04/03/24, 8:28 PM

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ID: 4603d1f7
In their book Smart Pricing, Jagmohan Raju and Z. John Zhang consider musicians’ use of the
nontraditional “pay as you wish” pricing model. This model generally offers listeners the choice to pay
more or less than a suggested price for a song or album—or even to pay nothing at all. As the authors
note, that’s the option most listeners chose for an album by the band Harvey Danger. Only about 1% opted
to pay for the album, resulting in earnings below the band’s expectations. But the authors also discuss
musician Jane Siberry, who saw significant earnings from her “pay as you wish” online music store as a
result of many listeners choosing to pay more than the store’s suggested prices. Hence, the “pay as you
wish” model may ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. prove financially successful for some musicians but disappointing for others.

B. hold greater financial appeal for bands than for individual musicians.

C. cause most musicians who use the model to lower the suggested prices of their songs and albums
over time.

D. more strongly reflect differences in certain musicians’ popularity than traditional pricing models do.

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ID: e185a21f
One theory behind human bipedalism speculates that it originated in a mostly ground-based ancestor that
practiced four-legged “knuckle-walking,” like chimpanzees and gorillas do today, and eventually evolved
into moving upright on two legs. But recently, researchers observed orangutans, another relative of
humans, standing on two legs on tree branches and using their arms for balance while they reached for
fruits. These observations may suggest that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. bipedalism evolved because it was advantageous to a tree-dwelling ancestor of humans.

B. bipedalism must have evolved simultaneously with knuckle-walking and tree-climbing.

C. moving between the ground and the trees would have been difficult without bipedalism.

D. a knuckle-walking human ancestor could have easily moved bipedally in trees.

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ID: 20000f5f
Arthur Conan Doyle’s stories about detective Sherlock Holmes were published between 1887 and 1927.
They have inspired countless successful adaptations, including comic strips, movies, and a television
series Sherlock Hound, directed by Hayao Miyazaki, who is celebrated for his animated movies. Until
2014, these stories were copyrighted. The right to adapt was only available to those who could afford the
copyright fee and gain approval from the strict copyright holders of Doyle’s estate. Some journalists
predict that the number of Sherlock Holmes adaptations is likely to increase since the end of copyright
means that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. Doyle’s original stories will become hard to find.

B. people will become more interested in detective stories than they were in the 1800s.

C. producing adaptations will become easier and less expensive.

D. the former copyright holders of Doyle’s estate will return fees they collected.

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ID: 25176ff8
“Mrs. Spring Fragrance” is a 1912 short story by Sui Sin Far. In the story, Mrs. Spring Fragrance, a Chinese
immigrant living in Seattle, is traveling in California. In letters to her husband and friend, she
demonstrates her concern for what’s happening at her home in Seattle while she is away: ______

Which quotation from Mrs. Spring Fragrance’s letters most effectively illustrates the claim?

A. “My honorable cousin is preparing for the Fifth Moon Festival, and wishes me to compound for the
occasion some American ‘fudge,’ for which delectable sweet, made by my clumsy hands, you have
sometimes shown a slight prejudice.”

B. “Next week I accompany Ah Oi to the beauteous town of San José. There will we be met by the son of
the Illustrious Teacher.”

C. “Forget not to care for the cat, the birds, and the flowers. Do not eat too quickly nor fan too vigorously
now that the weather is warming.”

D. “I am enjoying a most agreeable visit, and American friends, as also our own, strive benevolently for
the accomplishment of my pleasure.”

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ID: 67b59a67
Plants like potatoes, tomatoes, and soybeans are susceptible to bacterial wilt disease caused by the
bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum. A multinational team of scientists led by Zhong Wei studied whether
other microbes in the soil might influence the degree to which plants are affected by the disease. The
team sampled soil surrounding individual tomato plants over time and compared the results of plants
that became diseased with those that remained healthy. They concluded that the presence of certain
microbes in the soil might explain the difference between healthy and diseased plants.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the team’s conclusion?

A. The soil surrounding healthy plants contained significantly higher concentrations of microbes known
to inhibit Ralstonia solanacearum than the soil surrounding diseased plants did.

B. The soil surrounding the plants contained high concentrations of Ralstonia solanacearum regardless
of whether the plants were affected by wilt disease.

C. The soil surrounding healthy plants tended to have significantly higher moisture levels than the soil
surrounding diseased plants did.

D. By the end of the experiment, over half the plants had been affected by wilt disease regardless of
differences in the types and concentrations of microbes in the surrounding soil.

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ID: c228bd45
The following text is adapted from Edith Nesbit’s 1906 novel The Railway Children.
Mother did not spend all her time in paying dull [visits] to dull ladies, and sitting dully at home waiting
for dull ladies to pay [visits] to her. She was almost always there, ready to play with the children, and
read to them, and help them to do their home-lessons. Besides this she used to write stories for them
while they were at school, and read them aloud after tea, and she always made up funny pieces of
poetry for their birthdays and for other great occasions.

According to the text, what is true about Mother?

A. She wishes that more ladies would visit her.

B. Birthdays are her favorite special occasion.

C. She creates stories and poems for her children.

D. Reading to her children is her favorite activity.

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ID: 7edfb2c5

Estimated Temperatures to which

Evron Quarry Artifacts Were Exposed
700
600
Temperature (°C)

500
400
300
200
100
0
2 39 1 06 _ 18 3 _9
_ _ K3 K
L5 K5

artifact
Flint artifacts dating to 800,000 to 1,000,000 years ago have been recovered from the Evron Quarry in
Israel. Likely created by the hominin Homo erectus, the artifacts have no visual features suggesting that
they were exposed to fire, leading some scholars to conclude that these hominins had not acquired
control of fire. But Zane Stepka and colleagues recently used a new method to determine whether these
artifacts had been exposed to temperatures above 400°C (the typical temperature campfires reach) and
concluded that the hominins who inhabited the site may have had control of fire.

Which choice best describes data in the graph that support the team’s conclusion?

A. Artifacts K5_106 and K3_9 were exposed to temperatures above 400°C.

B. Artifacts L5_239 and K3_18 were exposed to temperatures of approximately 550°C and 650°C,
respectively.

C. All of the artifacts were exposed to temperatures above 100°C.

D. Artifact K3_9 was exposed to a higher temperature than was artifact K5_106.

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ID: 0c622cfb
Although it’s clear that Mars once had liquid water on its surface, astronomers have debated whether the
evidence of ancient water reflects a prolonged phase of warm, wet conditions—the so-called wet and
warm scenario—or a brief period of melting in an otherwise consistently frozen environment. Researchers
Benjamin T. Cardenas and Michael P. Lamb recently added to this debate by using data from NASA and
the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter to map the topography of what is now a large basin in Mars’s northern
hemisphere. Cardenas and Lamb concluded that the wet and warm scenario is likely correct.

Which finding about the basin, if true, would most directly support Cardenas and Lamb’s conclusion?

A. Its dimensions and shape indicate that it is unlikely to have formed as the result of an asteroid or
comet impact.

B. It has features suggesting that it once held an ocean that underwent gradual sea-level changes over
an extended time.

C. Its physical characteristics are most consistent with it having formed as a result of a massive but
short-lived influx of liquid water.

D. It is surrounded by channels that could have been formed either by running water or by flowing lava.

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ID: 5fb6ed10
The Land of Enchantment is a 1906 travel book by Lilian Whiting. In the book, which describes the
experience of traveling through the southwestern United States by train, Whiting reflects on the escape
from everyday life that such a journey provides: ______

Which quotation from The Land of Enchantment most effectively illustrates the claim?

A. “The opportunities and advantages already offered and constantly increasing are greater than would
at first be considered possible.”

B. “The social and the picturesque charm of the long journey is singularly enhanced by the leisurely
stops made for refreshment.”

C. “The real journey begins, of course, at Chicago, and as these trains leave in the evening the traveller
fares forth in the seclusion of his berth.”

D. “One experiences a certain sense of detachment from ordinary day and daylight duties that is
exhilarating.”

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ID: f452410b
Results of Footprint Analysis for Two Sets of Theropod Tracks
Estimated footprint length Average stride Estimated mean speed
Tracks (centimeters) length (meters) (meters per second)

La
Torre 32.8 5.23 6.5–10.3
6A

La
Torre 28.9 5.57 8.8–12.4
6B
The table shows data from paleontologist Angélica Torices and colleagues’ 2021 study of two sets of
dinosaur tracks preserved in a fossilized lake bed in Spain. The tracks, referred to as La Torre 6A and La
Torre 6B, were left by two individual theropods (dinosaurs that walked on two legs). The team’s findings
suggest that of the two theropods, the one that left the La Torre 6B tracks had a higher maximum mean
speed, ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the claim?

A. a longer footprint, and a longer average stride.

B. a longer footprint, and a shorter average stride.

C. a shorter footprint, and a longer average stride.

D. a shorter footprint, and a shorter average stride.

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ID: 9731a22b
Paleontologist Lucas E. Fiorelli and colleagues have reported the discovery at a mine in Brazil of several
egg clutches, partially preserved single eggs, and egg shells from the Late Cretaceous period. The
researchers have concluded that the area was once a nesting and breeding site for titanosaurs, a group
of sauropod dinosaurs. The finding is significant given the previous lack of known nesting sites in
northern regions of South America, which led many paleontologists to assume that titanosaurs migrated
south to lay eggs.

What does the text most strongly suggest about the site discovered by the researchers?

A. It is the earliest known example of a titanosaur nesting and breeding site.

B. It was very difficult to excavate given that it was discovered in a mine.

C. It may have been occupied by other sauropods in addition to titanosaurs.

D. It is farther north than any other nesting site discovered in South America.

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ID: db876fd5
Songbirds learn to respond to and imitate their species’ songs from an early age. With each generation,
small differences are introduced that result in distinct variations—called dialects—among geographically
isolated populations of the same species. A research study examined whether twelve-day-old Ficedula
hypoleuca (pied flycatcher) nestlings prefer local dialects over the unfamiliar dialects of nonlocal F.
hypoleuca populations: the more begging calls the nestlings made in response to a song, the stronger
their preference. The researchers found that nestlings produced more begging calls in response to their
own dialect than to nonlocal dialects. Since song preference plays a role in songbird mate selection, the
finding suggests that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. F. hypoleuca nestlings’ preference for their own dialect likely disappears as they mature to promote
socialization between different F. hypoleuca populations.

B. F. hypoleuca nestlings who show an early preference for their own dialect are likely to receive more
food from their caretakers than nestlings who show no preferences among any F. hypoleuca dialects.

C. F. hypoleuca nestlings’ preference for their own dialect likely drives them when they mature to
reproduce with other F. hypoleuca from local rather than nonlocal populations.

D. F. hypoleuca nestlings show a preference for both local F. hypoleuca dialects and the songs of other
local songbirds over the songs of nonlocal birds of any species.

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ID: 09f9edb0
In the 1980s, many musicians and journalists in the English-speaking world began to draw attention to
music from around the globe—such as mbaqanga from South Africa and quan họ from Vietnam—that
can’t be easily categorized according to British or North American popular music genres, typically
referring to such music as “world music.” While some scholars have welcomed this development for
bringing diverse musical forms to prominence in countries where they’d previously been overlooked,
musicologist Su Zheng claims that the concept of world music homogenizes highly distinct traditions by
reducing them all to a single category.

Which finding about mbaqanga and quan họ, if true, would most directly support Zheng’s claim?

A. Mbaqanga and quan họ developed independently of each other and have little in common musically.

B. Mbaqanga is significantly more popular in the English-speaking world than quan họ is.

C. Mbaqanga and quan họ are now performed by a diverse array of musicians with no direct connections
to South Africa or Vietnam.

D. Mbaqanga and quan họ are highly distinct from British and North American popular music genres but
similar to each other.

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ID: f39507a3
One challenge when researching whether holding elected office changes a person’s behavior is the
problem of ensuring that the experiment has an appropriate control group. To reveal the effect of holding
office, researchers must compare people who hold elected office with people who do not hold office but
who are otherwise similar to the office-holders. Since researchers are unable to control which politicians
win elections, they therefore ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. struggle to find valid data about the behavior of politicians who do not currently hold office.

B. can only conduct valid studies with people who have previously held office rather than people who
presently hold office.

C. should select a control group of people who differ from office holders in several significant ways.

D. will find it difficult to identify a group of people who can function as an appropriate control group for
their studies.

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ID: 5325b3cc
Philadelphia’s Black Pearl Chamber Orchestra, founded by Jeri Lynne Johnson, performs classical music,
from well-known compositions by Beethoven to contemporary works by Jessie Montgomery. For the
orchestra’s iConduct! program, Johnson invites community members to learn some basic elements of
conducting and then experience conducting the Black Pearl orchestra themselves.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. The Black Pearl orchestra performs music from all over the world but mostly performs music
composed by Philadelphians.

B. Johnson founded the Black Pearl orchestra to perform classical music by contemporary artist Jessie
Montgomery.

C. The Black Pearl orchestra gives community members the chance to both listen to and participate in
classical music performance.

D. Johnson has community members conduct an orchestra to demonstrate how difficult the task is.

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ID: 6bc0e595
One aspect of in-person shopping that online shopping can’t replicate is the opportunity to touch a
product before buying it. Does this difference matter? In an experiment, researchers asked one group of
participants to touch a mug and a toy, while another group was prohibited from touching the two items.
The participants were then asked how much money they’d pay for the items. People who got to touch the
items were willing to pay much more money for them than were people who weren’t allowed to touch the
items. This finding suggests that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. people who mainly shop online probably spend more money every month than people who mainly
shop in person do.

B. in-person shopping may make products seem more valuable than they seem if only viewed online.

C. retailers with in-person and online stores should charge the same price for a given product in both
places.

D. online retailers may be able to raise the prices they charge for products that are only available online.

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ID: c538954d
Sense and Sensibility is an 1811 novel by Jane Austen. In the novel, Austen describes Marianne
Dashwood’s ability to persuade others of the rightness of her artistic judgments, as is evident when
Marianne visits with John Willoughby, a potential suitor: ______

Which quotation from Sense and Sensibility most effectively illustrates the claim?

A. “Above all, when she heard him declare, that of music and dancing he was passionately fond, she
gave him such a look of approbation as secured the largest share of his discourse to herself for the
rest of his stay.”

B. “Their taste was strikingly alike. The same books, the same passages were idolized by each—or if any
difference appeared, any objection arose, it lasted no longer than till the force of her arguments and
the brightness of her eyes could be displayed.”

C. “It was only necessary to mention any favourite amusement to engage her to talk. She could not be
silent when such points were introduced, and she had neither shyness nor reserve in their discussion.”

D. “They speedily discovered that their enjoyment of dancing and music was mutual, and that it arose
from a general conformity of judgment in all that related to either. Encouraged by this to a further
examination of his opinions, she proceeded to question him on the subject of books.”

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ID: 9debe79a
Average Temperatures in July in Four Locations in the Navajo Nation
Average highest temperature Average lowest temperature
Location (Fahrenheit) (Fahrenheit)

Teec Nos
94° 65°
Pos

Cameron 99° 65°

Ramah 83° 50°

Tuba City 83° 50°

The Navajo Nation has the largest land area of any tribal nation in the United States: over 27,000 square
miles in the Southwest. Because this area is so huge and its communities are located at various
elevations, the people of the Navajo Nation can experience different climate conditions depending on
where they live. For example, in July, ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A. the lowest temperature for both Cameron and Teec Nos Pos was 65°.

B. Tuba City’s average highest temperature was 94°, while Teec Nos Pos’s was 93°.

C. Ramah’s average highest temperature was 83°, while Cameron’s was 99°.

D. the lowest temperature for both Ramah and Tuba City was 50°.

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ID: f7bd14de
Several scholars have argued that conditions in England in the late ninth through early eleventh centuries
—namely, burgeoning literacy amid running conflicts between England’s Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and
Danish invaders—were especially conducive to the production of the Old English epic poem Beowulf, and
they have dated the poem’s composition accordingly. It is not inconceivable that Beowulf emerged from
such a context, but privileging contextual fit over the linguistic evidence of an eighth- or even seventh-
century composition requires a level of justification that thus far has not been presented.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Although there are some grounds for believing that Beowulf was composed between the late ninth
and early eleventh centuries, advocates for that view tend to rely on evidence that has been called into
question by advocates for an earlier date.

B. Although several scholars have dated Beowulf to the late ninth through early eleventh centuries,
others have argued that doing so privileges a controversial interpretation of the social conditions of
the period.

C. Although Beowulf fits well with the historical context of England in the late ninth through early
eleventh centuries, it fits equally well with the historical context of England in the seventh and eighth
centuries.

D. Although the claim of a late ninth- through early eleventh-century composition date for Beowulf has
some plausibility, advocates for the claim have not compellingly addressed evidence suggesting an
earlier date.

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ID: f9bd4e61
German theater practitioner Bertolt Brecht (1898–1956) believed that theater should elicit an intellectual
rather than an emotional response from audiences, provoking them to consider social and political
realities that extend beyond the characters and events depicted onstage. Brecht’s influence can be seen
in English playwright Caryl Churchill’s 1979 play Cloud 9: although the play sometimes invites empathetic
reactions, it primarily works to engage audiences in an interrogation of patriarchy and colonialism, which
it does by placing audiences at a distance, thereby encouraging them to ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. focus on the characters’ beliefs about social and political issues as revealed by the characters’
actions.

B. reflect on social and political phenomena not directly related to patriarchy and colonialism.

C. recognize pertinent social and political parallels between Germany during Brecht’s time and England
at the time when Churchill was writing Cloud 9.

D. be dispassionate as they think critically about the social and political questions raised by the play.

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ID: baef99a5
The following text is adapted from Oscar Wilde’s 1891 novel The Picture of Dorian Gray. Dorian Gray is
taking his first look at a portrait that Hallward has painted of him.
Dorian passed listlessly in front of his picture and turned towards it. When he saw it he drew back, and
his cheeks flushed for a moment with pleasure. A look of joy came into his eyes, as if he had
recognized himself for the first time. He stood there motionless and in wonder, dimly conscious that
Hallward was speaking to him, but not catching the meaning of his words. The sense of his own beauty
came on him like a revelation. He had never felt it before.

According to the text, what is true about Dorian?

A. He wants to know Hallward’s opinion of the portrait.

B. He is delighted by what he sees in the portrait.

C. He prefers portraits to other types of paintings.

D. He is uncertain of Hallward’s talent as an artist.

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ID: 3fc06a91
Employment by Sector in France and the United States, 1800–2012 (% of total employment)

Agriculture in Manufacturing Services in Agriculture Manufacturing Services

Year France in France France in US in US in US

1800 64 22 14 68 18 13

1900 43 29 28 41 28 31

1950 32 33 35 14 33 53

2012 3 21 76 2 18 80
Rows in table may not add up to 100 due to rounding.
Over the past two hundred years, the percentage of the population employed in the agricultural sector has
declined in both France and the United States, while employment in the service sector (which includes
jobs in retail, consulting, real estate, etc.) has risen. However, this transition happened at very different
rates in the two countries. This can be seen most clearly by comparing the employment by sector in both
countries in ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A. 1900 with the employment by sector in 1950.

B. 1800 with the employment by sector in 2012.

C. 1900 with the employment by sector in 2012.

D. 1800 with the employment by sector in 1900.

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ID: 96802cc0
For centuries, the widespread acknowledgment of the involvement of the cerebellum—a dense brain
structure in vertebrates—in coordinating motor control in humans has hindered recognition of other
possible functions of the structure. Neuroscience research from the last two decades now suggests that
the cerebellum regulates emotion and social behavior, and recent research by Ilaria Carta and colleagues
has identified a pathway connecting the cerebellum to a center for motivation and reward processing
known as the ventral tegmental area (VTA).

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. The recent verification of a pathway between the VTA and the cerebellum confirms the cerebellum’s
long-suspected role in motor coordination.

B. Recent advances in the field of neuroscience have challenged widely accepted claims about the
function of a pathway connecting the VTA and the cerebellum.

C. The cerebellum has primarily been thought to regulate motor functioning, but in recent years
neuroscience researchers have been uncovering additional functions.

D. Technological limitations have historically hindered the study of the cerebellum, but the recent
development of new technologies has led to greater insights into its functions.

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ID: 8a668840

Monthly Hours of Sunshine from April to

September in Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska
350
300
Hours of sunshine

250
200
150
100
50
0
p ril ay u ne u ly u st b er
M J J g
A
Au p tem
Se
Month

Anchorage
Fairbanks

A student is researching monthly hours of sunshine in different cities in Alaska. When comparing trends
in Anchorage and Fairbanks, the student concludes that the two cities show a similar pattern in the
monthly hours of sunshine from April to September.

Which choice best describes data from the graph that support the student’s conclusion?

A. The monthly hours of sunshine in both Anchorage and Fairbanks hold steady in June and July before
beginning to decline in August.

B. The monthly hours of sunshine in both Anchorage and Fairbanks increase from April to June and then
decrease from June to September.

C. Anchorage and Fairbanks both have less than 200 monthly hours of sunshine from April to
September.

D. Anchorage and Fairbanks both have more than 300 monthly hours of sunshine from April to June and
less than 200 hours from July to September.

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ID: ec93e52c
Archaeologist Petra Vaiglova, anthropologist Xinyi Liu, and their colleagues investigated the
domestication of farm animals in China during the Bronze Age (approximately 2000 to 1000 BCE). By
analyzing the chemical composition of the bones of sheep, goats, and cattle from this era, the team
determined that wild plants made up the bulk of sheep’s and goats’ diets, while the cattle’s diet consisted
largely of millet, a crop cultivated by humans. The team concluded that cattle were likely raised closer to
human settlements, whereas sheep and goats were allowed to roam farther away.

Which finding, if true, would most strongly support the team’s conclusion?

A. Analysis of the animal bones showed that the cattle’s diet also consisted of wheat, which humans
widely cultivated in China during the Bronze Age.

B. Further investigation of sheep and goat bones revealed that their diets consisted of small portions of
millet as well.

C. Cattle’s diets generally require larger amounts of food and a greater variety of nutrients than do
sheep’s and goats’ diets.

D. The diets of sheep, goats, and cattle were found to vary based on what the farmers in each Bronze
Age settlement could grow.

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ID: 4889580c
Archaeologists and historians used to believe that the Maya civilization during its Classic period (roughly
250–900) lacked agricultural marketplaces. One reason for this belief was that these scholars
misunderstood the ecology of the regions the Maya inhabited. Marketplaces typically emerge because
different individuals or groups want to trade resources they control for resources they don’t control.
Scholars seriously underestimated the ecological diversity of the Maya landscape and thus assumed that
______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. marketplaces likely would not have attracted many traders from outside the regions controlled by the
Maya.

B. farming practices would have been largely the same throughout Maya lands even if the crops people
produced varied significantly.

C. marketplaces would not have enabled Maya people to acquire many products different from those
they already produced.

D. farmers would trade agricultural products only if they had already produced enough to meet their own
needs.

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ID: b7d51f84
In West Africa, jalis have traditionally been keepers of information about family histories and records of
important events. They have often served as teachers and advisers, too. New technologies may have
changed some aspects of the role today, but jalis continue to be valued for knowing and protecting their
peoples’ stories.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Even though there have been some changes in their role, jalis continue to preserve their communities’
histories.

B. Although jalis have many roles, many of them like teaching best.

C. Jalis have been entertaining the people within their communities for centuries.

D. Technology can now do some of the things jalis used to be responsible for.

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