ﺴ ﻤ ﯿﮭ ﺎ ) ﻣ ﺨ ﺎﻟ ﯿ ﻂ ( ‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﺣﺗﻔظ ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻛﻼﺳﺎﺗك ﺑﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺗوى واﻟﻧﺷر وﯾﻣﻧﻊ ﻣﻧﻌﺎ ً ﺑﺎﺗﺎ ً ﻧﺷر اﻟﻣذﻛرة دون اذن ﻣﺳﺑق ﻣن اﻻدارة‬
- Scientific Method: a systematic approach to research.

. ‫اﻟﻤ ﻨﮭ ﺞ اﻟﻌ ﻠﻤ ﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺤ ﺚ ھ ﻮ ﻣ ﻨﮭ ﺞ ﯾﺘﻜ ﻮ ن ﻣ ﻦ ﻣ ﺒﺎدئ ﻣ ﻌ ﯿﻨﺔ )ﻣ ﻨﻈ ﻤ ﺔ ( ﺗﺴ ﺎﻋ ﺪ اﻟﻌ ﻠﻤ ﺎء ﻋ ﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺤ ﺚ‬

:‫ھ ﺬا اﻟﻤ ﻨﮭ ﺞ ﻣ ﺒﻨﻲ ﻋ ﻠﻰ ﺧ ﻄ ﻮ ات ﻣ ﻨﻈ ﻤ ﺔ و ﻣ ﺤ ﺪدة‬

1) Make observations about nature and ask questions about what you observe.
2) Propose a hypothesis, which states a possible explanation of the observations.
3) Several experiments may be done to test the hypothesis.
4) When results of the experiments are analyzed, a conclusion is made as to whether
the hypothesis is true or false.

( ‫ و ﺿ ﯿﻒ اﻷ ﻣ ﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮ ت‬، ‫) ﺷ ﻮ ف اﻟﻔ ﯿﺪ ﯾﻮ ﻋ ﺸ ﺎن ﺗﻌﺮف ﺗﻔﺮ ق ﺑﯿﻨﮭ ﻢ ﻋ ﺪل‬

: ( ‫ھ ﺎ ﻟ ﺼ ﻮ ر ة ﺗ ﻠ ﺨ ﺺ ا ﻟ ﻔ ﻜ ﺮ ة ) ﺷ ﻮ ف ا ﻟ ﻔ ﯿ ﺪ ﯾ ﻮ ﻋ ﺸ ﺎ ن ﺗ ﻔ ﮭ ﻤ ﮭ ﺎ ا ﻛ ﺜﺮ‬

‫ﯾﺣﺗﻔظ ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻛﻼﺳﺎﺗك ﺑﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺗوى واﻟﻧﺷر وﯾﻣﻧﻊ ﻣﻧﻌﺎ ً ﺑﺎﺗﺎ ً ﻧﺷر اﻟﻣذﻛرة دون اذن ﻣﺳﺑق ﻣن اﻻدارة‬
Q: Identify each of the following as an observation, a hypothesis, an experiment, or a
conclusion:

‫ا ﻹ ﺟ ﺎ ﺑ ﺎ ت ﻣ ﻊ اﻟ ﺸ ﺮ ح ﺑ ﺎ ﻟ ﻔ ﯿﺪ ﯾ ﻮ‬

A) During your visit to the gym, your trainer records that you ran for 25 min on the
treadmill.
B) Scientific studies show that exercising lowers blood pressure.
C) Your doctor thinks that your weight loss is due to increased exercise.
D) Sally thinks she may be allergic to shrimp.
E) Yesterday, one hour after Sally ate a shrimp salad, she broke out in hives.
F) Today, Sally had some soup that contained shrimp, but she did not break out in
hives.
G) Sally realizes that she does not have an allergy to shrimp.
H) Lucia notices that the dye in a design fade when the shirt is washed.
I) Lucia decides that the dye needs something to help it combine with the fabric.
J) She places a spot of dye on each of the four shirts and then places each one
separately in water, saltwater, vinegar, and baking soda and water. d. After one
hour, all the shirts are removed and washed with a detergent.
K) Lucia notices that the dye has faded on the shirts in water, saltwater, and baking
soda, whereas the dye did not fade on the shirt soaked in vinegar.
L) Lucia thinks that the vinegar binds with the dye so it does not fade when the shirt is
washed.
M) A blender does not work when plugged in.
N) The blender motor is broken.
O) The plug has malfunctioned.
P) The blender does not work when plugged into a different outlet.
Q) The blender needs repair.

‫ﯾﺣﺗﻔظ ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻛﻼﺳﺎﺗك ﺑﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺗوى واﻟﻧﺷر وﯾﻣﻧﻊ ﻣﻧﻌﺎ ً ﺑﺎﺗﺎ ً ﻧﺷر اﻟﻣذﻛرة دون اذن ﻣﺳﺑق ﻣن اﻻدارة‬
‫‪* Identifying Place Values:‬‬
‫ا ﻟ ﺪ ر س ھ ﺬ ا ﺳ ﮭ ﻞ ﺑ ﺲ و ا ﯾ ﺪ ﻣ ﮭ ﻢ ‪ . .‬و ھ ﻮ ﯾ ﻌ ﻠ ﻤ ﻜ ﻢ ﺷ ﻠ ﻮ ن ﺗ ﺤ ﺪ د و ن ﻣ ﻨ ﺎز ل ا ﻷ ر ﻗ ﺎ م ) آ ﺣ ﺎ د ‪ ،‬ﻋ ﺸ ﺮ ا ت ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﺌ ﺎ ت ‪ ،‬و ھ ﻜ ﺬ ا ‪( . . .‬‬

‫ر ا ح ا ﺣ ﻂ ﻟ ﻜ ﻢ ا ﻻ ﺳ ﻢ ﺑ ﺎ ﻟ ﻌ ﺮ ﺑ ﻲ و ﺑ ﺎ ﻻ ﻧ ﺠ ﻠ ﯿ ﺰ ي ﻋ ﺸ ﺎ ن ﺗ ﻔ ﮭ ﻤ ﻮ ن ‪ . .‬ﺑ ﺲ ط ﺒ ﻌ ﺎ ً ا ﻹ ﻧ ﺠ ﻠ ﯿ ﺰ ي اھ ﻢ ﻷ ن ا ﻻ ﻣ ﺘ ﺤ ﺎ ن ﺑ ﺎ ﻻ ﻧ ﺠ ﻠ ﯿﺰ ي‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ھﺬا اﻟﺮﻗﻢ ‪3629‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬

‫أﻟﻮ ف‬ ‫ﻣ ﺌﺎت‬ ‫ﻋ ﺸ ﺮ ات‬ ‫آ ﺣ ﺎد‬

‫‪Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones‬‬

‫ﻟﻤ ﻦ ﯾﻜ ﻮ ن ﻋ ﻨﺪي ﻓ ﺎﺻ ﻠﺔ ‪ ..‬اﻷ ر ﻗ ﺎم اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻔ ﺎﺻ ﻠﺔ ﺗ ﺘ ﺴ ﻤ ﻰ ﺑﮭ ﺎﻟﻄ ﺮ ﯾﻘ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ او ل ر ﻗ ﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻔ ﺎﺻ ﻠﺔ ﻟﻶ ﺧ ﺮ ‪ :‬ﺟ ﺰ ء ﻣ ﻦ ﻋ ﺸ ﺮ ة‪ ،‬ﺟ ﺰ ء‬
‫ﻣ ﻦ ﻣ ﺌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺟ ﺰ ء ﻣ ﻦ أﻟﻒ ‪ ،‬و ھ ﻜﺬا ‪...‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ھﺬا اﻟﺮﻗﻢ ‪7.518‬‬

‫‪7.‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫آ ﺣ ﺎد‬ ‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻋ ﺸ ﺮة‬ ‫ﺟ ﺰ ء ﻣ ﻦ ﻣ ﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺟ ﺰ ء ﻣ ﻦ أﻟﻒ‬

‫‪Ones‬‬ ‫‪Tenths‬‬ ‫‪Hundredths Thousandths‬‬

‫ﺳﺆاﻟﯿﻦ وﺣﻠّﮭﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﯿﺪﯾﻮ‪:‬‬

‫‪Q: Identify the place value for each of the digits in the following number:‬‬

‫‪A) 15.24‬‬
‫‪B) 122.901‬‬

‫ﯾﺣﺗﻔظ ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻛﻼﺳﺎﺗك ﺑﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺗوى واﻟﻧﺷر وﯾﻣﻧﻊ ﻣﻧﻌﺎ ً ﺑﺎﺗﺎ ً ﻧﺷر اﻟﻣذﻛرة دون اذن ﻣﺳﺑق ﻣن اﻻدارة‬
‫‪* Positive and Negative Numbers:‬‬
‫اذا اﻧﺖ ﻧﺎطﺮ ﺷﺮح ھﺬه اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻋﺸﺎن ﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ‪ Positive‬واﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ‪ ..Negative‬ﻓﺈﻋﺮف ان‬
‫و ﺿ ﻌ ﻚ ﺧ ﻄ ﯿﺮ و ﺗ ﺤ ﺘ ﺎج ﻣ ﺴ ﺎﻋ ﺪ ة إ ﺿ ﺎﻓ ﯿ ﺔ ‪ J‬ا ﻟ ﻤ ﮭ ﻢ ‪. . . .‬‬

‫‪ -‬ا ﻟﺮ ﻗ ﻢ ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻮ ﺟ ﺐ ﻓ ﯿ ﮫ إ ﺷ ﺎر ة ﻣ ﻮ ﺟ ﺐ ) ‪ . . ( +‬و ﺳ ﺎ ﻋ ﺎ ت ﻣ ﺎ ﻧ ﺤ ﻂ ا ﻹ ﺷ ﺎ ر ة – ﻣ ﮭ ﻢ ﺗ ﻌ ﺮ ف ا ﻧ ﮫ ر ﻗ ﻢ أ ﻛ ﺒ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ا ﻟ ﺼ ﻔ ﺮ‬

‫‪ -‬ا ﻟﺮ ﻗ ﻢ ا ﻟ ﺴ ﺎ ﻟ ﺐ ﻓ ﯿ ﮫ إ ﺷ ﺎر ة ﺳ ﺎ ﻟ ﺒ ﺔ ) ‪ . . ( -‬و د ا ﯾ ﻤ ﺎ ً ﻧ ﺤ ﻂ ا ﻹ ﺷ ﺎ ر ة ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻮ ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ ا ﻷ ر ﻗ ﺎ م ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻮ ﺟ ﺒ ﺔ – ﻣ ﮭ ﻢ ﺗ ﻌ ﺮ ف ا ﻧ ﮫ ر ﻗ ﻢ أ ﺻ ﻐ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫اﻟﺼ ﻔﺮ‬

‫ﻣ ﻼ ﺣ ﻈ ﺎت ر ﯾﺎﺿ ﯿﺔ ﻣ ﮭ ﻤ ﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬إذ ا ﺿ ﺮ ﺑ ﺖ ر ﻗ ﻤ ﯿ ﻦ ﻋ ﻨﺪ ھ ﻢ ﻧ ﻔ ﺲ ا ﻻ ﺷ ﺎر ة ﺑ ﺒ ﻌ ﺾ ‪ ،‬ا ﻟ ﻨ ﺎ ﺗﺞ ر ﻗ ﻢ ﻣ ﻮ ﺟ ﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬إذ ا ﺿ ﺮ ﺑ ﺖ ر ﻗ ﻤ ﯿ ﻦ ﻋ ﻨﺪ ھ ﻢ إ ﺷ ﺎر ا ت ﻣ ﺨ ﺘ ﻠ ﻔ ﺔ ﺑ ﺒ ﻌ ﺾ ‪ ،‬ا ﻟ ﻨ ﺎ ﺗﺞ ر ﻗ ﻢ ﺳ ﺎ ﻟ ﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫) اذ ا ﻣ ﺎ ﺗ ﻌ ﺮ ف ھ ﺎ ﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮ ﻣ ﺘ ﯿ ﻦ ‪ . .‬ﻗ ﻮ ل ا ﻟ ﺤ ﻤ ﺪ ‪ Õ‬ا ﻧ ﻚ ر ا ح ﺗ ﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪ م آ ﻟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺎ ﺳ ﺒ ﺔ ﺑ ﺎ ﻻ ﻣ ﺘ ﺤ ﺎ ن و ﻣ ﺎ ﺗ ﺤ ﺘ ﺎ ج أ ﺻ ﻼ ﺗ ﻌ ﺮ ف ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮ ﻣ ﺘ ﯿ ﻦ (‬

‫و ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ ھ ﺎ ﻟ ﺠ ﻤ ﻠﺔ اﻟ ﺨ ﻄ ﯿﺮ ة ‪ ..‬أ ﺗ ﻮ ﻗﻊ ﻣ ﺎ ﯾ ﺤ ﺘ ﺎج اد ش ﺑ ﺘ ﻔ ﺎ ﺻ ﯿ ﻞ اﻟﻘ ﺴ ﻤ ﺔ و اﻟﺠ ﻤ ﻊ و اﻟﻄ ﺮ ح ‪ ..‬ﻷ ن ﻋ ﻨﺪ ك آﻟﺔ ﺣ ﺎﺳ ﺒﺔ ‪J‬‬

‫ھﺎﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺷﺮح ﻓﯿﺪﯾﻮ ﻷن ﻓﺸﻠﺔ أﺻﻼ أﺷﺮﺣﮭﺎ ﺑﻔﯿﺪﯾﻮ‪ J‬اﻧﺖ اﺷﻄﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺬي ﺑﻮاﯾﺪ‬

‫ﯾﺣﺗﻔظ ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻛﻼﺳﺎﺗك ﺑﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺗوى واﻟﻧﺷر وﯾﻣﻧﻊ ﻣﻧﻌﺎ ً ﺑﺎﺗﺎ ً ﻧﺷر اﻟﻣذﻛرة دون اذن ﻣﺳﺑق ﻣن اﻻدارة‬
‫‪* Calculating a Percentage:‬‬
‫ﻓ ﻜ ﺮ ة اﻟ ﺤ ﺼ ﻮ ل ﻋ ﻠﻰ ﻧ ﺴ ﺒ ﺔ ﻣ ﺌ ﻮ ﯾ ﺔ ) ‪ ( ٪‬ھ ﻮ ا ﻧ ﻚ ﺗ ﻘ ﺴ ﻢ ﺷ ﻲ ﻣ ﻦ ﻛ ﻞ ﺷ ﻲ ء ) ﺟ ﺰ ء ﻣ ﻦ ﻛ ﻞ ( ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣ ﺜ ﺎ ل ‪ :‬ﻟ ﻮ ﻋ ﻨﺪ ﻧ ﺎ ﺳ ﻠﺔ ﻓ ﯿ ﮭ ﺎ ﻣ ﺠ ﻤ ﻮ ﻋ ﺔ ﻓ ﻮ ا ﻛ ﮭ ﺔ ﻣ ﺨ ﺘ ﻠ ﻔ ﺔ ) ا ﻟ ﻜ ﻞ ( و ﺣ ﺒ ﯿ ﻨ ﺎ ﻧ ﺤ ﺴ ﺐ ﻧ ﺴ ﺒ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﺘ ﻔ ﺎ ح ) ﺟ ﺰ ء ( د ا ﺧ ﻞ ھ ﺬ ه ا ﻟ ﺴ ﻠ ﺔ ‪ . .‬ر ا ح ﻧ ﻘ ﺴ ﻢ‬
‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﺘﻔﺎح ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻔﻮاﻛﮭﺔ ﻛﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﺔ وﻧﻀﺮﺑﮭﺎ ب‪ ١٠٠‬ﻋﺸﺎن ﺗﺼﯿﺮ ‪.٪‬‬

‫‪Example: An aspirin tablet contains 325 mg of aspirin (active ingredient), and the tablet‬‬
‫?‪has a mass of 545 mg. What is the percentage of aspirin in the tablet‬‬

‫ﻓ ﻲ ﺷ ﻲ و ا ﯾ ﺪ ﻣ ﮭ ﻢ ﻻ ز م ﺗ ﻌ ﺮ ﻓ ﮫ ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ ‪ . .‬ا ذ ا ﻋ ﻄ ﺎ ك ﻧ ﺴ ﺒ ﺔ أي ﺟ ﺰ ء د ا ﺧ ﻞ ﻛ ﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺗ ﻘ ﺪ ر ﺗ ﻔ ﺮ ض ا ن ھ ﺬ ي ا ﻟ ﻨ ﺴ ﺒ ﺔ ھ ﻲ ﻛ ﻤ ﯿ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﺠ ﺰ ء ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫‪ ١٠٠‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻞ‪ ...‬ﻣﺜﺎل‪:‬‬

‫اذا ﻗﻠﺖ ﻟﻚ ان ﻋﻨﺪي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ﻓﯿﮫ ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪ ..٪١٢‬ﻓﺘﻘﺪر ﺗﻘﻮل ان ‪ ١٠٠‬ﻏﺮام ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل )اﻟﻜﻞ(‬
‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ١٢‬ﻏﺮام ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم )اﻟﺠﺰء(‬

‫و ھ ﺬا ﻣ ﺜ ﺎل ﺑ ﺎﻻ ﻧ ﺠ ﻠ ﯿﺰي ﻣ ﻦ ا ﻟ ﻜ ﺘ ﺎ ب ‪:‬‬

‫ﯾﺣﺗﻔظ ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻛﻼﺳﺎﺗك ﺑﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺗوى واﻟﻧﺷر وﯾﻣﻧﻊ ﻣﻧﻌﺎ ً ﺑﺎﺗﺎ ً ﻧﺷر اﻟﻣذﻛرة دون اذن ﻣﺳﺑق ﻣن اﻻدارة‬
‫‪* Solving Equations:‬‬
‫ر اح ﺗ ﺼ ﺎد ف ﺑ ﺎ ﻟﻤ ﻨ ﮭ ﺞ و ا ﯾﺪ ﻣ ﻮ ا ﺿ ﯿﻊ ﺗ ﺤ ﺘ ﺎ ج ﻓ ﯿ ﮭ ﺎ ا ﻧ ﻚ ﺗ ﺤ ﻞ ﻣ ﻌ ﺎد ﻻ ت ﻣ ﻦ ا ﻟﺪ ر ﺟ ﺔ ا ﻷ و ﻟ ﻰ ) ﻣ ﺠ ﮭ ﻮ ل و ا ﺣ ﺪ ا س و ا ﺣ ﺪ ( ‪ ..‬ط ﺒ ﻌ ﺎ ً ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻋﺸﺎن ﺗﻌﺮف ﺷﻠﻮن ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻵﻟﺔ وﺗﺤﻠﮭﺎ اذا ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮف رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎت ﻋﺪل ‪ ٪١٠٠‬واﻧﺎ اﻓﻀﻞ اﻧﻚ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻤﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻵﻟﺔ اﺣﺴﻦ‬

‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﯿﻮﺗﯿﻮب ‪How to solve for x using Casio calculator‬‬

‫ﻣ ﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫و ﻧ ﻔ ﺲ اﻟﻔ ﻜ ﺮ ة ﻟﻮ ﻋ ﻨﺪ ﻧ ﺎ ﻣ ﻌ ﺎد ﻟﺔ ﻓ ﯿ ﮭ ﺎ ط ﺮ ﻓ ﯿ ﻦ ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ ھ ﺬي ‪:‬‬

‫‪1 1 = P2V2‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫ﺗ ﻘ ﺪ ر ﺗ ﻌ ﺪ ل ﺷ ﻜ ﻠ ﮭ ﺎ ﻋ ﺸ ﺎ ن ﺗ ﺤ ﺴ ﺐ ﻗ ﯿ ﻤ ﺔ و ﺣ ﺪ ة ﻣ ﻨ ﮭ ﻢ اذ ا ﻛ ﺎ ﻧ ﻮ ا ا ﻟ ﺒ ﺎ ﺟ ﻲ ﻣ ﻌ ﻄ ﻰ ‪:‬‬

‫ﯾﺣﺗﻔظ ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻛﻼﺳﺎﺗك ﺑﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺗوى واﻟﻧﺷر وﯾﻣﻧﻊ ﻣﻧﻌﺎ ً ﺑﺎﺗﺎ ً ﻧﺷر اﻟﻣذﻛرة دون اذن ﻣﺳﺑق ﻣن اﻻدارة‬
‫‪* Graphs:‬‬
‫ا ﻟﺮ ﺳ ﻮ م ا ﻟ ﺒ ﯿ ﺎ ﻧ ﯿ ﺔ ﺗ ﻮ ﺿ ﺢ ا ﻟ ﻌ ﻼ ﻗ ﺎ ت ﺑ ﯿ ﻦ ﻣ ﺘ ﻐ ﯿ ﺮ ﯾ ﻦ ا ﺛ ﻨ ﯿ ﻦ ‪ . .‬ﻣ ﺜ ﺎ ل ‪ :‬ھ ﺎ ﻟﺮ ﺳ ﻤ ﺔ ﺗ ﻮ ﺿ ﺢ ا ﻟ ﻌ ﻼ ﻗ ﺔ ﺑ ﯿ ﻦ ﺣ ﺠ ﻢ ا ﻟ ﻐ ﺎز و د ر ﺟ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﺤ ﺮ ار ة ‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﻮ ﺗﻼﺣﻈﻮن‪ ..‬ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﻣﺤﻮرﯾﻦ )ﺻﺎدي وﺳﯿﻨﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ( وﺑﺎﻻﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰي ﻧﺴﻤﯿﮭﻢ ‪ x‬و ‪.y‬‬

‫اﻟـ ‪ x‬ﻧﺴﻤﯿﮫ ‪ horizontal‬وﯾﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻻﻓﻘﻲ‬

‫اﻟـ ‪ y‬ﻧﺴﻤﯿﮫ ‪ vertical‬وﯾﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻠﻲ ﻓﻮق ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ان اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮﯾﻦ اﻻﺛﻨﯿﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ طﺮدﯾﺔ ‪) Direct‬ﺷﻮف اﻟﻔﯿﺪﯾﻮ ﻋﺸﺎن ﺗﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﺟﻲ‬
‫اﻷ ﻧﻮ اع (‬

‫ﯾﺣﺗﻔظ ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻛﻼﺳﺎﺗك ﺑﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺗوى واﻟﻧﺷر وﯾﻣﻧﻊ ﻣﻧﻌﺎ ً ﺑﺎﺗﺎ ً ﻧﺷر اﻟﻣذﻛرة دون اذن ﻣﺳﺑق ﻣن اﻻدارة‬
‫‪* Scientific Notation:‬‬
‫و ﻓ ﻲ ھ ﺬي اﻟﻔ ﻜﺮ ة ﻧ ﺘ ﻌ ﻠﻢ ﺷ ﻠﻮ ن ﻧ ﻜ ﺘ ﺐ ا ﻷ ر ﻗ ﺎ م ا ﻟ ﺼ ﻐ ﯿﺮ ة ﺟ ﺪ ا ً و ا ﻟ ﻜ ﺒ ﯿﺮ ة ﺟ ﺪ ا ً ﺑ ﺸ ﻜ ﻞ ﻣ ﺨ ﺘ ﺼ ﺮ أ ﻛ ﺜﺮ ﻋ ﺸ ﺎن ا ﺣ ﺼ ﻞ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ھ ﺬ ا ا ﻟ ﺸ ﻜ ﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫!*) × &‪!"#$%‬‬
‫و اﻟـ ‪ x‬إﻣ ﺎ ﺗ ﻜ ﻮ ن ﻣ ﻮ ﺟ ﺒﺔ أو ﺳ ﺎﻟ ﺒﺔ ‪ ,‬ر اح ﻧ ﻌ ﺮ ف اﻟﺤ ﺎﻟﺘﯿﻦ ﺑ ﺎ ﻻ ﻣ ﺜ ﻠ ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮوط إن اﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻻزم ﯾﻜﻮن رﻗﻢ واﺣﺪ ﺑﺲ ﺑﯿﻦ ‪ 1‬و ‪ ,9‬ﻣﺎﯾﺼﯿﺮ أﻛﺒﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫أ ﻧ ﺎ ھ ﺪ ﻓ ﻲ ﺑ ﺴ ﺆ ال ﻧ ﻔ ﺲ ھ ﺬ ا إن أ ﺣ ﺮ ك ا ﻟ ﻔ ﺎ ﺻ ﻠﺔ ﺑ ﮭ ﺪ ف ا ﻟ ﺤ ﺼ ﻮ ل ﻋ ﻠﻰ ر ﻗ ﻢ ﻣ ﻦ ‪ 1‬ﻟ ـ ‪ 9‬ﻗ ﺒ ﻞ اﻟﻔ ﺎ ﺻ ﻠﺔ ‪ ,‬ﺑ ﺎ ﻟ ﻤ ﺜ ﺎ ل ر ا ح ﺗ ﺘ ﻮ ﺿ ﺢ ا ﻟ ﻔ ﻜ ﺮ ة ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣ ﺒ ﺪ ﺋ ﯿ ﺎ ً ‪ ,‬ﻟ ﻮ ﺣ ﺮ ﻛ ﺖ ا ﻟ ﻔ ﺎ ﺻ ﻠ ﺔ ﺟ ﮭ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﯿ ﺴ ﺎر ‪ ,‬ﯾ ﻌ ﻨ ﻲ أ ﻧ ﺎ ﻗ ﺎ م أ ﺻ ﻐ ﺮ ا ﻟ ﺮ ﻗ ﻢ ﺑ ﻤ ﻌ ﻨ ﻰ ا ﻟ ـ ‪ x‬ﻓ ﻮ ق ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ ي ﺗ ﻜ ﻮ ن ﻣ ﻮ ﺟ ﺒ ﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟ ﻮ ﺣ ﺮ ﻛ ﺘ ﮭ ﺎ ﺟ ﮭ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﯿ ﻤ ﯿ ﻦ ﯾ ﻌ ﻨ ﻲ ﻗ ﺎ م أ ﻛ ﺒﺮ ا ﻟﺮ ﻗ ﻢ ‪ ,‬ﺑ ﻤ ﻌ ﻨ ﻰ ا ﻟ ـ ‪ x‬ﻓ ﻮ ق ﻋ ﻨﺪ ي ﺗ ﻜ ﻮ ن ﺳ ﺎ ﻟ ﺒ ﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ان اﻟﺘﺮﻣﯿﺰ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺷﻘﯿﻦ‪ ,‬اﻟﺸﻖ اﻟﻌﺸﺮي ‪ decimal part‬واﻟﺸﻖ اﻻﺳﻲ‪exponential part‬‬

‫ﯾﺣﺗﻔظ ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻛﻼﺳﺎﺗك ﺑﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺗوى واﻟﻧﺷر وﯾﻣﻧﻊ ﻣﻧﻌﺎ ً ﺑﺎﺗﺎ ً ﻧﺷر اﻟﻣذﻛرة دون اذن ﻣﺳﺑق ﻣن اﻻدارة‬
 ‫* ﺧﻄﻮات ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﻣﯿﺰ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻮ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ھﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ وﺑﻨﺤﻮﻟﮫ اﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﻣﯿﺰ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪12345 :‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﺣ ﺪ د ﻣ ﻜ ﺎ ن ا ﻟ ﻔ ﺎ ﺻ ﻠ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﻌ ﺸ ﺮ ﯾ ﺔ ) ﻟ ﻮ ﻣ ﺎ ﻛ ﺎ ﻧ ﺖ ﻣ ﻌ ﻄ ﻰ ﻧ ﻔ ﺮ ﺿ ﮭ ﺎ ا ﻧ ﮭ ﺎ ﺑ ﺂ ﺧ ﺮ ا ﻟ ﺮ ﻗ ﻢ ‪ ,‬ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ ا ﻟ ـ ‪ ٥‬ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺜ ﺎ ﻟ ﻨ ﺎ ﻋ ﺸ ﺎ ن ﻻ ﯾ ﺘ ﻐ ﯿ ﺮ ا ﻟ ﺮ ﻗ ﻢ ( ‪:‬‬
‫‪12345.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺣ ﺮ ك ا ﻟ ﻔ ﺎ ﺻ ﻠ ﺔ ﺑ ﺤ ﯿ ﺚ ﻧ ﺤ ﺼ ﻞ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ر ﻗ ﻢ و ا ﺣ ﺪ ﻓ ﻘ ﻂ ﺑ ﯿ ﻦ ا ل ‪ ١‬و ‪ ) ٩‬ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺜ ﺎ ﻟ ﻨ ﺎ ر ا ح ﻧ ﺤ ﺮ ﻛ ﮭ ﺎ ﯾ ﺴ ﺎ ر ( ‪:‬‬
‫‪1.2345‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬اﺿﺮب اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﺑـ ‪ 10X‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ان ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻛﺲ ھﻲ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﺮات اﻟﻠﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪1.2345 X 104‬‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﻻ ﺗ ﻨ ﺴ ﻰ ‪ ,‬ﻟ ﻮ ﺣ ﺮ ﻛ ﺖ ا ﻟ ﻔ ﺎ ﺻ ﻠ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﯿ ﺴ ﺎ ر ﺗ ﻜ ﻮ ن ا ﻹ ﺷ ﺎ ر ة ﻣ ﻮ ﺟ ﺒ ﺔ ‪ ,‬و ﻟ ﻮ ﺣ ﺮ ﻛ ﺘ ﮭ ﺎ ﻟ ﻠ ﯿ ﻤ ﯿ ﻦ ﺗ ﻜ ﻮ ن ا ﻹ ﺷ ﺎ ر ة ﺳ ﺎ ﻟ ﺒ ﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ‪1.2345 X 104 :‬‬

‫ﻟﻮ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ھﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ وﺑﻨﺤﻮﻟﮫ اﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﻣﯿﺰ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪0.00012345 :‬‬

‫‪ (١‬ﺣ ﺪ د ﻣ ﻜ ﺎ ن ا ﻟ ﻔ ﺎ ﺻ ﻠ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﻌ ﺸ ﺮ ﯾ ﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪0.00012345‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺣ ﺮ ك ا ﻟ ﻔ ﺎ ﺻ ﻠ ﺔ ﺑ ﺤ ﯿ ﺚ ﻧ ﺤ ﺼ ﻞ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ر ﻗ ﻢ و ا ﺣ ﺪ ﻓ ﻘ ﻂ ﺑ ﯿ ﻦ ا ل ‪ ١‬و ‪ ) ٩‬ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺜ ﺎ ﻟ ﻨ ﺎ ر ا ح ﻧ ﺤ ﺮ ﻛ ﮭ ﺎ ﯾ ﻤ ﯿ ﻦ ( ‪:‬‬
‫‪1.2345‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬اﺿﺮب اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﺑـ ‪ 10X‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ان ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻛﺲ ھﻲ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﺮات اﻟﻠﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪1.2345 X 104‬‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﻻ ﺗ ﻨ ﺴ ﻰ ‪ ,‬ﻟ ﻮ ﺣ ﺮ ﻛ ﺖ ا ﻟ ﻔ ﺎ ﺻ ﻠ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﯿ ﺴ ﺎ ر ﺗ ﻜ ﻮ ن ا ﻹ ﺷ ﺎ ر ة ﻣ ﻮ ﺟ ﺒ ﺔ ‪ ,‬و ﻟ ﻮ ﺣ ﺮ ﻛ ﺘ ﮭ ﺎ ﻟ ﻠ ﯿ ﻤ ﯿ ﻦ ﺗ ﻜ ﻮ ن ا ﻹ ﺷ ﺎ ر ة ﺳ ﺎ ﻟ ﺒ ﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ‪1.2345 X 10-4 :‬‬

‫أﻣ ﺜ ﻠﺔ إﺿ ﺎﻓ ﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﯾﺣﺗﻔظ ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻛﻼﺳﺎﺗك ﺑﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺗوى واﻟﻧﺷر وﯾﻣﻧﻊ ﻣﻧﻌﺎ ً ﺑﺎﺗﺎ ً ﻧﺷر اﻟﻣذﻛرة دون اذن ﻣﺳﺑق ﻣن اﻻدارة‬
‫‪Q: Write the scientific notation :‬‬
‫‪0.003567 = 3.567 X 10-3‬‬
‫‪103.0567 = 1.030567 X 102‬‬
‫‪308,255,000 = 3.08255 X 108‬‬
‫‪0.00000000007 = 7 X 10-11‬‬

‫ﺗ ﻌ ﻠ ﻤ ﻨ ﺎ ﺷ ﻠ ﻮ ن ﻧ ﺤ ﻮ ل ا ﻟﺮ ﻗ ﻢ ﺑ ﺎ ﻟ ﺼ ﻮ ر ة ا ﻟ ﻌ ﺎد ﯾ ﺔ ا ﻟﻰ ا ﻟ ﺘﺮ ﻣ ﯿﺰ ا ﻟ ﻌ ﻠﻤ ﻲ ‪ ..‬ا ﻧﺰ ﯾ ﻦ ﺷ ﻠﻮ ن ﻟﻮ ﺑ ﻨ ﺤ ﻮ ل ا ﻟ ﺘﺮ ﻣ ﯿﺰ ا ﻟ ﻌ ﻠﻤ ﻲ ا ﻟﻰ ر ﻗ ﻢ ﻋ ﺎد ي ؟‬
‫) ا ﻟ ﺨ ﻄ ﻮ ة ا ﻷ و ﻟ ﻰ ( ﻧ ﺸ ﻮ ف ا ﻟ ﺸ ﻖ ا ﻻ ﺳ ﻲ ) ا ﻟﺮ ﻗ ﻢ ( ﻋ ﺸ ﺎ ن ﻧ ﻌ ﺮ ف ﺟ ﻢ ﻣ ﺮ ة ر ا ح ﻧ ﺤ ﺮ ك ا ﻟ ﻔ ﺎ ﺻ ﻠ ﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫) ا ﻟ ﺨ ﻄ ﻮ ة ا ﻟ ﺜ ﺎ ﻧ ﯿ ﺔ ( ﻟ ﻮ ﻛ ﺎ ن ا ﻻ س ﺳ ﺎ ﻟ ﺐ ﻧ ﺘ ﺤ ﺮ ك ﺟ ﮭ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﯿ ﺴ ﺎر ‪ . . . .‬ﻟ ﻮ ﻛ ﺎ ن ا ﻻ س ﻣ ﻮ ﺟ ﺐ ﻧ ﺘ ﺤ ﺮ ك ﺟ ﮭ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﯿ ﻤ ﯿ ﻦ ‪ ) .‬ر ا ح ﻧ ﻤ ﺸ ﻲ ﻋ ﻜ ﺲ‬
‫ا ﻟ ﻠ ﻲ ﺳ ﻮ ﯾ ﻨ ﺎ ه ﻟ ﻤ ﻦ ﺣ ﻮ ﻟ ﻨ ﺎ ا ﻟﺮ ﻗ ﻢ ا ﻟ ﻰ ﺗ ﺮ ﻣ ﯿ ﺰ ﻋ ﻠ ﻤ ﻲ ﻋ ﺸ ﺎ ن ﻧ ﻠ ﻐ ﻲ أي ا ﺛ ﺮ ﺣ ﻖ ا ﻷ ﺳ ﺲ (‬

‫‪1.2345 X 104‬‬
‫ا ﻟ ﺸ ﻖ ا ﻻ ﺳ ﻲ ) ﯾ ﺴ ﺎ و ي ‪ (٤‬ﯾ ﻌ ﻨ ﻲ ر ا ح ﻧ ﺤ ﺮ ك ا ﻟ ﻔ ﺎ ﺻ ﻠ ﺔ ‪ ٤‬ﻣ ﺮ ا ت ‪ . .‬ﺑ ﺲ ا ﻟ ﺴ ﺆ ا ل أ ي ﺟ ﮭ ﺔ ؟ ﻷ ن ا ﻻ س ﻣ ﻮ ﺟ ﺐ ﻓ ﺮ ا ح ﻧ ﺤ ﺮ ك ا ﻟ ﻔ ﺎ ﺻ ﻠ ﺔ‬
‫ﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﯿﻤﯿﻦ ‪ ٤‬ﻣﺮات‪ .‬وﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‪12345. :‬‬

‫‪1.2345 X 10-4‬‬
‫ا ﻟ ﺸ ﻖ ا ﻻ ﺳ ﻲ ) ﯾ ﺴ ﺎ و ي ‪ (٤‬ﯾ ﻌ ﻨ ﻲ ر ا ح ﻧ ﺤ ﺮ ك ا ﻟ ﻔ ﺎ ﺻ ﻠ ﺔ ‪ ٤‬ﻣ ﺮ ا ت ‪ . .‬ﺑ ﺲ ا ﻟ ﺴ ﺆ ا ل أ ي ﺟ ﮭ ﺔ ؟ ﻷ ن ا ﻻ س ﺳ ﺎ ﻟ ﺐ ﻓ ﺮ ا ح ﻧ ﺤ ﺮ ك ا ﻟ ﻔ ﺎ ﺻ ﻠ ﺔ‬
‫ﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﯿﺴﺎر ‪ ٤‬ﻣﺮات‪ .‬وﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‪0.00012345 :‬‬

‫ﺷ ﻠ ﻮ ن ﻧ ﻘ ﺎر ن ﺑ ﯿ ﻦ ر ﻗ ﻤ ﯿ ﻦ ﻣ ﻜ ﺘ ﻮ ﺑ ﯿ ﻦ ﺑ ﻄ ﺮ ﯾ ﻘ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﺘﺮ ﻣ ﯿﺰ ا ﻟ ﻌ ﻠﻤ ﻲ ؟‬
‫)اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻷوﻟﻰ( ﻧﻘﺎرن اﻷﺳﺲ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻟـ‪) ١٠‬اﻟﺸﻖ اﻻﺳﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫) ا ﻟ ﺨ ﻄ ﻮ ة ا ﻟ ﺜ ﺎ ﻧ ﯿ ﺔ ( اذ ا ﻛ ﺎ ﻧ ﺖ ا ﻷ ﺳ ﺲ ﻣ ﺘ ﺴ ﺎ و ﯾ ﺔ ‪ ,‬ﻧ ﺸ ﻮ ف ا ﻟ ﺸ ﻖ ا ﻟ ﻌ ﺸ ﺮ ي ‪.‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1.23 x 10 > 4.56 x 10‬‬
‫‪-2‬‬ ‫‪-5‬‬
‫‪4.56 x 10 > 7.89 x 10‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪7.89 x 10 > 1.23 x 10‬‬

‫ﯾﺣﺗﻔظ ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻛﻼﺳﺎﺗك ﺑﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺗوى واﻟﻧﺷر وﯾﻣﻧﻊ ﻣﻧﻌﺎ ً ﺑﺎﺗﺎ ً ﻧﺷر اﻟﻣذﻛرة دون اذن ﻣﺳﺑق ﻣن اﻻدارة‬
 Tutorial Problems
‫ا ﻟ ﺤ ﻠ ﻮ ل ﻣ ﻊ اﻟ ﺸ ﺮ ح ﻓ ﻲ ا ﻟ ﻔ ﯿﺪ ﯾ ﻮ‬
1.16) What is the place value for the bold digit?
a. 97.5689
b. 375.88
c. 46.1000
1.22) Solve each of the following for b:
a. 2b + 7 = b + 10
b. 3b - 4 = 24 - b
1.26) Write each of the following in scientific notation:
a. 180000000
b. 0.00006
c. 750
d. 0.15
e. 0.024
f. 1500
1.28) Which number in each of the following pairs is smaller?
a. 0.9 x 10-3 or 5.5 x 10-9
b. 1250 or 3.4 x 102
c. 0.5 x 103 or 5.0 x 102
d. 2.50 x 102 or 4 x 105
1.52) Classify each of the following as an observation, a hypothesis, an experiment, or a
conclusion:
a. A big log in the fire does not burn well.
b. If I chop the log into smaller wood pieces, it will burn better.
c. The small wood pieces burn brighter and make a hotter fire.
d. The small wood pieces are used up faster than burning the big log.

‫ﯾﺣﺗﻔظ ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻛﻼﺳﺎﺗك ﺑﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺗوى واﻟﻧﺷر وﯾﻣﻧﻊ ﻣﻧﻌﺎ ً ﺑﺎﺗﺎ ً ﻧﺷر اﻟﻣذﻛرة دون اذن ﻣﺳﺑق ﻣن اﻻدارة‬
1.54) Solve each of the following for z:
a. 7z - (-11) = 39
b. -8z x 5 = -80
1.56) Using the following graph:

a. What is measured on the horizontal axis?

b. What is the range of values on the horizontal axis?
c. What is the solubility of carbon dioxide in water at 25 °C?
d. At what temperature does carbon dioxide have a solubility of 0.20 g/100 g
water?

‫ﯾﺣﺗﻔظ ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻛﻼﺳﺎﺗك ﺑﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺗوى واﻟﻧﺷر وﯾﻣﻧﻊ ﻣﻧﻌﺎ ً ﺑﺎﺗﺎ ً ﻧﺷر اﻟﻣذﻛرة دون اذن ﻣﺳﺑق ﻣن اﻻدارة‬