Liquidity and solidity are in constant interaction.

However, liquidity
GNED 07 REVIEWER is the one increasing and proliferating. Therefore, the metaphor
that could best describe globalization is liquidity
LESSON 1: GLOBALIZATION
 Flow- movement of people, goods, places, and
 development of an increasingly integrated global
information due to the increasing permeability of global
economy marked especially by free trade.
boundaries (Ritzer, 2015).
 involves economic, political, and cultural processes that
 Another example is the global financial crisis. According to
can impact social structures.
(Landler, 2008)
 world becoming smaller, with distances shortening and
interactions across the globe LESSON 2: THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION
 Internationalization – globalization is seen as just another
term for cross-border interactions between nations. TWO THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION:
(Larsson, 2001).  HOMOGENEITY-
 Liberalization – process of eliminating government  THE INCREASING OF SAMENESS IN THE WORLD AS
restrictions on cross-border movements to establish an CULTURAL INPUTS
open, borderless global economy.  OFTEN LINKED TO CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
 Universalization – dissemination of various objects and  CULTURAL IMPERIALISM- DOMINATION AND IMPOSITION
experiences to people everywhere. A typical example is OF FOREIGN CULTURE ON ONE NATIVE CULTURE
the spread of technologies like computing and television.  AMERICANIZATION- NON- AMERICANS ADOPTING
 Westernization/Modernization- involves spreading AMERICAN CULTURES (PRODUCTS, TECHNOLOGIES ETC.
modern social structures like capitalism, rationalism,  ANTONIO, 2007- SPREAD OF NEOLIBERALISM, CAPITALISM,
industrialism, and bureaucratism globally, often at the AND THE MARKET ECONOMY
expense of existing cultures and local.  STIGLITZ, 2002- CRITICIZED THE IMF FOR USING A “ONE-
 Deterritorialization – process where social, cultural, SIZE-FITS-ALL”
economic, and political activities are no longer confined  COWEN, 2002- FLOW IF MEDIA IS OFTEN CHARACTERIZED
to specific geographic locations. AS MEDIA IMPERIALISM
 Manfred Stager- the expansion and intensification of
social relations.
 Expansion- creating new social networks and increasing
existing connections.
 Intensification- expanding, stretching, and speeding up
these networks.
 perception of time and space- the world feels smaller,  INDYMEDIA- INDEPENDENT MEDIA CENTER. IT FACILITATE
and distances have shrunk to just a mouse click away. GLOBAL PARTICIPATION OF ACTIVIST
 JURIS, 2005- HACKTIVISTS EXTEND ACTIVISM INT0
GLOBALIZATION CAN ALSO BE CLASSIFIED AS… HACKING COMPUTER PROGRAMS TO PROMOTE
PARTICULAR CAUSE
 broad and inclusive
 MCDONALDIZATION- WESTERN SOCIETIES ADOPT FAST-
 borderless world (Ohmae, 1992)
FOOD RESTAURANT PRINCIPLES
 narrow and exclusive
 RITZER, 2008
 67 out of 114 definitions of globalization refer to the
 EFFICIENCY- FINDING THE QUICKEST WAY TO
economic dimension followed by political and social
ACCOMPLISH TASKS
dimensions as well.
 CALCULABILITY- EMPHASIZING QUANTITY OVER QUALITY
 Colonization- third world country
 PREDICTABILITY- ENSURING UNIFORMITY AND
 Martin Khor (1995)- former president of Third World
STANDARDIZATION
Network
 CONTROL- USING TECHNOLOGY TO CONTROL PROCESSES
 Cesare Poppi- Globalization is a debate and the debate is
AND PEOPLE
globalization.
 GLOBALIZATION- IMPERIALISTIC AMBITIONS OF NATIONS
(RITZER, 2007)
METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION:
 HETEROGENEITY- CREATION OF VARIOUS CULTURAL
 Solid- physical or imaginary barriers that make or difficult
PRACTICES AND INTERACTION OF ELEMENTS FROM
the movement of things.
DIFFERENT SOCIETIES IN THE WORLD
 Liquid- increasing ease of movement of people, things,
information, and places in the contemporary world.
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 CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION- CONTRARY TO CULTURAL  ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION- MAIN CONTRIBUTING
IMPERIALISM FACTOR
 GLOCALIZATION-  INTERCONNECTED- FREE TRADE HAS DRIVEN THE
 GLOBAL FORCES INTERACTINNG WITH LOCAL FACTORS/ GROWTH OF MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
SPECIFIC GEOGRAPHICAL AREA (ROLAND ROBERTSON, ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBAL TRADE:
1992)  INCREASING INTERDEPENDENCE OF WORLD ECONOMIES-
 PROCESS OF MODIFYING GLOBAL PRODUCTS TO ALLIGHN GROWING SCALE OF CROSS-BORDER TRADE OF
WITH TRADITIONS COMMODITIES
 SHANGQUAN, 2000- CONTINUING EXPANSION AND
3 PERSPECTIVES ON GLOBAL CULTURAL FLOWS:
MUTUAL INTEGRATION OF MARKET FRONTIERS
 CULTURAL DIFFERENTIALISM- CULTURES ARE  ACCPRDING TO INERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND-
FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT AND SLIGHTLY INFLUENCED HISTORICAL PROCESS, THE RESULT OF HUMAN
BY GLOBAL TRENDS INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS
(EX: ECONOMIC CONFLICT BETWEEN WESTERN AND
SINITIC CIVILIZATION)
 SAMUEL HUNTINGTON- HE ARGUES THAT AFTER THE
COLD WAR, CULTURAL DIFFERENCES BECAME MORE
IMPORTANT THAN POLITICAL
 CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION-
 EMPHAZIZE THE INTEGRATION OF LOCAL AND GLOVAL
CULTURES (CVETKOVICH & KELLNER, 1997) ACTORS THAT FACILITATE ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION:
 HYBRID ENTITIES- CANNOT BE DESCRIBED AS EITHER  non-state actors:
LOCAL OR GLOBAL  international economic organization- critical for
 GLOCALIZATION- BLENDING OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL developing and pushing neoliberal policies among
INFLUENCES that LEADS TO UNIQUE RESULTS different countries. it also facilitate trade and
(GIULIANOTTI & ROBERTSON, 2007) development discussions among states
 APPADURAI, 1996- GLOBAL FLOWS CREATE CULTURAL  multinational corporations (mnc)- it has cetralized
HYBRIDS DUE TO THE GAPS BETWEEN THEM (EX: PEOPLE, management system, and headquarters in their home
TECHNOLOGY AND OTHERS) country
 CULTURAL CONVERGENCE- HIGHLIGHTS HOW  transnational corporatioooons (tnc)- DECISION MAKING IS
GLOBALIZATION MAKES CULTURES MORE ALIKE NOTCENTRALIZED, ALLOWING SUBSIDIARIES TO OPERATE
 CULTURAL IMPERIALISM- IT OCCURS WHEN ONE CULTURE INDEPENDENTLY
DOMINATES AND PARTIALLY DESTROYS ANOTHER  CENTRAL BANKS-
 DETERRITORIALIZATION- SEPERATING SOCIAL AND  RESPONSIBLE FOR REGULATING MEMBER BANKS AND
CULTURAL ACTIVITIES FROM SPECIFIC LOCATIONS. CREATING MONETARY POLICY
(TRADITIONAL LINK IS LESS CLEAR IN GEOGRAPHIC AREAS)  CONTROLLED THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF
MONEY
LESSON 3: GLOBAL ECONOMY  GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETIES- INDIVIDUAL/GROUPS
 POVERTY THRESHOLD- IT IS THE MINIMUM INCOME OF A DISADVANTAGED BY THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION OF
FILILIPINO OR HOUSEHOLD THE WORLD ECONOMY
 INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM (IMS)-
 SYSTEM THAT FORMS RULES AND STANDARDS FOR
FACILITATING INTERNATIONAL TRADE
 HELP IN RELLOCATING CAPITAL AND INVESTMENT FROM
ONE NATION TO ANOTHER
 GLOBAL NETWORK OF THE GOVERNMENT
 SUBSISTENCE INCIDENCE- IT IS THE PROPORTION OF
FILIPINOS WHOSE INCOME IS NOT ENOUGH TO MEET THE BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM
EVEN THE BASIC NEEDS  HELD JULY 1-22, 1994
 SEVERE DEPRIVATION OF BASIC NEEDS- EXTREME  REPRESENTED BY 44 STATES
POVERTY (UNITED NATIONS, 2015) EARNING LESS THAT  CREATED THE INTERNATINAL BANK FOR
$1.25 A DAY RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
 UNITED NATION, 2015- 836 MILLION DOWN FROM 1.9  INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
BILLION PEOPLE LIVING IN POVERTY
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  TO CREATE NEW RULES FOR MONETARY SYSTEM AFTER  COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE- ABILITY OF AN ECONOMY TO
WW II PRODUCE A GIVEN GOOD OR SERVICE IN A MORE
 IMF WAS TASKED TO MAINTAIN A SYSTEM OF FIXED EFFICIENT AND ECONOMICALLY COMPETITIVE MANNER
EXCHANGERATES CENTERED ON THE US DOLLARS AND THAN PEERS
GOLD  SPECIALIZATION- TENDENCY OF COUNTRIES TO SPECIALIZE
 IBRD WAS TASKED TO PROVIDE FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE IN CERTAIN PRODUCTS
TO WAR-TORN COUNTRIES  TRADE POLICIES- REGULATIONS AND AGREEMENT OF
 INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS- FOREIGN COUNTRIES
 OPERATING ON AN INTERNATIONAL LEVEL  TARIFFS- TAXES OR DUTIES PAID FOR A PARTICULAR CLASS
 ASSIST COUNTRIES IN THEIR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL OF IMPORTS
DEVELOPMENT  PROTECTIONISM- POLICY OF SYSTEMATIC GOVERNMENT
 WORLD BANK: INTERVENTION IN FOREIGN TRADE
 PROVIDE FINANCING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO  TRADE BARRIERS- MEASURES THAT
GOVERNMENTS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES GOVERNMENTS/PUBLIC AUTHORITIES TO MAKE IMPORTED
 FACILITATE INVESTMENT OF CAPITAL GOODS/SERVICES LESS COMPETITIVE THAN LOCALLY
 FOCUSES ON HELPINNG DEVELOPING COUNTRIES PRODUCED GOODS AND SERVICES
 PRODUCT SAFETY- ENSURES THAT IMPORTED PRODUCTS
IN THE COUNTRY ARE HIGH QUALITY

TYPES OF TRADE POLICIES:

 NATIONAL TRADE POLICY- SAFEGUARDS THE BEST
INTEREST OF ITS TRADE AND CITIZEN
 BILATERAL TRADE POLICY- REGULATE THE TRADE AND
BUSINESS RELATIONS BETWEEN TWO NATIONS
 STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT POLICIES (SAP S)-  INTERNATIONAL TRADE POLICY- OUTLINES THE
IMPLEMENTED FOR THE COUNTRIES BORROWING FROM REGULATIONS FOR THE GLOBAL EXCHANGE OF GOODS
THE WORLD BANK AND SERVICES
 WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)
SAP INCLUDE:  DEALS WITH THE GLOBAL RULES OF TRADE BETWEEN
 AUSTERITY MEASURESS- LESS GOVERNMENT SPENDING NATIONS
TO BALANCE THE BUDGET  ENSURING THAT TRADE FLOWS SMOOTHLY
 TRADE LIBERALIZATION- REMOVING TRADE BARRIERS  ONLY GLOBAL INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
 PRIVATIZATION- SELLING STATE-OWNED INDUSTRIES TO DEALING WITH THE RULES OF TRADE BETWEEN
PRIVATE SECTORS NATIONS WITH WTO AGREEMENTS
 DEREGULATION- REMOVING GOVERNMENT
REGULATIONS ON ENTERPRISES
 INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND-
 WORKS TO IMPROVE GLOBAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
 PROMOTE FINANCIAL STABILITY

INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND TRADE POLICIES: LESSON 4: INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION

 INTERNATIONAL TRADE-
 EXHANGE OF GOODS, SERVICES, AND CAPITAL ACROSS  PROVIDE FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND PROFESIONAL ADVICE
NATIONAL BORDERS FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES (BHARGAVA,
 CENTRAL TO THE GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDDP) OF 2006)
MANY COUNTRIES  THE BRETTON WOODD SYSTEM
3
 FOUNDED IN 1994 AFTER THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL
TURMOIL, WW2, GREAT DEPRESSION
 AIM TO RECONSTRUCTURE THE WORLD ECONOMY
 REDUCTION OF FREE TRADE BARRIERS

GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT) &  EUROPEAN UNION (EU)
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO):  POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC UNION OF 27 MEMBER
 GATT- SYSTEMS BORN OUT OF BRETTON WOODS, STATES
ESTABLISHED IN 1947, SIGNED BY 23 MEMBER STATES.  EU COUNTRIES SOUGHT TO DEEPEN INTEGRATION IN
FOCUSED ON TRADE GOODS THROUGH MULTINATIONAL PURUIT OF PEACE OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
TRADE AGREEMENTS  INCREASED THE PRICES IN THE EUROZONE AND RESULTED
 WTO- ESTABLISHED IN GENEVA, SWITZERLAND IN 1995, IN DEPRESSED ECONOMIC GROWTH
INDEPENDENT MULTILATERAL ORGANIZATION, NON-
TARIFF-RELATEDBARRIERS TO TRADE, 164 MEMBER
STATES AS OF 2021
 CRITICISM OF WTO- TRDE BARRIERS CREATED BY
DEVELOPMENT COUNTRIES CANNOT BE COUNTERED
ENOUGH BY WTO. DECISION MAKING INFLUENCED BY
THE GREEN ROOM
 IMF AND THE WORLD BANK-  NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT(NAFTA)
 BOTH FOUNDED AFTER THE WW2, IMF FOUNDED IN 1945  IN MEXICO, PRODUCER PRICES DROPPED AND 2 MILLION
 MOST CONTRIES WERE MEMBER OF 2 INSTITUTIONS FARMERS LEFT THEIR LAND
 POWERFUL COUNTRIES HOLDS GREAT INFLUENCE  NAFTA WAS TO BLAMED FOR JOB LOSSES AND WAGE
 THE MAIN GOAL OF IMF WAS TO HELP TROUBLE STAGNATION IN THE US BECAUSE COMPETITON FROM
COUNTRIES MEXICAN FIRMS HAD FORCED MANY U.S FIRMS TO
 ACT AS A LENDER FOR COUNTRIES THAT NEED FINANCIAL RELOCATE TO MEXICO
ASSISTANCE
 WORLD BVANK HAD LONG TERM APPROACH, FOCUSES LESSON 5: GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
ON FUNDING  INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT OF GOVERNANCE TO
ADDRESSES REGIONAL/GLOBALIZED ISSUES
 FORM OF GOVERNANCE FOR A GLOBALIZATION
 STATE- DISTINCTIVE POLITICAL COMMUNITY WITH ITS
OWN SET OF RULES AND PRACTICES; IT HAS 4 ELEMENTS
 PEOPLE
 ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND  TERRITORY
DEVELOPMENT (OECD)  GOVERNMENT
 UNIQUE FORUM OF HIGH-INCOME, 38 DEMOCRATIC  SOVEREIGNTY
STATES  NATION- COLLECTIVE ENTITY WITH SHARED HISTORY AND
 HIGHLY INFLUENCIAL DESPITE HAVING A LITTLE FORMAL CULTURE
POWER  NATION-STATE- TERRITORIALLY BOUNDED SOVEREIGN
INSTITUTION THAT GOVERN THE INDIVIDUALS
 ACTOR- INDIVIDUAL OR COLLECTIVE ENTITY CAPABLE OF
DOING A CERTAIN STRATEGY TO ACHIEVE ITS OBJECTIVE
TYPES OF ACTORS:
 STATE ACTORS- STATE AS A MAJOR PLAYER IN
INTERNATIONAL ARENA
 NON-STATE ACTORS- MNC, TNC, NGO, SOCIAL
MOVEMENT, AND INSURGENCY GROUPS
 ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES-
ORIGINALLY COMPRISED OF SAUDI ARABIA, IRAQ,
KUWAIT, VENEZUALA IN 1960, FORMED TO REGUALTE GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN 21ST CENTURY:
THE PRICE OF OIL  DECLINING POWER OF NATION-STATES
 FLOW OF IDEAS AND INFORMATION
 MASS MIGRATION OF PEOPLE
4
 HORRENDOUS EVENTS WITHIN THE NATION-STATES AND HUMAN PROTECTION. CONSIST OF 193 MEMBER
 FINANCIAL CRISIS SATATES
CHALLENGES TO GOVERNMENT AND STATE AUTONOMY: PRINCIPAL ORGANS OF UN:
 TRADITIONAL CHALLENGES  UN SECURITY COUNCIL- DECIDE BETWEEN TWO CONTRIES
 NATIONAL OR IDENTITY MOVEMENTS WAGE WAR AGAINST EACH OTHER, ACT AS AN ARBITER
 GLOBAL ECONOMICS BETWEEN TWO SIDES (U.S, GREAT BRITAIN, CHINA,
 GLOBAL SOCIAL MOVEMENTS RUSSIA, AND FRANCE)
 TRADITIONAL CHALLENGES  UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY- MAIN POLICY MAKING ORGAN
 GULF WAR, SADDAM HUSSEIN LED THE INVATION OF OF THE ORGANIZTION. CONSIST OF ALL MEMBER STATE
KUWAIT IN 1990  INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE- MAIN JUDICIAL
 RUSSIA’S ANNEXATION OF CRIMEA IN 2014 ORGAN OF THE UN. LOCATED IN THE HAGUE,
 RUSSIA’S INVASION OF UKRAINE IN 2022 NETHERLANDS.
 TALIBAN, ISLAMIC FUNDEMENTALIST GROUP TOOK OVER  ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL(ECOSOC)- RESPONSIBLE
THE AFGHAN GOVERNMENT IN 2021 FOR THE COORDINATION OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
WORK OF THE UN AND ITS ORGANIZATION
 TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL- TO SUPERVISED THE
ADMINISTRATION OF TRUST TERRITORIES AS THEY
TRANSITIONED FROM COLONIES TO SOVEREIGN
COUNTRIES
 UN SECRETARIAT- CARRIES OUT THE SUBSTANTIVE AND
ADMINISTRATIVE WORK
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO):
 DEFENSIVE TREATY AND MILITARY ALLIANCE BETWEEN
U.S, CANADA ANF OTHER 25 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.
CHALLENGES FROM NATIONAL /IDENTITY MOVEMENTS: BASED ON COLLECTIVE SECURITY
 EVERY NATION HAS CULTURAL IDENTITYTHAT PEOPLE  CREATED TO COUNTER SOVIET FORCES AND ITS
ATTACHED TO INFLUENCE AFTER WW2
 TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS SUCH AS AL-QAEDA AND  ARTICLE 5; “ARMED ATTACK AGAINST ONE OR MORE OF
ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA (ISIS), IT CAN BE THEM AN ATTACK AGAINST THEM ALL”
CLASSIFIED INTO NATINALIST MOVEMENTS. WITH THIS
THEY ARE FUNDEMENTALIST VERSION OF ISLAM NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION (NGO):
 GLOBAL ECONOMY  RED CROSS AND RED CRESCENT- PROVIDES EMERGENCY
 CONFORM THE STATES WITH THE RULES OF FREE MARKET RELIEF FOR THOSE DESTROYED BY DISASTER OR WAR
CAPITALISM  AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL- FOUNDED IN LONDON IN
 GOVERNMENT AUSTERITY COMES FROM WTO, NAFTA, 1961. ADVOCATE HUMAN RIGHTS
AND ASEAN
 NEOLIBERAL ECONOMICS FOCUSES ON FREE TRADE
 GOVERNMENTS DID NOT IMPOSE RESTRCTIVE
REGULATIONS
 PRIVATIZATION AND DEREGULATION OF SERVICES
 STATE CANNOT PROTECT ITS OWN ECONOMIC INTEREST
AS A SOVEREIGN STATE
 GREECE IS AN EXAMPLE HOW NEOLIBERAL THREATENS  WTO- ESTABLISHED TO ENSURE FREE TARDE AMONG ITS
THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE STATES MEMBER STATES
 GLOBAL SOCIAL MOVEMENTS- MOVEMENTS OF PEOPLE  NAFTA- ENSURES THAT THREE COUNTRIES CAN TRADE
THAT ARE SPONTANEOUS. TRANSNATIONAL MOVEMENTS WITHOUT ANY TRADE RESTRICTIONS
MEANS THEY CAN OCCUR ACROSS BOARDERS

INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERN INTERNATIONAL

RELATIONS:
 UNITED NATIONS (UN)- FOUND IN 1945 AFTER WW2,
FORMED AFTER ITS PREDECESSOR, LEAGUE OF NATIONS
FAILED TO ENSURE LASTING PEACE. IT FUNTIONS FOUR
AREAS; MILITARY, ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES,