PUMPS

A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids, gases or slurries. It increases the mechanical energy
of the fluid. The additional energy can be used to increase -

⚫ Velocity (flow rate)

⚫ Pressure

⚫ Elevation

❑ Flange

A type of Pipe fitting used to connect pumps, pipes, valves, and other equipment to make a
pipework system. Usually, flanges are threaded or welded, and you can connect two flanges by
bolting them with gaskets and providing a seal that gives easy access to the piping system

❑ PUMP CLASSIFICATION

❑ Positive Displacement Pump

Positive Displacement pumps apply pressure directly to the liquid by a reciprocating piston, or by rotating
members.

Uses:

• can handle shear sensitive liquid. 2.Use for high pressure application 3.Use for variable viscosity
applications.

Types:

➢ Reciprocating pump

→ In Reciprocating pumps, the chamber is a stationary cylinder that contains a piston or plunger.
→ Types:
• Piston Pump
• Plunger Pump
• Diaphragm Pump
 ➢ Rotary pump

→ In Rotary pumps, the chamber moves from inlet to discharge and back to the inlet. A wide
variety of rotary pumps are available likegear pumps, lobe pumps, screw pumps, cam pumps,
vane pumps.
→ Most popular: gear pumps
→ Relatively constant output
→ Types:
• Single Rotor
• Multiple Rotor

❑ Dynamic Pump

Centrifugal Pumps

➢ This pumps generate high rotational velocities, then convert the resulting kinetic energy of the liquid to
pressure energy.

2 parts: It contains impeller and casing.

Use:

1. Centrifugal pumps are generally used where high flow rates and moderate head increases are
required.

2. Can handle fluids containing suspended solids

How do they work?

Liquid forced into impeller

Vanes pass kinetic energy to liquid: liquid rotates and leaves impeller
Volute casing converts kinetic energy into pressure energy

Pump Head

Head - The term head is used to measure the kinetic energy created by the pump.

Different Types of Pump Head

→ Total Static Head

→ Total Dynamic Head (Total System Head)
 → Static Suction Head
→ Static Suction Lift
→ Static Discharge Head
→ Dynamic Suction Head/Lift
→ Dynamic Discharge Head

Net Positive Suction Head

The pump has a NPSH requirement in order to prevent cavitation damage occurring and causing
severe damage.
The NPSH increases with flow due to pump internal losses - friction, impeller losses etc.
The requirement is that: NPSHA > NPSH

APPLICATIONS OF PUMPS

o Pumping water from the wells

o Aquarium and pond filtering
o Water cooling and fuel injection in automobiles
o Pumping oil or gas and operating cooling towers in energy industry
o They also have their uses in waste water recycling, pulp and paper, chemical industry etc.
 COMPRESSORS

Compressor is used to increase the pressure of air from low pressure to high pressure by using some external
energy.

Applications of compressed Air:

o For filling the air in tube of vehicles

o In automobile service station to clean vehicles.
o For spray painting in paint industries.
o In vehicle to operate air brakes.
o For cleaning workshop machines.
o For supercharging of an IC engines.
o For operation of pneumatic tools i.e. rock drills, vibrators etc.

CLASSIFICATION

Compression ratio:

It is defined as the ratio of volume of air before compression to the volume of air after compression.

Compressor capacity:

It is the quantity of air actually delivered by a compressor in m3 per minute

Free air Delivered (FAD):

It is the volume of air delivered by compressor under the conditions of temperature and pressure
existing at the compressor intake.

Swept Volume:

The volume displaced or swept by piston when it moves between top dead center and bottom dead
center.

TYPES OF COMPRESSORS:

Positive Displacement (PD) : Operate by trapping a specific volume of air and forcing it into a smaller volume

2 Basic Designs for PD Compressors

 Rotary

 Reciprocating
Centrifugal: Operate by accelerating the air and converting the energy to pressure

2 Basic Designs for Centrifugal Compressors

 Centrifugal

 Axial

Reciprocating Compressor

→ In a reciprocating compressor, a volume of air is drawn into a cylinder, it is trapped, and compressed
by piston and then discharged into the discharge line. The cylinder valves control the flow of air through
the cylinder; these valves act as check valves.
→ There are two types of reciprocating compressor.
• Single – Acting compressor - It is a compressor that has one discharge
per revolution of crankshaft.
• Double – Acting Compressor - It is a compressor that completes two discharge strokes per
revolutions of crankshaft. Most heavy-duty compressors are double acting..

Different parts of double acting compressor are listed below.

• Suction valve.
• Suction air jacket.
• Piston.
• Cylinder.
• Discharge valve.
• Discharge air jacket

Suction valve open Suction valve closed

EFFICIENCIES FOR COMPRESSOR

Volumetric efficiency - It is the ratio of actual volume of the free air delivered at standard atmospheric
condition in one delivery stroke to the swept volume by the piston during the stroke.
Isothermal efficiency - It is defined as the ratio of isothermal power to the indicated power.
Mechanical efficiency - It is the ratio of indicated power to the shaft(Brake) Power.
Rotary Air Compressor

Rotary compressors (get their name from the rotating motion of the transfer element) compress gases
with lobes, screws, and vanes into smaller volumes.
4 Primary Types of Rotary Compressors:
o Rotary Screw
o Sliding Vane
o Lobe
o Centrifugal
o Axial flow

SCREW COMPRESSOR

Commonly used in industry.

It operates with 2 helical rotors that rotate toward each other, causing the teeth to
mesh.
As the left rotor turns clockwise, the right rotor rotates counterclockwise. This forces
the gases to become trapped in the central cavity.
The 2 rotors are attached to a drive shaft and drive that provide energy to operate the
compressor.
Have an inlet suction line and outlet discharge port.

VANE COMPRESSOR

Uses a slightly off-center rotor with sliding vanes to compress air.

Inlet air flows into the vanes when they are fully extended and form the
largest pocket. As the vanes turn toward the discharge port, the gases are
compressed.
As the volume decreases, the pressure increases until maximum
compression is achieved. Then the air is discharged out the compressor.

LOBE COMPRESSOR

Characterized by 2 kidney-bean shaped impellers used to trap and

transfer air.
The impellers move in opposite directions on parallel mounted shafts as
the lobes sweep across the suction port.
Compressed gases are released into the discharge line.
The lobes do not touch each other. A few clearing exists between the
casing and lobes.

CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR

Centrifugal compressors accelerates the velocity of the gases (increases kinetic

energy) which is then converted into pressure as the air flow leaves the volute
and enters the discharge pipe.
Usually operate at speeds > 3,000 rpm.
Deliver much higher flow rates than positive displacement compressors.
Basic Components

Impellers, Vanes, Volutes, Suction Eyes, Discharge lines, Diffuser Plates, Seals, Shaft, Casing

Suction Vane Tips = Part of the impeller vane that comes into contact with air first.

Discharge Vane Tips = Part of the impeller vane that comes into contact with air last

AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR

Composed of a rotor that has rows of fanlike blades.

In industry, axial compressors are used a lot high flows and
pressures are needed.
Air flow is moves along the shaft.
Rotating blades attached to a shaft push air over stationary blades
called stators.
Stator blades are attached to the casing.