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Ititroduction. to Software En9ineerin9,
A Generic View of Process,
_________
......,__ Mode(s _
Process _______

( SYLLABUS )
·
Introduction to Software Engin Hring: Tl1e Evolving Role of Software, Changing Nature of Software,
Software Myths.

·
A Generic View of Proceu-• S0 ft wore Engmeerlng • A Layered Technology, A Process Framework,
The Capoblllty Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). · .-..

Procen Models: The Waterfall Model; Spiral Model ond Aglle Methodology.

( LEARNING OBJECTIVE S )
✓ Evolution of Software

✓ Nature and Characteristics of Software

✓ .Various Myths associated with Software and Reality
✓ So(tware Engineering and _Its Layers ·

✓ Five Generic. Process Framework Activities

✓ _Improving Software Process using CMMI

✓ Various Process Models like Waterfall, Spiral and Prototyping Models.

[ INTRODUCT ION < )

Software is generally referred to as an organized set of instructions which when executed by

means of a gl:,,'en computing device, delivers the desired result by consid~ring various processes
and functions. It Is an organized set of Instructions capable of accepting inputs, processes them
and delivers the result in the form of functions and performs a s expected by the user. Software
. ; /

Engineering Is the establishment and application of sound engineering principles for obtaining
economically feasible and reliable ·s oftware that can run efflctently on any real-time machine.
Softwa~e Engi~eerlng consists of various software process models for the development of
software. A software process Is a set of activities th~t are performed in developing software.

There are various software process models that are followed to ease development of software.
Some common models are Wate~all model, Spiral model and Prototyping model.

I ~IIIML PC:"' ENCIINEERINCI STQDENn

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1 .1 INTRODU CTION TO SOFTWARE ENOINEl!RINO
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fh~ evolution p:u1cm of a ~ftw
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"• <on, ;si, of of Process. Process Models 3
' Wh · 1. ~ 1hc c I ·
'(i) • arc used litt d · ·
1.1.1 The fvolvtng Role of ~ r e _ ere • vu Uhon pa1tcrn Jone'/
Tho where !lcgmcnt de term ines th
Slntc machi • l'5~gnmg pn,gram like now chnns. finite
Finite s1· l ncs lik_e NFA, DFA. PDA. Turing machine.
Q1 · Define software. Explal~ the evolving role of software. is
from ~ l~ich lhc client request o: m_a rkct place which ·p;~t:achmc is u,;cd for perfo~ing an action
(ii) Why l!I ti <lone? tnincd. state d ia cs thc rcsuh and changes its slate. W h ile
Answer :
1c w t1y, segment dcierrnine!I lhe
'I') mach",neg . r:u ns arc U'led for recording the behaviour or
Definitions of So'"'•an- errors, fo1lurc!I and the ncec!l!la ~ r~ason!I for 2. s
and recovery. · ry or improving · tructure Oriented Mt1hodoltJgy
.· In KCncrnl km1.s. s~llworL·. cnn he dcfinL•d n:-: on org1t0izcd set ofinstrocti(lns ll1cse 1 1
desired result by cons,dcrmg vunous processes ond furn; lions. in!l-lrnclions de liver lhe (iii) Whal arc the rcqu iremcnt!I'/ Ptoccd~~/;; ; urc oriented mcthodol~gy makes use of
n h t 5 cg
IC w a
The•• pproach to dc;clop fonct1ons or proccdure5•
~1_is an_o~uni7.ed scl of instnictions capahlc of accepting inruts. proces:-:cs the~, 11nd deliver rncm !lpecifics the dc!I· d
· "'~rocellure arc nothing hut the instnJClions which
. le!II plnn, interface, U!«.:r manual ;., •gnl Ocu~cn1
the result in th arc writt b
10
1?1'.01 functions . A~art frum thi:-:. it rcfo~ 1('1 the records (say software mnnuals) \l.•hich help and guide the uscr!l t c
process. " he P,OJCCI/ from sta~~ y p~ogrammcr th~t guid.cs lh~ computer
ellicic_ntly deal w ith n . It ii, now-11-d,.,ys Jdh•crcd in the form o f a package offering
code. mstallotions implcm~ntatitln manunls. opcrali(lns system manuals.
the design documents sou 0
• rec
(M -When it is rcrformcd1
Th~ when segment dclermint:s at Which
~he charac1~~!:~"~ tu~;1 '!u~~;;cl
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Softwan' Evolullon . improvcmcnt!I. There are three clemcot!I such as
of~1mc necessary tests like component test~:~ !Cqucnce, sclcctinn. Iteration.
Modem sollware act as a vehicle to transmit a product. es11m~I~, acceptance test arc lo be carried ~ut. {I) Sequence: Sequence refers to the order in which
(v) 1-low 11 1s performed? instructions arc implemented.
Role of Softwa"" H a \lchlde In Product Tnn11mlnlon
The -~ow scg":1e~t specirics the method of . (b) Stlectlon:Tiw:rearcdiffercntsc\e<;tion stakments
S01\warc as a vehicle has o.,-rtain rcsrons ibilities. They arc. rew.ntmg. redesigning, redrawing and codin the like if else conditional suatements as program
( i) project. g (c) • reacts upon lhc choice of selection.
Controlling various Ol"Cfilting sys1cms.
(vi) By whom it is performed? Iteration: Uge of repctilive set of instruclions
(ii) C reating and managing programs such as. software tools, software environments
etc. and loops results into the developmems of J1,1s1
(iii)
The ' by whom' segment specifics lhe person who · building block of procedural programming. The
Delivering information.
is invo!vcd in the particular process/project or main program calls the procedures which paskS
Role of Software In De-livery of a Product part of II.The person can be engineer/client/user. 1hc appropriate parameters as required. Structure
Q2. Explain about evaluaUon of software •n- oriented methodology makes use of various
A s a product. software performs the: following tuks.
glneering methodok>gle s. notations like Data Flow Diagrams (DFD). data
(i)
(ii)
Transmilting computer data which is a part of computer hardware.
Delivering the computer data that is a part of computer networks accessiblt: by a
local hardware. AMWer :
(Model Paper-I, Ql(e) l~ .-21{R11), Q1 f•I I

llatch-21tR11), 01(bl)
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well suited for all the projects. It is preferable
_ . A_n intcrcsling feature o f computer software is its location independence as ii is basica Software engineering methodologies refers in small memory requirements and high speed
mfonm1t1on. Trans forming information involves. lly used to transform to group of procedures which are performed from systems like embedded systems and scripts.
(a) Creation of infonna1ion initial d e velopme nt phase till the end phase in 3. Data Structv.re Oriented Mclhodology
10f\ware d evelopine.nt process. These methodologies Data structure oriented methodology is generally
(b) Management of information • emerged with many complexities and advancements used for designing data structure. It was evolved by
(c) Modification of information in programmiQg techno logies. Some of the software Michael Jackson in 1hc year 1970 which describes
methodologic;s arc as follows, · how functionality get along with real world entities.
(d) Display of information. J. · Exploratory Methodoloey It specifics real world ac1ions. arranging of actions.
With the above features. it can be said that today's sonwa'rc gives more emphasis on the 1
delivery ofinf(?rm&t~ori. Explo ratory methodology is adopted for ;:~: ~-s~~na"rt;:; c~;;~grtm;:=~ ~: :v~~!c:
Over the period of time. liOftwarc has made a suious impact in the field of software. developing those software wherein requirements arc by categorizing into two steps.
unclear in the beginning of development. This style is
Impact of Software in the-Field of Computen canicd out in step by step process i.e., by expenncnting Slepl : It describes what arc the spedficalion!I.
(i) Performance of hardware has improved. and exploring. · Slepl: h describes how the implementation is perfonncd.
(ii)
(iii)
Memory size of compulef" has increased.
Improvement in storage capacity of·the computer.
It is only good for developing softwares which
perfonns· test research hypothesis as it hicks reliability.
real ti~ !~!~~~~:'o c~:n:~ : = ~~
programming a::; it foe~ more on actions and less
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extensibility and maintainability. Errors arc identifi~d on attributes. Although this methodology ap~an to be
(iv) Availability of latest and exciting input and output dcvi~s. in the final product testing. Thercfoie it is proble~a~~c good for shaping real world _scenarios but rums out to
(v) Deve lo pment of different computer architectw:cs. to modify every time. It is very laborious to_mamtam be complex and difficult 10 undentand.
because of the absence of proper docu~cntauon.
The tleXJbility of software systems is one of the reasons of software being incorporated . It makes use o f unstructured programmin~ or 4. Object Oriented Methodology
in large and complex
systems. Making c hanges to the hardware is expensive once: ii is manufactured. Ho design heuristics for writing program which emphasizes Objrtt oril!ntcd methodology focuses more on
wever, changes to the software
can be made at any time during or after the system deve lopment. on g lo bal data items. Some o f the unstructured wing data instcuJ of functions ~cul world en_t11ics are
le \ languagt:S gcnt"rully tn:atcd as objects. Objects possc:ss mg same
Few software systi:ms are devdopc:d as complew.ly 11(..'W systems and their updates a.nd
maintenance are continuous. programming longua_g ~ are BASIC, 1.ow~ v~mands or l"eatwcs arc fom 1c:J into a class. They include m tlho<ls
Software evolution j:, an evolutio nary process where the software is periodically chang~ or assembly co ntaming sequence ot co od and properties.
{>Ver its life.lime in response to _ Stalemc:nts like labels", Go'fo. State oriented .m ~Is

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the changmg requtremenl.s
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• Introdu ction to Softwar e Englnee ring, 5
SOFTW ARE ENGINE ERING fJNTU-H YDERAB 1 · AGeneric View of Process Process Models
tJ,.IT · · uncr,i from '
4 For insrnncc. coni-idcr 1h,e h•~r~wurc. m~11ufnc
1tuin ;,..----; "ihc idea l curve. soflwnrc innmlly , biolo8Y to :1u1ornu1cd munufoc l uring and
a lso
rriccdurc in v.hich ccrtntn d1gt1nl _e 1re1111ry
iii 10 ~ ;cpcetcd dcfc c l~. llul as_~oflw are cine, n,,1 get
afft.-ch..-d
I•) Mt"thocb: Ml"lhods n.·for-.1ngrnupofint-lmCtic1!1'- ,
. kctct1c, cn1:1I ch:ui[Lc, th:n of fn,m au11, motive s1rc,;1 analy,;is to s pace s hutLlc
w hich can t-.c c."Xl-CUlt-d h)' c1hjl-ct i1sclf. (il"ncmlly f,uilt . The rrocc'-~ ~,ar1s hy_drnwm~ n~111 """,h difnat ic _or other cnv1romn 111 orhira l dy mimic, . Now. advance d upplica1
ions
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cat:h ohjt."'CIS poi.o;cs!:- it" own g roup nfmcthN
IS. nnd nnaly,in g whdhcr 1hc !tl\'Cll d esig n 1s
sMis fyiti
lhing_!
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:trd WftrC.. It cu~cs <own n a_ ~lea< 5uccc,,lhc idcJI
rnlc hy hkc C'AD/ C/\M. S PS<i. M/\TI.J\ IJS. etc.•
hccn develope d.
have

lhl' ,nh:nJl·li ,. 1,ccilii.::alion~ or 11111._ (!nee these

(b) Proprrll cii:: Propcrlic " rdl·rs In the fea tures
"'hh.:h indh:atc s their hch1win ur ohjccls
nrh:nll'd mcthodn lng) prcscnls lhrl't' imr,..uwn
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arc l..nnwn. ihc ui.cr 1,eg111 11cqu1 ~III(( lhc
rlig.ilnl circuiiry i.l'. , gales. cap nc1_1ors c 1c
rcquirttJ
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1
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h, ·i,blY cnrrcc::llng the e rror~. fill lh1, sta~e,
re,nuins ar~a lo!(O~s "' lh~ ac1u.1I curve . Wheneve
ihC i1cttutl c urve 1s cons 1dcred, 1t ,_ll·cln~ from
,L, iO!lial
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2. Weh-ha, ~d Sortw11r ~
ll·.. unp. is pcrfoniw d 10 complcl e 1h.1s 111·11t•css,
While poin1.
concept!> namely. nh!-1rac1ion. cncnpi,ul ation
nnd failure rule 11nd cnmc,; ~own slcad1ly 10 H p:.irticular The soflwnre puc kng c.• s have been updated
'i~cnario ii and leads on
moJulorily. clC'lst'I)' nnnl y1'1ng 1hc nh~vc mcnt11J11cd \,VhCfC it dcmnnd_s c crtmn changes lo he applied anJ fhc y ca n n1l W trnns fcr rnformu 1ion
rnan)'
Thio: mctho1..h1lngy u!ICS Ohjl'\.'I Orn:n1cd f)(-si)tl1 can he condudc cl thnl tl11i. pl'tlccs~ cont:1111s die lntroduc11o n o f other dc fcc l!I. I lcncc, 3 'ipikc 15 the weh Thcc;c pnckagc.s are u,;ed to develop
is nol

(■)
(()()IJ)and Ohjtx:t Om.-ntc.·d Analy-.1!- ((klA).
Objrct Orlt'n fl'd A n ■ l~·icls (OOA ): Thii.
n.•n,;ftJ\lc foc ts and very lc~i. new foc ts. IJ111 !his
ihc cn~c Jurinp. the sollwarl~ Jcwlopr nc nt. I lere,
lhc
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rved ;11 1hc cur ve. Now, cffor1, are applied
~ Jcfeels nnd hc11c e. lhc spike ~omc'{ clown 10 a poi:
10 nullif, highly 1nph M1carc d wch ba,;cd-so flwarc !hill

"iimullnn eou., ly casc!I 11.S u5age and .ilc;o en.sun

..-s
ed
t?ivcn :u:dlwnre is first rc~ui~eJ ,10 he bui_lc
, unJ later
whcfe II dc~1.tnd~ c h;1'.1gc and aga,~ lhc s.ime
proce,~ 1, a ~1fc trnn.,.for of d.iUI over network . Web-bus
1cchmqu e ii- u~ 10 dctcnnim: lh'-' rcqtul't'mcnts l11y values. chanKe 1~ can be develop ed. by
implcmc-ntcd. so as to dt'tcnnm c ns re.usalu ,cpcaicd which g ives n -.c I~• nlhcr spikes . While ,nftware o r applicati ons
by fine.Jin g objects und dns,-ci.. allrihuu.•s.
rchmonsh ip tha1 c.\:ist .tlllflng them. inhcrilrul<
:C II Is the recent 1rcml in software cngmccrl111!:
proccsi
rn-de 10 1hc c urve. I.he m:1 1n cnu,;c of dtfecl remain~ due w11ng lang u:ig cs o r package s like JAVA. C++.
with few extent and Vb.net. CGI. JavaScri pt. HTML. OHTML
e1c.
rclul ionship. to rely o n ccr1nin rcusahlc compon ents along the cha nges made lo lhc soflwarc loa certain
the e ntire sollwurc . · 10 exicnl. J.
(b) O bjtt:I OrimtN f Dnlen (OOD): This lt'<'hniquc new compone nts in framing dUC: the side 1,;ITccts o f lhc software lo a larger
10 Em t>e:dfted Soflw:tr e
crcaics object models und tries 10 di':,;1g:n rt'al 2. ..Sofl't''l rt ~ sn' t \!\'ear O ut'' ,
Hence. with referenc e lo ahovc illu-;1ra1ion. 11 l the
Embc:dJcd soflwari:: is develop ed 10 contro
world situatmm, in10 software stmc turc. can t,c conc lu~cd 1h:~1. 1hc ..soOw;1rc cloes no1
wear out .
In order- to analyze lhis chnmc1Cris1ic. consider producL,; under cons umer und indus trial market-.
5. C'nmpoftftlt Ba!IC'd Jk,vNOJ)m NII MefhodnlORY ·nlC ,aihcr ii dc tenornlc s .
dcvdopm cnt life cych! of hardware and software
. best This software res1dL~ 10 th<- Read O nly Memory
Comrcincn t hasl•d dl'vclnpm cn1 mclhodo lngy If I~ (ROM) of1hc pmducL This software is develope d
lar@l' moJe of comparis on is lo take various as pccls
of the ..Soflwore b Develop ed " ' F.n,:Jnee red;
helps m commumcat1on hclv.'C'Cfl stakchnld cn and software )
J.
not M a nuf11clured in t he Clu ,iul SuHr • lo perform 1hc Jim11cd and lhe s pecial
ized
scale reuse. 11 was basically C'Volvetl 10 r,nividc
solution graphs during their life cycle: (hardwa re nnd
various functions of the p roduct.
to apphca11on dc-vclorment. II has been evolved
from to he perfectly ana lyzed g raph describi ng Develo p ment of a software and other h.:mlw:irc
object oril!nted mcthoJoloi,'Y for system and
design
conscqUC"nccs related lo Che hardware is given below,
invo J~cs manpow er, bul 1hc quantity and
the Way or Es:amp~ : Keypad control o f 111 a ir cooler. bunon
anal~'5is f'M.uposc. It m:unly emphasi,- .cs on reuse. Its 1hc
approach remain s ig nifican t!~ diffcrcnl. In
both the con1rol of a washing machine and So o n. These
.and
mam suppon.s cause for OOSI reduc.'tiOTI. flcxihility
. bcucr
manufact uring p rocesses , one will be Jen out
with certain software also pro,.·1de s1gmfica nt funclion al
cntly
qu.lity. scalability. It make;usc ofreusab lc indq,cnd eod producls , but. lhe effor1s applied in lhcm remain control capab1)i1ies of the product.
ent.
packaged . large compon«:nts for sonwarc developm diffcrcnl . Finally, both lhc activit ies arc ini1ia1cd
wilh a
wh~rcin r· l
Y Wea,
· d • " " u out . but 4. A rtlffdal lnlr llh,ence Softwar e
This m·e1hodo logy focuses on ttusc failure . determin ation of build ing high quality o f products erica l
comr,om:n1s display systcm:it ic pans which can be
rate their q uality m a inta ining activities differ. Hence. with This type ofsoftware makes use of non-num
they
stored i~,x:ndt.-ntly and organi7.cd into a new software these specifica tio ns it can be conclude that, '"softwar e is . algorith ms 10 solve complex problem s.
different r,hascs like le comput atio n o r direct
comP?nc nt fa~rication includes develope d or e ngineered, it is not manufac tured
in the ar e no t adap1ab to
d°":'a1n_analysis, componcn1 identilica tion compone
nt _.,,imc x-axis (s1raigh1 forward ) analysis . One of the
most
roll out. c lassical sense''. pen
dci.1gn mtegralion and testing, acceptan ce and (life time) active anificial intdlige ncc areas is the. •·Ex
dcploym enL Cune r..- Hardwa,a Q4. Explain the categor ies o f s oftware . • Systems• ·. Otherap pli~tion are;,.s for Al soi\warc
fitur• II): Grajllil 0epitti n1 t he Failure
and
·OR include pattern reco_KOil ion. theorem proving
1.1.Z N: I 11 & ....... . ofllof twan,· _ . . Analyzin g the curve conclude s that d
uring the '
Q3. Define the te rm Software -. Des cribe Its
various charact eris t ics·. • rch-17(RU ), Q2(•l
initial days of manufac turing, the hardwar e s uffers
sc-vere de~ccts. When these failures a re e limipated
from
, the I Dlacus s about the changin g nature
softwa re.
of
5.
game playing.
System Softwar e

OR curve attams a . steady suCCCSs rate. This success

~ ~01 last longer and many external entities such
rate
as, ! (Model P ~-al, OJ(b) I NootJOec::.-11(R1l). Q2.(a)) System Software:: refers to a piece of software
capable ofprov1J ing services lo other applicati
oos.
Define Softwar e and its cha racteris tics. changes OR z.ed
o.c..11(R 111, 011b1 v1bra11on, environm ental effects, temperat ure Good e.,.;unpl ~ of s uch sofh.._·are arc c::ateKori

,_,;-~~~- ,~- - ·- T~ , ·~ .
Answe r : of
~ust. etc., ac1 as barrier to its prolon 8 cd success causin~ Elabor ate on the cha nging nature in two sets. One of ·1hc sets ineluJ es fi le
Seftwa tt aspects of s oftware in d etail. man ugemcnt u t ilities. compi lers. editors
c1c.•
. . 11 to wear out steadily. Now, analy,-,e the same
. _F or answer refer Unit- I, Page No. 2 QI 'topic. lhe software in lhe followin g c urve. · lllatch-17( R1l). Q2(bJ and other sci indud..:s drivers. o pcr.11ing system.
• • Answer :
Dcflmtmns of Software. sullware e tc . The sy!ncm software
· Spikes d ue to high network ing
.
C barae1er isUcs o(Sofrw a tt Followin g a re the broad categQrie s of software belongin g 10 category -I can casily be applied
10
w hich
often referred as applicat io ns of soflware quite complex anJ Jelcrmin is tic opplica1io ns
. On

analyzed :;:~~::i~l~CS~lS, which ii needs lO be

1 ~::lo:~;;:
describe ils cha nging nature·.
I. E nginttrl ng a.id Sdentitic Softw•n
the other hanJ, calcgory -11 can easily be: appliet..l
to hig hly non-d.:1c::rminis1i e applicat ions.
:~~urc
Following are the auributes ofa good software in A p p licadon Softw111 n
C ustomb.a ba« Soflwau
· Software iS being develope d to ease th< growth 6.
I.
Ideal c urve engineer ing and scientific areas. Engin«ri nganJ Applic:i tion software usually resiJes 0 11 a single
rd 0
In ° cr 1 analyze lhe customi7.able software sc ient ific software devdopm ent requires IW'8c- s
11 --Tim e x-axis sysh::m c11pnblc or sati:.fyi ng only busines
h:~d:::c s~~d ul:o ha~e a clear_dis 1i~c1ion betwec::~
. .. arca of informat ion 10 ~covcn..-d. For lb..~ fii:IUS, requirem ents anJ invo lves managcm...'tllll'--chn
icul
flware munu h,c lunng procedu res. F11ure (nl: Softw.re Failure Curve appl ications have been develope d which cowr Jccision making.
. WAIIIIIIN, - x• • .,....._. , . let. A areas from astronom y to vokano logy. mo lecular
. flnt af tllis boo/r ia • CIIIMl•AL 1p.
OYNe feunl' ..ilty is LIABLE lo face LEGAL proeaNi1 ENOINEERINO STUDE NTS
SPECTRUM flll_.N- ONE JO(JRNflL FOR
 6 SOF
TWARE ENGINEERING IJNTU-HYDE1t11a
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lJlfill M'~K_~(:rl
. , hik n·rl•nn~ lh,·sc S)SICn,s Wilh ~:-,..; ng1neen
7. rm-c,untrn'U '' , Tl')Odt ••If " t •ulotlon Low ng, A Generic",~ •. p
~,tsoul"'t'inJ .
< cm< l.ri!rtC)" ~)!-lt"fll S supJl('rt c.:_ssrn11111 bus· tri ~ " "' v1.,." 0 1
J. rocess, Process Models
Th, p.ro" th rif mtl'mC'1 fflfr<'d lht· ~i, O" tut s~ -.' . ·
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j lhl"Tt"f1,lft thry an.· cons1dcn•d as b ~tics, The process orevolving an E-t~ l. Cyti, Tim" • nd Co,t
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fflll,lfll"(~ \ (l ,('\\_~ f\,rv, ard r(\f lht· lX', d('f'•n('fll \,r a\'11,, t~ " Us1~ rcgt1lnting with respect 10 the prod 5Y5lt'n, is self
~1mrk ll5 \\'('II rntk11l systrms. •nd procfss measures Its v11luc I uc1 d1s1nbu110~
U, m,,rt ~{1rh1~1h' IIIC:d $(lfi"IU'('. ...... orr•on•~ M•dt to l.~ft<)' _ s ,·st•n,s Cus1omt!rs prcrcr · f .
1\ r ·· " ,.
" , appr con, ume rcduc s so rn·ore products which
~"\·au~. mtntl('\ m u-xlu~ '!i- " M"ld. ts ool
Th1!, I ll-
. Rt-<"ng1n~03 must br l'nmcll out on le
rqu11I to lhe normal value. · oxunatcly Therefore son ,e amo~nt of cycle lime and cosl.
rinl) 1,·uni- ll~r M c-~mr t,,ut al~ 11s 1ht· mlJl'f I f cyclctimcand \\:3rc engineers focuses on minimizing
~UJt"t' fl,r 1,t,1ammg lafl?(' ,·t•lumN- C'f Jata. s,·~('ffls "'-1 ~ It' nmkr thr~r s~~tl·ms l'~pnhl1,• ofhanl~C)' '- Con~ervat on o Or"11nlut1nn1t Stahlfhy l aw delivery in 1~t1~ucts cosl. Customers dc~~nd product
II. 11nh·•nal Comp•11•J
,ht ffll~-m t-us,nrss n~m':""t'nts. 111b c1u1 be donc'tig The nvcrngc ac1ivi1y rale is cons1an1 ov so software en ~e because of the co~pctlllvc reasons.
a}. I~ fi,lkl\\1ng !-IP,01fh:1ml 1.: h11ngl'S tu the I ht lifetime of n produc1 when an C-t
In 11..xiay's-w(lrld. thr majN 1Nm.' c of d!1ta m mg - l
er lhc on lime which ~inecr try ~ard t.o deliver the product
,;~'SIC'ffl!-.
- • .• • l'&ac.)" L...jna evolved. - ypc system is J)fodlJ(I, on some Umr5 rtsult into low quality
romtnlVl lt.'aboo IS t,, mcam. ('lf \\irek... ~1,;,1f\-UllS ll • 11'- c-
lS ('\rr,.·t<'.'d that. m i.ttc futun- SUl.'h ("10:Ull"- CIR t,(,
M1kl0Jlflr SoRw1n, Adoptablt: The son Con., rrvotlon of Fomll11rlly Low
(I} n m(."Ct the n-quin.•mt•nts of new con ~fl "IO The of snftware is referred 10 the cost of
CO'!t
lf'l'IK"d mdc-,-c-K'f'u'8 d1stnt....J11!'d S)i-1.cm:i-. lk°'-'C.
soch &f'rhcat1''C'I'- ",II als('I l"C'ffllltt I chal~~- to
Cft ,• I
l (l u,e, romputin, L'nV\l\'lnl'Ucnt.
- 'PUt10
tn\'il\'l'lffll.'fllS, by ma~mg t \C soJh,:are adaPtab I
~
When an E-type syslem is being evolved . . 8
C:~~~.:; like manpo~cr. hardware and w ftware
tll<" S(_lftW'lrC' ffll!:iot"C"TS. ncce,snry to ensure thnt all the member; 1•1 15 number ~r la OSI of ~clnpmg a ~o~vorc require more
E•hu<l•l lh•·Son,.,,,.., The charae1 . developers. soles personnel. users) rcspon . (i.e., hour,; and 1s measured m lcrms of pcrson-
0,,.,.So•rtt ("H) , ~ cristj . ~ th5· ~OSI of product vari~ for difTem11 projects. For
fc,arum of sl.'flwRrt n« . s !o be enhanced c- pcrfom1ing the sys1em evolution m~ t si~lc r~ 1 s1
Open· SOUN."C' IS al~(' IR ('>..rr,·tC'd futurt ~ a~e •f lhe si7...c of the projcc1 is large and complex
ck\ dopmrnt in ~"ftv.-att "hC'tt 1 @.'" ·'1\ s-_,ftwalt' that the Sl'nw_arc can easily implement
bu.~in('SS rrqu1rcments.
the..::. the entire infonnalion about lhe evo~ ~ amtain
cess. They should also track lhc bth u~ion pro- ~ en II consumers more cycle lime. There exis1 rew
1s m1<k 1,a,l1Nc- 10 111 U."(TS im-!i-pc-c.· tivt' of . . r av1or using actors due lo which lime and c051may get efTec1ed like
thdr prof~,-'""· TM-) can mNl.i~ it as rc-r their (llil Ettrndl•l tht Sofl1'·1rt: Th~ sollware need, lo which a satts,aclory evolution is achieved. level ~f technology. avail.ib1li1y of r~urcc applic.itions
n-quircrnc-nts. In th•~ case. Uk.· engi~ mlL-..t tit cxtcndNi so th~! it can achieve the interopez.. Continuing Growth Law ~xpencncc. Proper planing can minimize the cost and
~,~ 1~ mu:, the softwalt' casih UftJrn;tandaM, ability fc>t=. time of a prnject
· ·
The function_a lity of an E-typc sysrem must 3.
and l'On"l('ltit'ik- SC' thal. it can~ C'&."-ily m,"11dNi. o,·) R""5isalng th• Sofl1'•1rt: The software "'eds Rrll1bi111y
10. l'NdKI LI•• Solhr■n, . 10 bt reeks~ by making changes 10 lhe '>is,.
incrcas~ continuously over 1hr lifetime of the
sys1em m response to the customers requirements. . II refers to the property ofsatisfying the software
St,fht.-att rroch.K:"t lint is I ~n't\-att that allow ~ softwarr so as to make the software operable requirements effectively. h is an important charac1eristics
s~'1.tcms to fflart' a common set Clf fraturt's. v.ithin a nd\,\"ork environment. . 7. Dtdlnlng Qu ■llty Low of high quality software. Product quality can be attained
s■ns~ing a bu,,ine,s .....i_ fori:xampk. Mol>iks. by ~ocusing on the development phases like design.
Q6. Ex!)laln, why legacy systems evoiw'; The quality oran E·l)'pe sys1em wilt b< degraded
Sman '-''81ch. Lapcops an use sa~ \'crsion of coding and tes1ing cartfully. Venfic.ition and ••alidation
time passes. , if the software system doesn't undergo continu-
SOfN"&tt • techniques are used morder 1odctec1 defects in the initial
Answer: ous modification. Due t6 this, the sys1em fails to stages development Unreliahiliry deals wtth the presence
05. What la a legacy aoftware? Explain. meet the requirements of new computing environ- ordefects that are seen m the softwart:. Complexil)' in the
RHMU for L<&•C)' Soft,,·•rt Evolution
-..,....,11. 01101 I -..<Joc.•111R151, Qllo) I ments. projec1leads to development of un~liab1lity. Unrtliable

OR
No\tlJDec.•16(RU). Qt(a))
Software evolu1ion is an evolutionary proces:s
where software is continuously ch:inged over its lifetime .. Fff<lb1ck System Law software caused many failures in the year 1989 like.
(i) 22 fml crashes look place by wire UH-6
in ICSJ>OllSt to changing requiremenlS. This PfOCess is The evolution process of an E-typc system
What la legacy aoftw11re? Explain briefly carried by 'change' and is perfonncd when, helicopter ·
comprises of feedback systems with multilevel
Ila Impact in IOftware engiMering. (ii) Numerous patients died to the malfuncnomng of
(i) The errors identified are corrcc1ed. multiloop. muhiagent feature. It is necessary t~
hospitaJ computers.
_ ...,..__,11111,~ C121•1 (ii) The software bccom,:s adaptable 10 new compui. have such feedback systems for improving the _
OR performance of the software. 4 Us■ bilily and Reus■ blllry
ing environment. ' · ·
What typo of ctianges is made to legacy Usabiliry is defined as a process for softw:ll'C
(iii) The application =ngincering is perfonned. Q7. What are the challenges of software en-
~ 1111 exhibits poar quality? development tha1 helps to easily undenaand tht user
glnffring?
Answer : Thc following irnportan1 laws are defined, so., needs and obtains direct user "feedback in .:>verall
10 gc1 • brief description abou1 the unified theory fer Answer: ....,21(R11~ Q1(b) dcvelopmct?-t of life cycle.. It ensures the srra1egy of
l.qacy Son..,. · software e~olution. · : , software systems !hat satisfies the: need of user in various
. Some of the challenges of software engineering
~ Soiiwan, an I>< defined as an old soft- I. Co■lil ■iag Ch11c, Law· arc u follows,
environment in orderto reduce costs and complc.,uic:s.
w_an: d<vclop,:d in lh< pasL This soiiwar, is still b<ing Softwuc engineering focuses on using usability
used ~ tbr pn:Si,!m en as it pcrfonns essc:ntiaJ business
The E-<ype S)'S1an softwar, lhal evolved ovenimc I. engineering approaches. Reusa bility is an imponant
_ Problem Underst1Ddln1
must be continoousty adap1ed so as 10 make them characteristic or a high quality sollwa.rc. It is d e ~ as
aclJ\' Uics. h indud~ procedures v.·bich arr no
mA)
longo- .~levam Ill lilt lllt'\VCr computing en\'ironment. unplcmcnt in ml world computing environmem. Thcobjeclivesorairnoflhcproblcmwxlcmanding degrtt 10 which sofiwnre modules or work product con
The S)'Slem is capable of mee1ing lhe cuslom· is to know and wxlerstand the requiremcnlS of the clients b(uscd in matt than one computing progr:un orsolhvarc.
As busmos.s ""IWl<IDCIIIS are dynamic. lh< legacy soft-
rrs ~cquirements and satisfying them to tht and users as the client and user; may be completely Now-a-days re~ ofexisting solt\\-are has become very
" -~ S)l'tem WldaJo ~ modifications These
awar:c of the new systems ~ui~ments. Similarly even popular in software industry and institu1ionaJ hU5iru:ss.
moo,fications mal<, the softwu, adaptabk lo new di, mwmum enen1 only ,i f lhe syslcm undergoes•
conttnuous modi~cation. software engineers may not have complete informllion But tru!re are many challenges faced by reuse bU51ntSS
bwmcSS rcquirc!menl5 and to makt it i n ~ b k "with ·
tM current com puring cm irorunen,15_ 2.
la<rus!ac Compluity Law !, of all application domain. The main cause of problem
between software engineers and customers is lack of
like an3Jysis of domain knowledge, devdopmenl of
reusable library. in1egn11ion of reusable comp,.,nentS. h
Th~~ IC"gacy softv.·arc sySkms ~ becomillg During lh<evolµtion process ofan E-1ype si•slem communication. Thus, it is necessary for an engineer to has got many b1:ndits if system.llic .ipprollCh is w:ed.
pmblmiatJc m lacy:c- organizauoru bee.a~ of lMir high sofiwm, lht lrvel ofcomplexity increases when make to explain the: requirements dearly to the cU5tomer R~US3bility ts mainly useJ ror increasmg productivity.
cost mam~ and due to the dJfflculties and risks : fDCaSurtsart used for reducing or maintaining even if they known them. quality and fl!liabili~ within !l softw:ue.
WAMl•G: Xoru/l'ktoeopri1111 of tili, hOli is I CNIIIIAl ■ct. .., _ , . . ·' SPECT1t(IP1 flLUN-ONE Jo«JRNflL fOR ENGINEERIN G STUDENTS
- llilty II LIABLE to lie■ LEGAL proco■diop.
 _ ., ,- -- _ ·- •//.:.,v~ - . tion lo Software Englneen 9.
111111~~==:;;..--~ ENGINEERING iJNTU -HYDERABAOI
1)1'411-1 • n
1 troduc

.
ng, A Generic View of Proce ss, Proce ss
09. Define software. Expla in In
Models
detail about
differ
~~~ ent softwa
::~;; ;;;; re l
,::;;.--; cu.
::;;;,omer Myth, . softwa re myths .
- -- - - - - - -- - ;s~o~F~T~W . ;A~ 1
brlef about
rn R~E ~~~
es. •• These are the myths behcved by customers
8- - - r ..
! D1scu•1nd their conse quenc
myths Nov.1Dee.•l6(R1l) 1(techni
cal gro~p. '."arkel ing/sale s departm ent) Answe JanJFo b.-23(R18), 02(•1
5. Ch,nJ e and Malnt,nanrr • Ql(1) il'lfern' I to an organ11..atron.
Change and mninlcnnncc arc the major fac.:u~rs
in eil<rna
ot ,• (I): •n,e writing of programs can b
be started by Softwar,
h ncss OR
the development of a sofl••r< project i.e.. ents as "" ~r"dering only a genera I sraIcmen1 of o jective. The For answer rcf<er Unit-I, Page No. 2, QI. Topic:
change in the 1od11vs· world. the requiremI h "'
.
for lhc
ang · Dlacul mint
u m1n1gand era my
th•
their
about
effect
softw
on
•re
the '°"' "' ,'
details can
b fill
e 1 '
d 11
a er. Definition of Softwa re.
devclopmenlofsoflwaresupportingthcma sock 1·, not d I op other b' · s So
p:_vc titlon- ...,rformance H well ai
on
ance tas ' ,.111y: General o Jectrvc .statement that convey ,- can ' ftwar, Myl •
h
But call)'ing out change and mainten ii become s ... ".
JI meanin g and that m,slead s .the custom . •~
simple because aflcrpcrfonninganychangc,
i•
f h . 8
k 0 -rall
.... outco m•. ) 'flCOJTec I .
ere 15 a continu ous mleract ion For answer refer Unil~I, Page No. 8, Q •
asto ·~ 1 disaste r. I t
ncccssarythatthcsoft~istestcdscvcrclysochange s ~ °"'1 ftv,lt: ~ Mytlu 10 1
a develo per then only ii is
it reliable. Besides this if there exists some in
tetd O I custom er and . h
Moy un■•11{A18), cu
/J b<lwee guous
rHTuiremcnt of softwatt then i1 maf lead to c_h
1he ·-,
a_n_ge ible 10 generate requirements t at are unambi
and mainten ance ac1tv1ti es Answe r : rsland able.
in order things also chanie ~und<
effort S<>Rworr Myths
offors flexibility but they consume mon: human rs re
1
~ (II): Software is flexible therefore any changes 10
10 perform ioftwan: Myths 1 n, the belie th_a1 sofiwa odated.
and cost. Therefore the challenge hen: is nwan: prac1111 oners ha ~ytproject requirements can be easily accomm
8nd 50 · ·
changes with reduced cost and high n:liability. used for it These belic~c, the proJCC 1 require ments change very
010. What do you mean by softw
are_
-■r■bllltv_ and Prottss M1furitv,
oce ss ,,IIIY' re_
R. managers, cuSIO ~erst•· · . Softwa
aboutsoftwan:a1ou ,..pr 11 ing on the engin eerin g? Expla in the softw
are
6· ,- l years of.pro~ rammi ng (requc:ntlY whose 1mp~ct can .vary depend
are continu ing over .severa s occur in
Software development processes art nothing rc my th5 are cons,~cred ·as time at which they are introduced. If change engin eering layers.
d culture . Today. soAwa ment then the
but the procedural rules whicb needs to be followe ed ..resulls in 11,e early stages of the software develop OR
in the a misconcep1ioa.: ~hich when follow cost is less. Whereas, if the)' occur at the
later stages,
while dcveloping..a software. h can "be repeated ed
m<ntof simiwty pcofpro jcctsthc n:byinc reasing ' disastro us cfTccL · '
tftell the cost is high. What are the advan tages of laye,
develop MH•e•mtnt Myt~• 1 -Papo,4, 03(•11
th< productivity and qu,lily of soflware. In \Pity. addition, it I. 19<:hnok>gy?
Hence ). Practttlontr's My!bs ·
also maintains consistent quality and producti These arc the myths believed by softwa
re
cepcions believed Fol>.-22(R11J, Q2(bl I llly-11{tU51, 02!•)1
thk is the reason of soflwa~ organization emphasizing rs who arc respons ible for impr&ving q_uality and .'
1 • Practitioner's myths arc miscon
improt·c s manage by ~y software practitioners. OR
on panicularapplka1ion domain. Rcpc:1tahility
nccd controllin~ budgets.
maturity, because maturity comes from cxptrie
tic Myth (I): A book of standar ds and Rroced ures· I
lhal , Mytll(l):..Thejob ofsofiware practiiioners
is done when
ng it in the' OeflM softw are englnffr1111J.
=~~'. ,:~tic soflw arede ve11~m'.~~ S)~t~m~7 they complete writing a·prograi;n and executi
.cs dcfinesJhe W3Y,!lf devef!>Pin@ a.NRwarc
is w(ljcient to . • •
WO[k:ing environment.
! (Rl/,iO llly Ta,iic: 3iil l-.,, ._i~
- .... apt"'-- '' mimmize.,-comp c,...y anu maxtmi rcquirc_ments ofthe"J)COple.
~ meet the softwa re -J-19 (R11 ), p1(1)
mamienancc ftexibrl,ty ds: it Rfflfty:,.The actuaf work or effort of the
: ..Though there exists a book ot standar OR
• 7. . Esttm1tton tnd Pl1nnl1 g Rullty 1 · pactitionerdoesnots toponc ethepro gram·g elsexec uted
~ are sofhn tre engill ffrtng layers T~
reaSQns.
Cost cstimatiOn call be evalua1cd with 1hc
use cannot be used because of the following f bu1 instead it initiates when the software Is
delivered to
(LDC), ftw do hive the knowle dge
~lfiE~~~l
like Line, Of are practiti onm not
of estimation ttchniou , es (i) So • dtc<:UStomer.
_
C ode

about the exist<n te of the book. cannot be

Function i'oint (FP) and Object Point (OP), But
these
• /· Mytll (II): 'fhe software project quality JanJFol>.~3<"'''· 01(•1
tum out-to be inaccur atc'' in •. / as,essc d until the program is: executed. Answe r:
technique somczimcS ratCS (ii) • II docs not take in10 -cOns.idcration
the modem
estimating ctloru...lt has been noticed that success for softw•re engineering prac1ic cs. (FTR) is considered s.nw ,,. Eag:Ia ffriDc :. · ' ' '
arc in while failurt,,ratcs are fflOtt. The main cause • Realtty : Formal Tcobnical Review · thII can be
1imatio n ofbudg et __ , ,
,·· me 10 c,·,·,·i The ••• ,. f ~---...1-•- 1
er comple te nor the bestand effiecttve · SQA Iechn1que Sof!wa R engine ering is defined as es1ablishment
projects failurt is undercs """" o - - • s ~neith u tt reviews and application of sound engineering principles for
~N adaptable. . applied from the inception ofa project. Soflwa
finishtheprojcctProjectplancanbe-t:lfectiveifandonlye
ifthe estunallon is accurat<. Therefore utilizing effectiv deliver ing time ' , ICI u quality filters and ar~ considered to be effective obtaining an economically feasible and reliable softwa re
ge for (iv) It is no\ possible lo reduce 1he when compared to testing mechanisms. that can nm efficimtly on any real-time machin
e.
estirruirion approach and project plan is I challen . while concentrating on tbe quality factor.
·
engineers, at 1he later Mytt, (W): Workin g· program 'is the only deliverable Softwatt EnelattrinC Laycn
Mytt, (U): It is possible to add _.;,.m
er,
wort product for a successful project.
stages of software dcvclopmmt life cycle. te output but Took
ill not ~Uly : Working program is not the comple
re myths . Rullfy: Adding new program,,,m 11 ~~w instad ii is a part.of softwa tt conligu ratioo whicb in nrm Method s
Describe the variou s softwa ment.
rcduC<:theamountoftimcspcnt on software develop comprises of mulliplc elements. Documentation
is not
Process
11J, 01(•JJ That 1s because the experie nced programmen need to perform ing success ful
(Model Papw-r, Q2(•J I F.t>.-22( R
only considered as a basic step for
This
OR spend th<ir time training the new programmers. mgincm ng but also as a guidance for providi
ng software Quality focus
ent problem can be solved only if the organization prepare< · '
What are various software myths p,evlJ a pl:ln, which 1s executed in a well coordinated
fashion'. •~upport.
Fittoro: Lay. . ti Softwa,. Eflli -i..
In i nd ustry? Why do the stakeh olders software
Myth (Iv): The documentation generated from
Contra dict the myths with ~fyrh (jiiJ: Softwar e projects develop ment responsibilil e and irreleva nt volume of The above figure dq,icts software engineering
beli~• • them? engineering consists of massiv
Ooc.•10( Rtel, a,101 i:, hand1,,-d over 10 a 1J1ifd pany.
y
of these unnece ssary docWll <llts layrrs. The bottom layer claims the quality which is
raahty. information. Creation
OR R slows. down the softwa re develo pment process. extrem ely essenti aJ for any sof\ware product. In order
eaJUy: J~so~ware projects cannot be: develop
ed wilhin
to lack of underst anding of ho ering refers to a proces s to achieve that, the users usually rely on various quality
. the orgamz.a11on due : Softwa re engine
What •re vario us myth s abou t lhc: softwa · ·is managed and controlled, then w it ,
Rtallty
f not creatin g manag ement issues, si.'t sigma etc. With this, software
softwa re? Mllrch-17(R13J, Q)(bJ .., . re proJc:cl 0
creating a better quality produc t but every level and the end
"ii! be difficult for the org.,mization to underst
and the· to be development can ht- matlJJ'ro at
. documents. It decreases the amount of rework product is of very high quality in all aspects
.
OR proJCCts developed by 8 lhird party, PCTformed thus speedin g up the deliver y time.
.
WAl!QG: X■r.,/Pfl1tae.,rin1 of
Al act Ao STUD ENTS
rt,i, lloot ii I CRIMII
. rlll °"°'
1 pifty ii UABl£ It faco UGAL "oetlltHlfl. SPlt mOH fill-IN -ONE JOURNflL
FOR EN<IINEER IN<I
 'i~t ➔::u:m:::..::,c~~~a ,J, .:-
- ·. - ,->?,~
10
SOFTWARE ENGINEERIN G fJNTU-HYDER ~ ai" t:,\ ~~
---~F_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _,:::::_:~===~~P:-m«::::,.::;fi;:,.'.'.:;;;:'"'."._"'~k;::::=::::=::: A&Ab
I \' •
, . ,_..._.i.....,..,_RJ
~ ; ;1 IJ.,IT. 1: Introduction to Software t-'n. ·.
ro m acth·it, .
enginee ring. the proces s lm·er,
begins. it
the I.ht-
fprms main so fty,-arc:
main sc,urce
~~: ~~~
to adhere techno logy as wdl ~ the (m-time
dclh·ny
UrnbrelB acti\ili=s
1.J\111n11~ ::~ ~~~"~Q1~n..,~n~ng2;
lnR Rbk-' , ,!A~Ge~~ ~~ ~~!! ;~~: :!;~
nericV19 Wof Prooess. Process Models ~~-- ~
the Ftamt""or\ acfo,.iy I 11
of Prod.UC L Process exerts impact on the softv.'8.r This activity involves th~ following 1.a..,ks
c Sot\"'-a"" cnp,cc ~ aclim I. I 1. Pla■■lna
❖
Tuk {I
d evelopm ent ac1i, i~ in two level!>.. 1.c .• Eval_ualion.of thosc! risks that can hav~a 1CJi.
in designin g th<- th
: is f n ~. acti~ity. usually the cnti~ work
fr,1mcw ork and a\ mana~oemrnt lt-,-cl. 0 11" ,mpact on
~\5 the fina l r~ uh of the . hcdule which 1s going to be 1mplcme ntcd in
'---,---~
❖ /\so;cssm cnt of those risks that 0
~ Ject.
Procc-s s is effectiv ely used in de~iini further stages, U prepared. Hence. various issues
~:mg::·:~!::in~:::::~:!=:::~,:~~~
cntinc- enng tcchnolocn._ .
ng " Soft\l,'8rc<"ngiltel"q1ctbn 1.n

TL•~ts{I ·\ J.
l"ffcct 1he producl'!i qualily are 1ikely lo
.

~~r::,:v7·:~:.~::~~:·::~!;,~'quwl;tyby ·
to bc_.add~sc: d during this fo1meworlc
~u,r ~ t of rnourcc , software schedule
arc risks.
s

~-- . J. ~ : : ; o oue1s1obcdcvclopede1<.
de mmg an_ ort amzmg the activities ~ded •
At managl "mcnt level. u.sually the softwa assure qunhty o f soflware . lo the develope r is done with analyzin th~
~ Framcworit acti\-ty n custome r requirement spccificaiions. Lhe gthird
t:n@inc cring proce s s is applied in I -'· formal Tec:hnlu l Reviews
reg ula ting a n d Software c........,.ema action n. I
I fni~or k activity will be modellin g.

a
control ling the a.ctivin n of 50 n....·arc ('ll'Ojcc
dcfi~ platform with which.. the user
ttthntca l ac1h; 1ics during sofN.-are project
can a It also
implem ent
dcvelop mcnl
,._.-

T.sk_•"•I~- - - ~
{
\
This act_ivily lrics to eliminat e enors L"I qu--kty
as possible so that. they don' t effect the ""
activitie s. It is done by evaluati on o (
other·
UIUa. UMLdi. agnms
project in the fonn of ar-e
Here.
used to represent the
architect
developers and the custome r to ure. _ThLS helps
gam ·an msight·
ach 1.n ·c theeAp cctcd goal!!., ensure a h igh
- I work of the end product.
dev eloped rroducts etc.
qualit} in the · ngi,ocl'W1
Soft+.A·an:e gac:tWJn n.n I 5,
products o r software engineer ing.
Softwar e Meuur cme"its -
.

This activity describes as ~ell as galhe:n mcaswe

-4. CeMtnc tto.
Iltsacom
· i....:.-._.
uu-ion ofcodegm,erationiand tcstmg. •

1nc thud la~""a i.c _ method: sspccifk s a'a itcrion Tasla,u{\

I , 5. Dtpl.yae■t
in of process. product and project through which
con.,qru ction ofhig.h quality soft""-arc. 1nc 1 software team can dc livCT a software that fulfill, In this frameworic: activity. usually t he develope
methods fonn d
the ptovi~1 on for n:qu1rc mcnt anal~ is. project is delivered to the end users. Tilq
de-sigh models. 1 the needs of the custo~c r. deploy
the: pro;cct and proVldc relative fcedbac.k 10
testing softwar e etc. \ Softwar e Configu rati(!n Manaee mtnt (SCM) the
Fi111ra: S.tttw■re PrKal l iq.. Ward 6. develope n.
1nc top most layer encomp ass tools. "PrOC'Cf
l Process fra mework plays a major role in
\ SCM isalsorc rem:das Oiangc Managemcnt(CM). 12
Q · ~..:::,-;~=::.:~bout
and m e thods often depend on these
implcm entat1o n. Tools form th e majOt"
tools for their softwar e develop ment activity as it fonns
every
a base in
i_ -~ !ath~ ~~:::, i:~= g : g ~ Aaswer : ~
source of initiatin g the develop ment process. II is used made to the software components.· (R1S).a-( bl
develop ment ofcomput er aided softwar
usually accomp lished by intcgnn ing these
e enginee ring.
\ools, so
ccnain framew ork activitie s which arc applied
develop mental activity, irrespec live of
to estimate
in every · ·,. l\,hoagl ng R e:usablll ty Factor _
Seftwar t
For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 2. QI, Topic:
Defulruon ofSoftw =.
its s ize. The This activity is incorporated by the software process
that the associa ted infonr.a tion ·can
be acquire d by process framewo rk. includes several Umbrel fr3,mework because of~ following reasons..
r.....ts el Sattwan Proceu
other tools. laacti'V ltiu, A software product is made up o f differen
· wh ich arc useful through out lhe softwar
e develop ment ❖ lt d·efines the basM; criteria for reusing t
a ckmfflu which are utilized together so as to
process. Next to umbrell a activity is a.frame workpro duct.Oth crthanthis.,italsodcfines produce
work activity a product. The variou.1 elemcnu of software

0 11 . Explaln - . - . r e proces s
framew ork.
which includes definite number ofsoftwar
actions applica ble in driving a 'specifi
enginee ring applicat ions. Each of these
e enginee ring
c softwar e .
i a critci;ia for software components reuse.
-> It also obtains reusable components bY.
develop ing the desired methods.
includes.
1. Artifact s
product

en gineerin g The artifacts are specified u a tangible-

(llodel P..---a. Q2Ca) I Nov.JDac .•17(R11) , Q2(b)) actions concspo ndi to the task. set which encomp , w • work
asses a 8. P r epari n g and P r odu dn& Soirware product s cru.t.ed at the time of so~war
•r• developm ent.. They an: usu.ally related e
OR list ofactions to be applied. Each enginee ring to the
action C&l1 Product s
What . , . - fundam ental ac11vlt les of ■
perform a constitu ent acti'vity which forms
part oftbc specific softwar e applicat ion being
an essentia l \ 'The last and ~ I activity is the preparation
and
_ develop ment of software- proce:s5 ~uring
time of process executio n. 1k spec1fic:U
the_
1on ot
developed. producti on of work product. It incl~ certain
software proces s? .-tifactli smadc:in advancc inckvdopmc-nlsta
---1Ttlf t13),01
\.i activities that arc needed for the crcauoo of ge

.,._°',""'
(b) Umbrel la Actlvlt la of Sotrwa re Proces■ Framew
~ 71,p/c: a-.1<: ,.__,liiiiiliiiri
-- .....:,
~-' _.
1bcrc arc ~igbt umbrella activitie s of a software
ork
I
followin g work products..
(a} Models
the inordcr1 0canyou ttbc acti,.•ityacconling.lY,
fromtbis. tbcyattu sed asraw artifa.:t sto~dop
other anifact, such as software arc;:bncct
Apan

process framewo rk. They arc, {b} Logs urc

OR project plan CIC-
I. Trac:ldac a n d Co■troUl■ c Softwa re Project (c) Docume nts
- ---g■neric-­ 1. ~ v i t y can be defined ~ -a taSk wbic.h
■ctivities? Explai n. The~ umbrell a activity is tracking controll (d) Lists and forms. is
ing Generic Process Franiew orkActi vlties u.ecuu:d e-xplicilly or impltc1tly. A software
software project. This activity allows the software process can be develop ed usin_g_d1ffer~n
(Refoc ,,,/y71, p;c. ~ - - , . . . ; , ; . ; , l
,~ team to perform the following tas.ks.
Th1.: five g_eneric process_ fra,newon.,_:"bcivloi
c, l..,ies
.
ff.-uie s) . acti~t oacco mplish eachactl'-'~t)·
-....;.;_ _:_-,.. _ useful m developing several proJCCts att g ..... requn1:S
aa mput IO execute me wk.~ ta.Sk IS executed
Answe r :
Sor1wa rc Proc.rss Fr:;amc work
Nov..-16(f t.1J), Q J(a)
Assessi ng of progress of the project against
the plan oft.he project.
l. Com m u nication
This refers to a framework acuvit)' wherc~
,

the end users: (say customers} att.c:omm~yud.

usually
ated
•
.•
=::-r.e.
. upon the consuaints and gcn.:rakd
work products is emplo~c d as an
ui;ut for ,omc other' a.:::tivicy. E:Kh and evC"f")'
Diagram matic rq,rc:sentaLioo ofsoftww c Maintai ning the schedule of the p roject ac:tivily prodw.:.:s flC«SSllJY a.rufa..:.ts _b:,, _usm~
process andtheir v1cwsrc la1ed to thcpr<>Jcctatc:
framew ork ,s g.ivc:n in figure, by taking ap~~opr iate action based on
the Herc. rcpons related to custome r reqwrern
cnt ~ ruld. policies and gutdt:h"':3' sue
above asscssm enL a.s analysts.. design. a·adr.ing and mon1tonng clC.
specific ations are devdopc d.
WAIIIIIIIG: ,bro,r/P ltoul:ej, yiOI of dlis bool<
"11 Cll1MIIAL
.,.,.J oct.>•,-f-,u ..ilty is LIAW
.
tot... LEGAL "ocootlin■•· SPECT RUl1 flU-IN-ONI. J:OORftflL ,Oil &NQINI.PU
NCI STUDlf C'TS
...
·
 . . . • " ~ " 1~1t ltlllllllll~11l' ~t{~
12 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING IJNTU-HYOERABADI .
1. 1n1rod<1cl1on to Software Engin"6nng,
LJr,111'• · A Generic
3. Conslralnl i;,,r iw.. tllltrt'.' If th'-· cnmmt111knlio11 11c1iviiy ~ OIY• CMMI level~ and explain. View or Process, Process Models 13
1
hdnp. c,,n!lilll'rl·,I tht•n, 11,,1lwn1c cn~im·t•r~nll nctit,,
The \'t111 Mrn1111 l' iuf l'I\· dt'lii,l'tl ns II t·ri1i-riA or 1 May•18(R15), Q2(b)
\\'\lllhl ht· n c,,lh.:l'llt,n or ,lut.·umc111ntlo11 ol c 11s 10111 OR
l'll1Klll11"'ln whwh l'C'l.'1'm'-~lk'l~ssm, h\ l"-' fulti lkJ Writ• detailed note, on CMMt,
l\f P,lS~!'!.'\I h~nt-t.,tlwun:pn,dtt\.'I ;\'llh 1.."\\ll"tmiim n•quit\'.n1t..·nt spl't..'ilk1ul,,11. All 11\'A~ ,,f111nsk' ~ I. 1>rc1,n,:~
lh\· rt'OC,~ss ~n.,\\1i h1 ochK'\'t"S mn:\imum t,·1wfits r,,r !ii-UCh ndion, w,,11hl 1klinih'I)' liwnur In 1,rc1111ring lhc OR
Ncw.JDec••11(R11), Q](bl

oll,nQ with wt-II d1.·linc.-d rondiu,,ns. cush,nwr n:quin•m1,.•n1 !l)'lt'1.' ilk11tiun only. E•plaln CMMI model with a neat •ketch.
Eumplt: ri"r us~ cnn µnin C\"1"4:tnTcnt n,"\.'CS.." (11) K,•l11th·rly Snu1II •nd Shn11lr l•n1Jcct! 1,,111¥1" t
10 a nuu.·hin,-s i.e., they cnn 1,,pin RI the snml.'.' A tMk srt mny JIITt.·r from n s mull•Rlmplc .,.i,IIIIY Maturity Model (CMM) -JDoc.. 11(R1l). 0:11•>
llmt and can J'lr'Ollucc seven tnmsacttons per pmjt.·,·I hl n lnrgt.·..,·11mpkx prnjccl. Following is II tn5k C Capability Mnturity M0<k:I (l:MM) isn .
dd I matunty frnmework
.....,,..
081l('ISCC('ll1th•. st'! for !lmull•simpk 1nojcct, if cushuncr requirement
S(lCcilknlion is th1..• sol\wnrc cn}!.inccrin~ uction.
the n,1"8&cmc_nl nn . _eve opmcnt orlhc organizational work for s1r:11cgy that ~ocusc" on con1inuously improving
t((luircmcnL41 l~r bu1l<~m~ t~c soflwarc process. It pro-...ides an cv cc:. ~MM pmv,dc~ the urvani:,..011ion wi1h 1he basic
The- r,·arlr cnn h\.' ddin1."<I ns a r('n,,n or List nil the cush1mcrs (lo whom lhc projcc1 is lo ..,.,-UCCS, to P highly d1sc1plmed developmental pr:ictice This h. oluu~nary p.11h from an in.:ons1stent orijani7..alionnl
i-takrholdc~ lluu un<k.T lnkc tht• prcw..'t'ss din..'Ctl)' be dcliwn.·Jl. ~(die ioRwnrc process. · clps to improve lhe knowlcJgc •·t•ills anri Jc\/elopmcnt
or indira·tly. The: CXJ'l('nisc people arc consiJcl\.-d Ci.lthcrthcsl' cmitomcrs_along wi~h lhc developers. c_,.i,iUty Maturity Model lnt•~ratloo (CMMI)
ll~ rcrfL"CI in $Orne or all the activiti~ lll'C'J1.-d CMMI is o model used by variou:i organi:,at' .
ltwi1c cnch o f 1heso customers lo reveal lhi.:ir
for th<- Pl"\ll'C'SS C);l"CUtion. On the ·othl-f hand thi: dcYf&opmcnl ofsofiwnrc, product or service. · ions 10 improv(' iheir procc~s while minimizing the risks in the
)ltRk<"hoh.k~ roll- is 10 achi(."Vt project ~mi Is such \'is ion of projccl (the way the product should be .
n:,. s('lf\wan..· tester. qualit)' checker etc. , dcvclopcd) 11lc sotlwnrc development organi1..a1ions can be k .
. mcla•modcl, ThiS meta daia is go db ra~ cd depending on the quality of produclS tht:y dcvdop
Tools and Ttthnoloizy Develop a lisl of n.-quircmcnts.
1 : : r e needed to be sa1isficd by the org:~~=tio! ccnam sc:1 -~f syst~ms and sollwarc c~~incering capnbiliti~s.
Tools and tcchnolo&>· oflef$ h.-chnical suppon to Smt th1,.•se rL"quircmcnts uccorJing to their lo remnin on this track, each or anizai' .• as t~y atuun \/anous levels or capah1hty as wdl as matunly.
pri,,rilies, Hrftee1 • odel . . g 100 is rtquircd to develop a process model. b.1sed 1hc guidelines of
technique which can bC" uSl-d for C.lrrying out the •
capability motunly m mlcgration, The model is given below.
ac1ivi1il."lii. It will help people in dc1cnnining Lhc ❖ Mnrk thL" unccn:1in areas.
solution for the is~ues. For in51ancc CASE tools (b) Lari:• and Complu Softwart Projrds
hetr,s in so~ ••re dcvcl<>t'lfflml. FORTRAN is
lflhc Jlrojl-ct is lnrge~CMnplcx, and the customer
well suitl.-d for dc11.-nnining scientific problems.
requircmcnls spccifictHions is considered 10 he the
6. Me-lltod or Ttthnique- ·•••·······•·········· ·· ·-···--·-·-··-··-····-· · ··-·· ·----
sot\warc engineering u.ction then the tt1sk set would
Mcthod or technique rdcrs 10 the approach optc.-d include 'the following tasks,
for carrymg and the la.~ks with the help of tools ❖ List all the customers.
ond tcchnOlogies. For instance. ObjL-ct Oriented
❖ Instead of gathering them together, invite them
-Analysis (OOA), bin•ry search Cle.
7. Relo11onshlp separately to gr.ssp their vision of project.
❖ Build the requirement Jist for each user.
Rclatiom;hip refers 10 I.hr link lha1 exist between
❖ Refinc·thcse requirements.
the activities. h helps in the cxecu1ion ofactivities
in st:quenti.:il manner. When: in the output is ❖ Aller refining, suitnbly develop a final list of
used u input for the subst:quent activity. For requirements.
instance, debugging activity is performed after ❖ Provide ~is lisl wi1h suitable priorities depending
error detection.
I.
on lhc quality Of deployment. o· Project Requrcrr,:r<s Mcas111:.-.nB Coofigintion Proa:ss ....
Ot-i-■iutioaol SCnctore plaming m:magemc~ . and anafySB management proc.luc:1 QA
Sort and guther 1hem sequentially, so that they
Organi1'.ational structure refers to the team which can be applied accordingly.
should he manag~ and communicated at the time - P r o c t :ssA.n:a
❖ Prepare a list or constraints which are ~bable
or software development. All the team members when the product is being dt.-ployed. Fifln:G,.......,..,tllo,.,_A,..C.,-litf s.-it
have their ~-pecific ro&es and responsibilities. This
❖ Finally end up the session by finding the methods The above figure is also n:fcned as a continuo11s model. Herc. 1he proct!SS area is plotted against the standard
type orstructure leads 10 succcssfuJ development
or product for ex.ample. team lcadcr managc=s and which remain useful in validating systems. 1
kvcls, rangin~ from I to 5. However level ·o· is also conskkretl to ri:.-pttsent the lowest of all. Eai.:h le, d and their
controls 1hc work flow of activities which are equivalent values is cxprl!SSCd ~low. As a custoJMr, it is pttt~roble that ~1 ~~ani:t.ntion belongs to CMMI level 5
1.2.3 The Capability · Maturri', which indicatl!S that it is successful in terms of providing services and sausfymg cus1omcrs.
alloned 10 t:ach individual.
Q13. Deline• task aeL U1t the entitles of task
. Model lnt. .ratlon (CMMI) j
Ltvtl O : lncomplfl•
fft for the following, Q14. Whatls CMMI? Explain about CMMllevell.
(•) Relatively amall and simple projects At 1his level, there are two possibili1ies.
I - Paper~, Q2(b) I JanJFab.•2:l(R1 I), Q:l(b))
(b) Large and complex aoftwaq projects. OR 0) The process 1m:u (along.t-11.'< is) is~ pcrfonn'--<l.
Answer : (ii) The process aren bus not itehievcJ th< targl!ts set by CMMI for lc,·cl 1's t.:upllbility.
Give an overview of capability Maturity
TukS.t Model Integration , Which level 111
Levtl I : Perlorn,rd
A tas.k set is usually a collect.ion of tasks to be: organizatlon, a, • customer you would
applied in order to obtu.in the n:quin:d output from the prefer and why?. • · o.c...11(R11), 0:11•1 (i) The laslt.s Spl4Cilied by the CMMI at ~ f f i level ha~c ht.-en at.:hiewJ.
software t:nginctring action. (ii) The: work tasks required in d~vdupi.ng a given W\)rk pro<lui.:l an.: $cl.
OR
· 1 Cll'ullAl
WARIINIG: Xor11/Pllotoc•yl11 If 1Ma Nil• SPlCTRUH flLL-111-0NE JOCIRNflL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS
.., IC!. Al,- flttll4 l"llty It UAllE t1 ,_ LEGAL proctNiop.

z& t • •
 i'\-~ -- - · · ., ·" ~~ 'vJniir1mr~
_>:14
:_'.":""_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Lt•,·cl 2: J\1111111c,·«1
:-
(1)

(11)
__;

·11,l• wrn1' rda1nl 10 lhl· l'I• ''-''""' lll\'a ,.. 111,

s~o~r-:T:_
:W~A=R=E~E:N:G:IN;;;E:E::R:IN-;;G
Q15. What is sofNfa re proces s asees
~ IJ::
N;,
smenn
TU
: -·;H;;
V;:
Discu• • dllferenl a pproac hes lo II.
D:ER::
l\8Ao1
--
Modol.P11p11,t1, a lb)
2
11'_1: Introduction to Software Engineering,,._ O..neri
~11 ~/t EC 15504)
'jct(IS U
,.et : JOOO .
.
~, 'fltlS , tarulRrd rcmRms effective in deriving

1SO ,-ny ,ollwnre mdu,try, cnn odopt the ISO

!onwarc

9001 .
c v.,,,,, of Process, Process Models

procc" a.,~,smcnl ttehn1quc,.

\~1! ~~~rl
115

\Ill)
"11h lh,· l"\f'll' t 1,111,m, 1\I ,1qJ,11111al11m
Ill... dl·\d,., ,.,, l!l\111\\.· J Ill ,h,· !'1•"-'llll!
IIH h,l\l'
111. ,l,1h.
OR
Write about proces s assess rnent.
1/;.rt,·, (Jri/_1 7;,,,ic r ,r>i't•., ., Al(C'S fl/h ',U)
(t,cinl :o anufRctured). !lyslcms as well a~ services dcl: 2
OOO Sla~ard 10 reach quality peaks in tc:TTM oril,
9()()1 : 2000 specific , the qu,lity m,n;g, ,vcrtd
k1P"'cot along with the eu.§tomer's Hli!lfaction.men
hy II.
t requirements for a given orpni1J11ion ~eking
producL1

a1,;c'-''' to :11111"-· m J1l,1hk '"'""'"ht"' fot c,,m11l,11 an ovcrJII

111,! ,,.,C T0 , ~ c.,s the quality of management ISO
llh.·n tu,\...~ Answer : Jan.l'Feb.·13(Rtl!I), 0ttb) • lhi!!i phrase each lcrm hu got -li 900I . •. 2 .
All 1h,· ,r,...,·mwu, ;-1c ..u1,1,'d\·d h\ 1h,~pr,,,\·,, Pro<·t•.;~ :\\)t'\)fllfnt k-11d • 1" · · .· 1 5 own
_000 has dcnved
s1gn1fieancc i.e.•
a special cycle ,crerred 10 as. "plt1n-Jo-
,,f cJttC _ 1ncludcs the targets, •sM>cultcd activi!'
rn 11i:,·1 tl1.'\\•l11rnw111 \\h,·n~\\."J Ar,phc:iti,,n Ill' 1ml\'C"':- p:i11l'ms In lh1: suOwur plal' complete customer's satisfaction. b' . . . .
111.'t' l'~,;t~ c ies, n 1«uvcs with an a,m to produce high quahty
pnijl.',· t 1111lkr ckvclopnwn1 J,ws 1101 ensure "W>f\warc w11h
llh.· t;1,", a'- \\t•ll 1, rr•'l\ll1,:t ,(ur\\h.-1 Jt.:,d11p1 1!1111 lhc _ Refers 10 the implementation o~entire soft.ware
1'k.1ll) development proce!li!I.
ill\.' rl!~ttlarl) h.mi:;. n1,11111111\·1I. ,,,111r..,ll,.•J trnd
:,.1.,0,\al'\.' I!> !:!'-'"'I,\ \O•Wi:,-1)•1111 the l'"'Sl'llli:tls (i.e
Jdth'r) . ,·u:--t,1mc1 :,..111,f:11:tion. lugh 411111i1y
.. UIHim,., ~ - Refers to lhe proccs., of m~ltorm1 and as~sin
,•:1h1c, etc.) g 1hc software prouss. This assurn 1ha1 all mechan1
rt..'\ll"\\C "J .
related to sofiwu c quahty management arc sm11:
Ml·ncc. m ,,rJcr IC'I ochic,·l.· this. process ns~cssm dc<vclopment process. thoroughly implemented to improve the 5(11\w;u
The.· flr<\o\.lUl.'I ... l'\1..'\.' UH-d to 11:--Cl'O:\ cm is c
1\,1nl· \\ lw1\' the s,,Owan.· p:11tcm ),, shm1ld he
ln l hal, II I),
llllll' l101\11\j! :t~ ~ f llh.' ,:\fk.'1,.' llt\l('IR
coll11ho rah:d /tJ;1 _ Refers 10 lhc im lementation of ideas of
,, 1th luphl) , ahll'J softwan.· cng.mccring im ovin 1hc current soft-oiarc dcvcl
prnct1ccJoi. Q11- Wh•I la aoltw■ r• proca1 1? What la nl es,
l.<'"t'I 3 : l)ctinN1 ' Mnr1..•o, l'r. 1hc \.'II tire pro1:css shoultJ h~ nMd of aoftwara . , _ , lmp,ov ament
sullicicntly e9pabl llty maturi ty modela . ? Dlacua s
bt11rc ct,nJnm n:- uf ll'\ 1,.'l :! arc;> m,1.
lrom du,. tin.• pr<'l°l"' 1i: \' u,111n111 cd :H~l·,,rJ11
;i ... sl·,:-cd 11, r1:4ui1·1..•J. Follow
ing
!\pan s,,n,,:a"-' Jm'Cl':-s nnJ methods 1hat arl' usct'ul
ligua· dl'picb lhl.'
during
,,_.., , ...,,JuM- 19(Pl11). Ql
1~ M lh,· pn'll.:l'S'i ai,,)11.-.."111:nt unJ 1mprovcme111. s,lhfa~ , ........
orga1111.nt11,11·:,. ''-"' ,,! ,.t,mli:irJ rn11..:c:-,l~ },a,c,l , A software process consists of a sel of activitie
'-'II lhl" s along with the ordering cons1raintJ. which ~pecific
~uu.lduu.-.. IJI 1hc ('lrg.,m,alllln ·1ht)I hl'lp:- p-opet' function ing of these activities for gfflCfating s the
tl,l· ,,i.lCl':-S the desired oolput (or) a software PfUCUS rcrers
as,\.'h m lcnn:- uf \\.Ori.. pn\\.111~·1,. mc:i...ur tbll inVi>lves various issues related to technical 10 a procc!l."'
c, anJ otlh.·r and management aspects of software develop
pro,·c:,.:,, 1mpmvl'1Uclll mfom1:.111011 ment.
,.._.re process lmprov~meat
.
U'vel 4 : Qullntlh1li\"CI) Munae5,!_ cd for answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 14, QIS, Topic:
l,:kn1{"ri1
Process A5sc:ssment.
l:mm: con-.c1.1u1.:m:c ... ol h.·\d 3 arc nu.-1. AISC\. ta!'lbilh: s CMM ·
h) 11nd1td: of for answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 12. Ql4 .
mean:- ,,t 3 quantll.lllH' U!-St'"SSOH."111 the: prt".:L~?i
1mph1\·cJ and eontn,tk-d. M('lrt:m ('r. the
:1n:a is (i17 l)lacu H variou s prOCf fl maturity leYola.
Also dlscuaa vanou s KPM tllat must be
c:-t:1hl1shrneru achiev ed
• In each level. '
of thl· 4uan11wt1\C uhJl"Cliw_.; for qu:ilit~
and pTOCL.-SS
p.-rfonn :mce 1~ ~,lso dOlll' and u...cd 3!- a crncna
111 p rOCl' S:,.
OR . -•- •-~•!
m:1na~c.mc:111. Explain dllle,. nt levols of capability maturit
Soflwan:
y modal_- llat 1he KPl,1 of each level.
Carobilicy
Lr<v~I S : OptimiL .rd f'l'•"-"C--~ ,:k1,:m1111.1\l()l'l ~~ i£~ ~~ ~N lf< di7A,,,/!f.,,..,,,}
WU(ln'l\'l•mc:111 - .-1!1("13), Ql(b)
All lc:\cl 4, targCl,an· met. Mori,.'<l\Cf, op11m17 Alsft• :
~tion Figure: Software Preens 1d M1tho41 Applitll , . _ Maturity Lev•ls
prnct:S.., are:1 ts p,:.rfom11.:d u:-o.ing for
quant1ta11vt" mc:1m, 10
,.atisr~ Llw \'Bf) ing customer requirements. A.ssH sment and lmprowemtnt for answer refer Unit-1, Pa:e No. 12. 014.
It abo to
1mproH.~ the ah1h1~ orproducmE,: de=-1rcd n:!-uh:-
for of rollov.-ing are the 1.CCh1Uqucs for software proccss
the.• pro..:c..~s area under con:-1dcrut1on. a.s..~ssmcnL
l-lcrc. thl."rc arc St•nda rd CM/\1 1 Assessm ul Mrthod for
lwo 1mpunan1 foi.:I!- 10 he P rocrss
con:io1dcrcd. ~ ) :ite. lmpro,•t•mral (SCAM PI)
.
~p,·cific Go.161s: The:,\' n:rcr 10 the C'~)lt:flll
Five imponanl steps which form 1he h,1sis
for
al ~fly.ar l' pmcl·ss ussessment are as folloY.s
i.:h.ar.1t,,1c.n:,L1c., y.Jm:h OlU!-I t.:AtSI 1n a!I 1_h,- acli, ,
11ics
1mpl11.:d b~ 3 t;I\ en procc..°i." :m:::..i. I. lmliatin g.
(bl Spt'cific Prurlc cs: Sr,ec1fic pract11.:t's rt'fc:r l. Dia~mos:ing Var\ou KPA Dofio~ In Each Level of Manrlt
to u y CMM (Capability Maturit y Model) with five
~ oJ task!> 1obt.· acco111pl1:-hcil 1nltfdcr10 ach1 3. Es1ablishing Software management process -5ur<S thc(l(.c different k:~cls
c-vt' of lllllurity, which-can be obtained by UStl\& a KPA Process AJU). The KPA pcnonns it.s opcrauons
:i.pt.-ciuc goab. -1. Ac1ingand on <'ct')
y
level of maturity as follows ,
Thr~ IY.,1 h.·nn" arc m1porta111 'bec.iusc lMMI 5. Lc:arning.
c:Aprl">"::,. 1hc.· prr~cs~ a,cu u~m~ lh<.-se h..-nns
Lnel I of Maturity (loltlal )
i.c.. :-pcdfic In this case. 'iCAMPI u...;uallyrdic:sonSEI CMMI
guals &nc.J ,J>1:<.· 1fic praLtH.1..°!lo AIMl thi:rc a1c.· KPA is not defined fo< this level.
fi\c: ~i.:.ncni: for lhl· n.:~uircmcnl ofsqllwarc process ass«:ssn , I
gNl:-o. .mc.J thl"lf c-4u1\Jk111 prJ ~t,c.. l.", .t....!,(,c1att:J ,~nl. Lnel l of Maturity (R•peai.ble)
\\ 1th thi:~ CM~l -b:ss«.'d Appr• iul.fo r Inte rn
_go;.ib l$J, 1t.., ll~. 1l1r~ }!t.'rll."n, a l Proces s This level specifie s six KPAs as follows.
!,!'I.Jb(.,(.•~~rid 10011(· ur fmprt.1Yemt.-nt (CBA JPf) , ( u) Software l'ro)C<:t Planning
tJl\• 11\1.. lMMI k\d~ llcnc.:L·.an_, orgi.m1 ,
auvnl·l.s11n1ng (i) Requirements Management
on~· 01 rhc: In 1hi:,, tcchniq u~ µs yall) !ht! gnrnularil)' . (iv) Soft.ware Sub-contract Management
Ir, di- of CMf\11 :,,h11uld :i.1111,f) tl1nc.· t'l'llCnl· or . (ili) Software Project Tracking and Qynsig
goal:i. m.slurit) of tlw proJuct orl:?flit.ation is as~s.sc- ht (Yl) Sof\w(lf( ContigURtlOn Ml11lag-:mcnL
<l using
thr SI.I t'M MI. (v) . Soflwa ~ Quality Assurance
l FOR tNGIN IERIN Q STUD £1fn
WA.ANUIIIG: Xeroa/Pbotocopymg ol th11 book SPECTRUM ,u-nt -ONl JOU
1s I CftlMIIUL act. Anyone found 1uilty i1 LIAILE
to lace LEGAL proceedings.
~- .r
 17

lf',fl-~J •f ' t•tnth 1l"rfi111Nll

RtqUlf'l""Tl('nt• ln;,h ,1• .mJ "rc"-''1~ ·"'''" rhl"-lt
tl.,, ''"''"' ~kn""" ~T1\ ~r-\·, ,, f,"h.••, the iU(u·,,tul tk\ 1..·li•rmenl ,... r J
l'.'1 \try lfflp('n~n, m
1,1 \ \;-pn1r,1,,,ro l'r\'-'""' f l1'.'U'I
Jr'~.trt lf t~cu,1r,n,crn-,J111rt"fflt•n1, m· ,,.,1 1n,1l\ t1.:J
\"'}:,1!1iratK1NI Pl-\''°'' l\r.fin111,,n JOH~lnt ,,(
propnl~. 1hi( ch:u-1'·~ c,( rrl'1«1 f.t1l11n.- llf
I t'Jlnl~ "''t,.-rlffl
rnron: pc,;11m M",•m" ,c,.,. hu:h lh..-n:f,,,\•. lh\·
l'lfl
lnt'1!1'11t-r,J ~,•~a,r \ t ~I
proj«t tt.Jnttp ,.:,N"\11 rn•!"(T rnfo'~"'"'•.tn.,1,,·<\ .tr,I
~ .•'\\l'l!f'(' l"'t,.-',fu.."1 1 nt:'f'l('\"ft"' documc,,,11,nn tot C(l(l'(ttkn-d .1"'1 J ,..,., ,.,, ," '..1.a\.~ It •"•'
me.~,~ Mrrdtn on d,c-\,:lt'>pt"f "" rt'Ac., t ,mrlc-.,..rn1
1
t , 1,l lffl R('\l("ll<t rht chart~ muluplc t1m<"' "och U(-r.lf11•n1 1n, J \' --<
I f'\f't_. •I \ hntrlt\ l 'IHllf'f(il lheto(IC rncUf'fftf 1n thc-oH"nll P'".IC'\I Jnd .. 1,,, lc-.h.!• ft'
Tlm. k'wl f\,f"-'"" I~ t-....~" t"A'\" l'l(lf',;q'k
CIIIMftCT dK..UlUfxuon
,,1 T'ht 1mpnrtBnC"t" o f requtrt'fflnllj Uf'lt.kf"(:tJr,.,,f•n- t
,~1 "-•~-WT ~ua.h~ m ~"('ffl(ffl and docUff'lmbt.""" 15 ~ l 1:1f 1h(- 1, f< 1,.• ( pt'l'lC\. I
n..- "" t-r,~ .i.11..-J ~ ,~~ i,,,r1...,_ i c . m1c-mal fir cf"tntrxl t,..a,rd T"tc- d,,,1n,cr,1.1t,,•n
""'"l'.'S,,\ \ I~ .~ \-hlC',~ srn·1fi, ~,lill\
lt)
(Ill
\,,\lllnhtatl\~
~ -n,...-c1,,,,°\uahf\ i\(~"('ffl(',a. [ st1~h,;h a m.,~-d rn,·rt< ·f.S.i;tc,cESS '!'O~BLI . ~ ,ft~ JUC<'t"''ful i1n;1J~ •t< Jl'\J ;rc-,;tfi.._.111,•n
IS alk-d ~,h.-m Rc-quirt'tM'lll ~pa:1t'k~uu•n 1"K ~ I
l.........• - ·••tto"') ({ 'I'll o,m.m.,. .......) l'mil<. J<fin<J I"'''"' ; .. £llplaln 1ol!ware llev.lopmen t Nf9 cy*- ~~ ~ t"1~ ~ff"\ m ~>\.;,lfl:l.J .. l..'.lf
Tho, i.-.-_i Jrnn<, d,,,,. KP~, .. folio,.-.. [1(-,'C"~,, a qnanltt.\11\d~ IT\..1Mli1.'d prot'cl,& l)lsCUSI various actlv~ durlnt SOLC. . undn,or,dJ"I 1tv'U product rtq111mnr1'II'. ""-tt J!.J, ht'
1 r
~Tnt"-"4\ ,,f[X·lt"\'1) 1n Ql"l')lft@ 0t11 d,r'f.nfflr JCtl, •ncs r-1'1.Mn- rM:.~ 1>-x 11'
"'
t•l T.,_-i.,..,i_'l';'o....., . , . _ _
C'rralr., \)f't1m1ttJ pn~css 1 - ~- .a. 02t• ll - •""1 J1.11Jtat lfm f.act. ~l;J)e'f" Jc,,.Tlt~ 9"CnJ .J k."'4 \1f t JTT'W' 1(1 ~t"'-.'f
tr,:\ ~~\,y \l~l I. Adlw--.Sp,ri6<C"..,.b
OR ""l"' - .
011. U l ) l a i n h ~. nu, s<n<n< ~"' ,,f pn•jn'I r'"""'II$ incluJcs 2.
on.~ ont .,"fflCTK. p,,.11<e. llut is ro impk-mC'Tlt Whal I• Software Dell"f!opnient Life
(a) Si,ecillc .,..__lpe dllc~
t,a,, ,-...,~,.,. oo rro.im rLIM,"I' process ami. Cycle? °"51¥J1 IS .I maruns°:uJ '-""~'Tllt'(T'::r,~ ~"f'tl-H'--"'"
(bl c.-icfO all-~pq clicee 2. l:shblbll • ~loo~ l'rottu ~ tomtthmg 1M " II> I>< t,u,~, It <-an "" -nn-J •~ '
as delin.cl by CIIIII for project ·.-swer : customcr·s rcqu1rcmaus .and JI the- ..aJT"t~ nnic ~---.c.-"--:--"'1
plannil,o. In this ~ c i\)11. thm:- &rT many gmc-ric
Saftw~ o,,:.iopmtll t Llf• C)'d• (Sl>LC) ~ for q1J.;1ht) .1p1nst :.1 «t " ' prc-dctin~J ..-:r11c-.J '•''
JQ,°bl.."C:$. Tht~ ~ '
A•wr : '"rod" design. In the ~lhr.\n: ~ •nttnntt .:'•'"~"t..
l •I Sp,cilc(.Mllo ■-dSt,ocili< ..,_ t•I Crnloonoi~:m i.ationa.1~ J<fin<Jpoli<y Soft,\'3tt D,wiopmd,1 Lif<: ()d < (SDL(1 rtfm dcsfgJ\ fOCll.'fCS on four mJJilf ~.:JS ,,( C,'\Ol.·-.."M - .iJ:.L
rn,~ Mt"~ an: ktinc:-J t,~ f1..lr the Vi \\fl imohc:-d in plinnin.g of 2 a, lb< o,-cnll pn>«SS in,·oh".1 in tilt ,oh-... c1c,.-_1op-

--
~ Caf'lt,ilifY 1rdutccl'Ul"'e, mk'r111Ccs .;u,d .:i>ffloonc-nb-
~ '4.-.dcl """i..,,.,.._,. 1CMl.lll ao !ht ham of ~
Sott-:att design ~ 15 XI 1tcnlJ\.(" rnx.;:--. ..
......,_ ~!""•ri.: G,.,.Js 1s.:;1 and !ht.- rdal<d Sr<-¼ (b) e-.n..... of pro,id~ """""""' tits, an, 11
..,._-t..-.. 1SPl r,qwrrJ for proja.'1 pl.tnning. Requir<m<nt Ami) sis Phase. • through • h1ch~qu1.r~;!!cnl5 J'-'\Cumc-:H •:,; R,;; "
~formtd to ~l!fl Jroun-:'L
Coa>ale pro/<'<1 ~ •hd is - oflh< (c) Assi~ r,:sponsibilities to <><h md t\'ffY
•proi...~.c as F«dlls:~ m::a,.tbcftarrl:hftc, l. lapt,anta da aad l au Tad-c PM-.,
">Orunil Oft • project.
""',..,~-..i;
@O&l
..
1'1,d,/li,m it,po.:,ri. :~--
n.,..,._.,,.,,,_.....
-
(d) Pro, i.l< lninifl8 to""' p,,.,pl, in\'Ol\-.d in Design Plw, ln thi:s phase. Jielua.l co..lr lS Jc-\cll'.'r,oj ~m~ .a
di< proja.t ; ~ .____...::;'-T---,-- _ -:--...""'_. ~
--_-.. ~ ~ t \ : is,Jl._'lft ..b :.bc ~'U tS .Jc-\..:."~"\J
$pc:A:fn"" "' iorcod!,aaJ -as lollo,,-s,
l <) C ~ ~ L .cacb tmitarcom ~ m tr tS n:srcd ~o.il, ti.iu..11~ SUi...h
I. l'N;,<tC-l ioe •! ,-------:- --:-~""'1 1"1 • .-
ldmnfy sul;diold,rs tlw :u-t nttdcd for l:CSbDI tl allcd uml k:Sllng. ll cr~u.."'e\ dut :nJ..'\tmum
1, 1 - . . ., th<pn,_,,,:t,a,pc. (0 lmpl<m<nl:lbOO aod Utur ~ .-!-•·• moa .ardcla::a:i .anJ cnurc .:NC i:, total h~ :'-',k"" tn~
1t,1 E.sum.ai,.,. of wl attribulcs ud • ort
pn>lX1
projta ~ .,......,.. at'2 and include
them in it.
Testing pi-
~C<!WII paths., dx .:ootrol =
t<1 ~ ofhic- ~cit afdtt proj«t. t&) ~(oaitoriag and controlling of wo rk -&. Tadac~
1d1 C"""""" tir C"1IDIOOo of dfon and 000t pro.:b:u.
E,........,.,of. .orkproduru in,.objccti,-.
Tcstin& Plw< TdUDj i:s • mJ.jor l~ U \ It~ ior ,\lft"'-.lrC
of, _ ~ (b) dc:-\:c:lopmalt .in,J !l5 m..tm ftn.." tK'O u. 1" .kt«t ~~ .......
l. l'nj,,cr ,,_ 0.....,..- "'Yso tlw Ult) .-lbat to tbt d<scriptioa cm>n tm.1 0.."\.."'16 , ruJc ~ o . . ~ a -..•rt-.~ Dur.n~
fai C-U.o<'lw i!,:,;mt!~o (lbtpn,;,a_ of tht pro.-=. d i e ~ llk.~ ~ Jina.J.~Sti J0J ~~ Jci1i:;,.'l.
1• 1 ~ o l r w o flbt,..,;..,_ m Ano..h@ i.-.,:1.._1 0""-;.,.-tht the OUl'p,ll n:sults tn lhc form ~f ~e,,n..:tl ..k..'-...1."nC'flb
Jc I ~ of• om - piao. snrus of th, proja.t v.bcrcti. for th(.:..,~ phl..ic:. th< """t;w _.. .1 ...•mr....:..-r
IJ1 Lial>or. o( JIN:,CCI - .... l. 0-..t, 0 D<iafd , _ ~ Hen,..~ ~ Dul 1..-.,J~ ~~l aT\.•f'S J\tr:t~

U'aQ,;m of a JlWD tba: and\.a tkills md This~ goal iac:ftldcs N'U gmttic- practioes. ~taiot~Ph l5lt coJ.tog t-ut .iJso Jci~t c ~ th.11 \K.:ttr Jt:Im~ :he:
l ~i
!ff'-..,... olc:sd,Jpmcnf ph.lics. 5_...___..,.ucn,I). c~..,..,
,o
"-la:,<Ocal cdf;w ,,..,;..,_
o.-a- ..-~-- pla - (1) Thtl!"ll<ricgoaiilsd[
,..., Diflanat ~ . w-a ~ Lita
fl'Ur Jufc:n:ru ~ p.:s \'.ti !ic,M_g th.ll .:...m ~ ~:.-r.ncJ ~'fl
~• ~ . , .·p:.. hl' •pnlJ<Cl. (b) Gab,,-iMJr maoon~unp ro,"Clllall 5'.}IT\liJtt.it\C~ L
m !ht softv.,n, process_ Cyda

SPECTIUJH flLUN--ONE JO(.IRML FOR EN<llNEEltlttCl STUOENTS

18
5
SOF
TWARE ENGINEERING IJNTU-HYDER•
. ,
,..
~j\bJ I
~
-..,. ,~~·- --~~~"~~~iillllii~~
\
I
11_1 : lnlroduction to Software E~ineen , "
- D•ploym•nt Pho,. ·.
15
: whe n: 1hc soflwnrc is usually dcr
This fonns the final phase ~f the sofhv,nc development. prc~t!lt~d from the users and ir. the son~"ercd lo
the end users for its effective implt;mcntation. L.1ter. feedback co ....~ivitics involved in this phase arc· arc fililt
J
I~ ~
~
v,
l8'N of P rocess, Prooess Models
19
to m eet the ui-crs requirements. it ii. modifi"--d. Hence. ,he importiml oc .- ! ~..;·.#; '
Perfoc1 delivery I
I
(n)
(h) Surron and
\c) F«'dbaeks.
6
- Malnt•n•nc• Phu, f once 1hc sofl wnrc is de livered
. Software mainlcnancc refers to the changes ~\·hich .:~
01
~~rc~i7,:.
00
he avoided. Gcnc.rnlly, products 1~ LI~
1provc ~crnurcs, ~LI~
Ma~ntcnancc act_iv_ity ii- co mpuls~ry for cnch type of P~()(h lll-"CJ mnintcnnncc ;11 ord~r to i11_
mamtcnancc act1V1ty due to 1ts heavy usage.. Uut. sqO\\nrc f . lion bccnusc o l lhc mis use o f hnrdwn otreq
Crt'On;, It is an essential activitv ado tcd h , fo numhcr o O nmz., re.
Q20. Explain Software development proce•• models. (l•P-•21(R11), Q2(•) I Marc h -211,.111, 011th

OR
Explain the ove,;,,... of unified procHs model. Tni1111~ion
.
Fl1ura: Dlffe,Nt " " - of UlliliN p
~ ·
- •rv)
.
Pt._-.111
t'R<!lb'Onb,'lbpkcn., t.hilj/;d/>wicn, Motldj
Answer : ' I ~ ~ - -- . . .~ . ---.-Fiwo6-1tso"--,ActMtln
Feb,-22("11), Q,f't
~ "!!le .........~lllo!!!J · - '. .
(I)
The v arious software development ~,css models arc ns follows,
\\'•rerf•U Model
·a:t1. 01--:u••. In <let.all •bout Waterfli_N rw....-.•..-...
C... Papw.&, Q)(a) I .Ja;,.1Feb.-2)(R11), Q2(bl) •
For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 19, Q2 I. . OIi
Write • ahort nota o n - - • modti_-
(ll) lncnmHt•I Process Mod~b
AMflr:
The incremental model divides its software development process inlo certuio ~umbe~ o f increm ents. f.lCh
incrcrncnt compri~ o f five phases of waterfall model. At 1he end ofeach i~rement, an effcc1tve module ofa &i'ltn I · W~terf•il Mod•I Sep.-21(R111. Q2(bl

software is developed. · ·
·Watcrfal~ ~~cl re,;1;;,":t,one of_the ~ t strateg~ ever applied. in the development ofa software. lt is also
Following figure depicts the overview of incremental model. !· knoWI\ u ~la,Jic _ife eye . ti, wtnch d1vuics the cntm: software development process into ~vc main ph~-s.
FoUowing 1s the d1agrammat1caJ representation of waterfall model.

i I·
J1
j Conarrucuon

I F...,,.__,._I_ Oepbymtnl

The waterfall model was proposed with feedback loops. However. most of the orsanizations avoid 1h~
r....., ....,_,_ _,1..,_a111- loops. Thus this model ·is a1so called Linear Sequential Model.
cuo Evolutionary Process Models I. Commu ■lcatton or Rtqulnae■ts PUie

For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 23, Q25. In the first phase, the customer requirements~ rcuicvcd 10 gcncr.rite customer n:qui~mcnts _spccitication.
.Hence, all the stakeholdcn (or the end users) arc c:illcd and ~ir vision abou1 the end produc11s wquu1.-J/collcc1cJ
(iv) The Unltl<d Proc... Modd and_llocwnen1cd.
Unified Process or Rational Unified Process model ~oven five main phases, lberc arc two important facts about this phase i.e.,
I. Inception 2. Elabontion (a) Project initiation and .(b) Rtquitt:mc:nts pthcring.
3. Construction 4. Transition apd 2..
s. 'I, An•~• ls or Plaanl~c PII•~ . d 'scd The main addrnsablc: il!luc:s in this phase ore us tbllows:
Production. In this phase, the entire J)l'OJCCl SU'llCgy lS ev1 .
. .. ,.. (a) The entire project schcdult is cstim.:ncd. ·
These five phases arc bound to framework activities which remain common to,;1lmost all o lder softw.e
development processes. Following is a diagrammatic ovcrv~ of unified process along with the five generic softwart (b) A thorough analysis ofrcsour« rcquin:ments is mad c.
develo pment activities. ' · (c) Nu~bcr of pc:opJc involved io the project is d-=tcrmined.

la• Cllllllll act. A - _ , _ ..Uty ta UABU ta ;ace lEGAL ,,........ . (d) Durntion and c:<p..-ctcd cost oflM project Ott estimated.
.WARMl•G: XoreJ</Pbetoc-,yi"I of ..la -
· -.ur, SPECTftUH fill-IN-ONE 'OORNfll FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS
 -,. I~~-., • ' . • -'--= 7 6..'"\. . rlilillili\~~ ~&:r'
2;;:
:
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!llf•1 : lntroducl ion to Software Engineen
·~ ng, A Generic Vi
~~
Thl.!n:forc . the mam rocu., or th1'- phase n:n1e.in.11; <'n. iew of Process, Process Models
21
(i) Est,mati('ln Cu,n.1~11,1: C(Xt
Oc1t-rmmc nhjcn1v""
Iii) Sch..- Julin~ and ttlt~UIVC!I
oon!llnlml!'I
{i1i) Trad.mg.
3. M odclin,t rha.st'
In th1 ..: pha.._"-C. lTh.' -..-ntirc project ~«.-nano which was anab7cd
in the second ph35(' i~ m,xkllcd diagrammntic..illy.
To do so. the UML diagrams are used. Moddin~ n..-mains imp.,r111.
nt for ~ucccssful comrlction of the project. lne
1,,·o imponan1 a.spe,:ts nf thn, pha.1;c are. \I ,
(a) An:il ysb and
(b) 0.:.i!1", I
4. Conslruc- tion Phu~
llus i!- u$ua\l~ the coding phase of the s,,fh,·at'(;. Htff.
e~h component of the software is coded and is
I
suitabl), mtcgr:ncd. O°"-r the coJmg pan is cflmrktcd . the
most important acthi11c-; performed dunng this phase
arc.
entire so0ware is thoroughly tested. Hence, the two !I IV Quadrant
(a) C()(i.ing and
i
(b ) Tcstmg. I
S. lnploym~ nt Ph•~ I
This is the final pha~ m whteh the software is usually
delivered to the end users for its effeetin
implemen tation. Later. feedback 15 collected from the USCTS.
h modified_ Hence. the imponant activities im ol\·00 in this
lfthe software fails to meet the~ requirements, it \
pha.w arc.
ta) Perfect delivery
(bl Suppon 1 Oe-.ck,p. ~enfy
(c) fo:dbacl:s . DC:a•k-.d product

Though the above software development process looked quite F;.,.rr. Slafll of Spiral M-
straight f~·ard, it is now rarely used. Even
the organiza1ion.s.. which rcman-.ed loya l to this strategy,
s tarted raising serious objections, which added to its failure. Thc four sectors (stages) are as follows,
Probkm1 Encounte red in \\ atufall :\lodel
(1) Objtet Setting: Specific objectives for the phase of lhe
Following are the few factors or problems, cncoun~ project are defined. Cnnstr.unts on the process
d b)' the organizati ons implementing this model. and on the product arc identified and a detailed managanc:nt plan
i. Customer s art: involved only during the customer requireme • Alternativ e strategies, depending on .the risk, may be planned.
is dra\lt1l up. Projcct nsks ~ i<kntifo:d..
nt phase. If the customer addresses dissatisfaction
after delivering the project. it imposes higher cost to the organizati
on. The customers howcvc-rdo not describe (I) Risk AsH.ssmt nt and Reduction: f0t each of the identified
their requirements in just one stroke. projc:ct risks. a detailed analysis ts carried out.
S1eps are.taken to reduce the risk. For example, ifthctt is
2. It requires patience: fro m the customer bc:causc, a working a risk tlw 1hc: ~wremen ts arc inappropru.Lc• .i
,·crsion of the projecl is made available to the prototype system may be developed.
customer.; la.Le during the project life span. Hence, identificat
ion of a major problem would lead to disastrous
rcsulu.. (II) Development and Validation: Aftcrthc riskevaluation.adcvc
lopmcntmodd forth.:system ,s thfflcho5cn..
3. This i!i. a time consumin g process and leads 10 confusions for example, if user interface risks arc dominant. an appropriate
among project members. Such projects cannot be de:vc:lopmenl modd might be cvoluti ~·
trul) i.:stcd or debugged. prototypin g. If safety risks are the m·ain considcra#,ion... dc"·clopme
nt based on.formal transformauons nu~
· be the mos1 appropriat e and so on. The waterfall model may
be.the most appropriate de\·clopmcnt model
1.3.2 Spiral llodel if the main identified risk is subsystem integration..

Q22. Explain spiral model with a neat sketch. What can you
(h) Plaaning: 1he project is reviewed and a decision is made whether 10 continue
v.;m. a further loop of the
say about the software that is being spiral. If it is 'clecidcd to continue, plans are drawn up for
develope d or maintained as you move outward along lhc next ~ of lhc proj'-"CL
the spiral p....,..s llow? While de veloping the software. the: software" toun progttsscs
Answer : around the sp~ The fu5t U'3Ck in the spin!
(llodlltf Paper-I, Q:J(b) I Nov.-15(R13), Q2(b)) pYU the development of producl specification. The consecutiv
Spiral M1,CS,i e tracks around the spiral lS ~ to ~te proto'? pc
Mlile ~ i n g through each track. In planning region.. the prog:ramm<
rs makes.somie :idJUSUnents m thi: proJccl
l1k: 5piral modd for software engineerin g includes the features plan. And lastly.·dcpcnding upon the customet rtq\!in:ment. cost
ofclassic life cycle and prototyping with an and scheduk adjustments 3fe maJI!..
added .advantage of clemcnt•risk aru,.Jys1s. h provides
a framework for the design of software production process Advantaces
with due Cl,n~1dcrat1on of nsk IC\·cls that m,1y incur
while dcs1gmffg. 1nc spiral model can be used as a reference
for c ~mg 1he final ck\.clopmenl model. l. ~t ~h st.age, the set of requirements can~ changed
tkpcndin~ on~ requirement.
R.ls.b in software prod~ion may cruic problc:ms in its
development and can effect the product quality.
2 Identification and rc:ctifica1ion or risks can be done at earl) 5
ug~.
11\C~ n~ks ffi411y rci.ult m th.: failure of lhc ~fl ware
Opt:ration or expt,-nsiYe softw.&1e rework_ Spiral model identifies Disadvantages
and el1minato lht:St high risk problems. I. The product is developed based .
~pir.11 model i.s cyclic with each spiral cycle consisting of 00 the commWUC.ilion done w,th cus1oml."f. Thu.", improJ>',-r commumo uon
four st...ges. Each stage is represente d by one may result in an indlicicnt product.
q~ranr of <..artesian d121gram. The radiw. of the spirJI shows
the cos1of the process, While the angular dimehsion
dcootc\ tllC progres1 m the dt:velopmcnJ proecss. 2. 1ne product can be 5ucccssfully obtaintd if propa ri.sl ~mtnt
is f.Joni:.
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Any- faun• pihy is UABU Ill f1e1 LEGAL proc••in91. STUDENTS

f
I
 ------- , , ., ·,1 ,,
nee
ll TW ARE ENGINEERING fJNTU•HYDERAa~o, 1 • 1n1roitucllon lo Software•E
SOF --- l)Nlf• ' nng, A Ge,.,,ic View Ip p Mod t
0 23. What ts a procHs modol7 Explain about Mtthod of r f'f'totnllnJ
..,.,.
1,..c, of Protntypln2
•
Mmlcl O'lltr W•terr ~
• 11 I 1ndtl
o rocess , rocess es 23
prototyping model In delall. 1~ , 1111, ping ('n,iblc!I 1hr dcvcln~r lo cre111(' .1 A ·r he prn1otypc Models g,vc II pro1otypc lhat
Ann,•r :
,,r
nw~kl 1hr.!1t1t\wnrc 1hnt mu!II hr hmh. l l1e fllO(itl (i) I interactive dialogue~ for thccusiome l~ n ~ u.,cd In 1lluscratc inpu1dma formats, messages. rc~rts
..:im tl\~C' ,,nc ,,f1hr thl"C'C' fnrm!I, "~jc,ns 10 the cuslomcr and for gaining a~ Lo; is D \'aluablc mcchani'im for explaining various proccs~mg
r......._. ~too.-t ~: Wn1erfn ll Model. tter 0 ndtrstand1ng of the customer's needs. This is not possible
\1) A 1'1()l'fl"'>h~)1l<' urf'C-~n,'.-d "'.® cl thnt depicts
A r'f''"'~~ nw'(ld i:i- " :-<'.'1,,f phll"'e$ 1hn•nt1-h "h1d1 hun,nn-11111chinc inlcrnctk,n m" h~m1 thAt _enab"' The prototype cxr lorci. technical isimcs in the . . ,. .
11 l'"'l'-''1,· an l"C' <'\l.'\' ul,-J ,, i1h h'" \'\,)r,1. hiti.h 1.1nAlily flntl th,· u!lcr 10 unJcrslnnJ htiw !luch 111tcrnct1on Wilt {ill sny, the rcsprinsc lime of 8 device co ~ OJ)osc:d produ~t. ORcn. n ma~or des1~ dcc1S1on will depend
\\ Uh.),," ,·,,·k hnt(', h r"" H~ ~u idc-hn~s t\'lr It,,. \k·• on, tolypc may he lhc best, o r onl w nlro er or the r flk 1cncy of a sorting algonthm. In these cases.
:,r
' "'"'•'rm<"tlt II ('f\ll\'\." I \ '('l'l('fall~. ('\'<'ry' flt\"lje'.'\.~I~~
\Ii)
O\.' C\lr,
A wmldng prolotyre thnl , implement!! s~rnt
11
pro , I 1·ssues
icchmcn ••
in lhc pro-"d
r ,.,.. prodyuct.ay
10
rtsolvt the 1o;s uc. The waterfall model does not explore the
A f"'rtt,· ul:u rn,·<'~ m\'11.kl $11i111hlt" fo, i1i: n-qun,•m<'nlit !IU\l!le l of the func1ion n:qu1n:d for the dcs1rtc1
anJ ,,,1•0,lrain1,.., S,,nl<'llmo. thC' ,~ J«ll\>(":t ,,f I rn,"11:~$ ,:1011PI< .
!lt..l llwa rt or
m.\Jc-1t::\n l"<" ,·h:v,.._"<'J JcrmJll'\ll, Of''" the ,·hAl"3\·mi$1i~ The process of s~slcm dc.velopmcnt begins wilh the im1ial requucmcnu laid by 1M users and customers.
<'f 1hc- l"''J" '' · C h..,"S10,. • t-c-ncr f"\"}\"('SS mN<'I ii: ''Cf)' (iii) An existing 11ro~ram th111 performs pan ~ •II ceording to these rcqu1rcmcnts, scv~ral alternatives arc derived which can be KCCS5Cd directly by customers and
cm,,·u,I ~t~\fl" ,k,'('~in.g a ~•tl""A~ ~YS1ffll, of the functions dcJircd. The features w1IJ be
~ -Customers and ~scr fi~al_ly decide from the various altema1ivcs and agree upon a particular allcmative whtCh
• improved in.the new development elTon.
rn,,.i,-ptna Moo<'! . (hen passed for d~sign. Simil~r to !he rtquirtmcnts and output given by developers. designs arc also cxploccd
• Prolt>1yping begins with requirements galhtting, ~ the final design 1s chosen wuh consuhation ror customer.
•4. rn"t,fN~T'(' i~a r...~L~up or mOOcl ofa 50fh.\'3rc Developer and customer meet and define the_oveT'III
r n'xlu..·t. In crotra.,110 a simulati,"' nl\l<kl. • pro101ypc .,,.,.back> . , .
objecti\'CS for the softwnrc. Klcnrify whatever rcqu1~~T'ICl1s;
i""'"'JX'l"31~rom~l'<i: (\f thc ac-tual product ~'flially. llrt' known and outline areas when: further dtfimll~ l$ 1· n,c c ustomer seeks for 11 quick working version with rew fut.es. However. prototyping model needs that the
a J'f\~Ol)'J'C c.~hit,it:- limitcd functtonal cap:1bili1ics. low · system is rebuih and high quality is maintained.
mandatory. A "quick design" then occurs. The qutck.
rdil'lt,ilil) and inrfficimt rcrformancc. While developing the prolotype, the developers compromise the implementation for its quick work~g.
design focuses on a rq,rescntation of those as~ or ' 2-
RH.« '11 ~ for Ot,'flftf»ta« Pretotypt the software that will be visible to the user (e.g., mpt< However, many times these compromises cannot be retained when protocype start working thereby lading
approaches and output formats). The quick design leads to to inaccurate design.
ThcrT a'"" sc,·cra.l ~•sons for developing a
pn.,tot)-,-.c. One imrorw,1 reason is to illustrate input data
the construction ofa pro(Ol)'J)C. The prototype is evaluated Q24. compare and contrast between Wllelfall model and spiral model with neat diagrams.
fonn.1ts. ~ reports and interactive dWogucs for by the customer/user and is used to refine requirements
A,11wer • 0.C..-11(1"11). mt•)
the.- cusiomcr. This is a vah.1.1b~ mechanism forc,q>la.ining
,"fflOU..: process~ options to tht customer and for gaining
a hc"'ttcr undersl3ndi~ of the customer's needs.
for the software to be developed_ A process of iteration
occurs as the prot0type is ..turned" to satisfy the needs or
the customer alont with enabling the developer to better
- W1terf1II Model Spiral Model

undffltand about what needs lo be done. I. The flow from one phase to another phase is in I. The How from one phase to another phase is in
Tht second reason for implementing a prototype
is to explore technical issues in the proposed product.
------, linear fashion.
2.. Changes ar,: very difficult to implemenL
itcta1ions (spirals).
2. Changes can be implemented easily.
O ften a major design decision will depend on. say, the
3. Fixing of errors is difficult l. Fixing of errors is relatively easy.
response time ofa device controller or the efficiency of
a JOrtin8 algorithm. In these cases. a prototype may M 4. Easy to understand and adapt. 4. Relatively difficult to understand and adapt.
the hcst.. or the only way to resolve the issoc. 5. 'Risk management is difficult. 5. Better nsk managemcnL
The third reason for developing a prototype is in 6. Suitable for applicati~ns that need development 6. Suirable for component based development.
situations where the phased model ofanalysis ➔ design from scrntch.
➔ implementation is not appropriate. The phased model 7. It is used for small scale systems. 7. It is used for huge scale systems.
is applicable ..i.<hen it is possible to write a reasonably 8. It is economical to adopt. 8. \t is expcnsi,·e to adopt.
.comple1e set of specifications for a software product 9. Dia:nm
Ncualiofied 9. Dl11ram
at the ~giMing of the life cycle. Sometimes it is not
possible 10 define the produc1 without some exploratory for answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 19, Q21. Figure: For answer refer Unit-I. Page No. 21. Q!2.
.. devclopmcnL \\'bile sornttimes n lS not clear how to Phases of Waterfall Model. Figun:: Stag-cs of Spiro Model.
procctd with the next cnhanccment to the system, unol
Q25. Explain ·1n detail about Evolutionary proc"" mocleL
(he current version is implemented and evaluated. The
(; ..-22(11l11}, azt•l J ....,_tl(llt1Sl, Ql(b))
approach of exploratory development is often used to Answer:
develop algorithms 10 play chess, solve maze problems
and to accomplish other tasks that rcqujrc simulation of .lftlMttonary Process Modtl vdo a hi h quality software itl!mtivcly or incn:ment~lly. lt
in~Jligcnt bchaviow-. However prototyping is DQI limited The evolutionary process model t~n~ to de ..~ of !vc'l\lpm.:nt. Th~rc lire two common e-volut1onary
10 theR si1uations. is used lo highlight the flexibility, ext(flSlhlhty and'¥'"..
p,occss models discussed below.
The nature and extent of prototyPing to be
pcnormed on a panicular software project i/depcndent I. Prototyping Model ·
on the na1ure of the project. Nr-w versions ofthe existing ' ,, Q2l Topic: Prollll} plOg Mood.
For answer refer Unu-1. PagC' No. --· '
product can mosi likely be developed using the phased
life--cycJe mod~J with little or no proo>typing. 2, Spiral Mod•I
• r .r1••• 20 Q~2
For answer refor ~njt:l! Page No.. • - · ENTS
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• · Aglle Method ology
26
z;;RY SHORT Q U ~ ~ Praoess. Praoess Models 25
Q · What Is aglle7 List the methods and princlplH of 1glle. ~ - - ~ ~ = S T I O N s ~- - - -
Answer :
oenn• the term software an~ H SOLUT IONS (VSQS)
g1.

---
Model P•~r-l, Ql(lll •o~rt
~,,..,,,, ' tnvlne.t1ng.
Agile
crnphasi,.x m is· 0 1~roJl'Cl
·
~onngcn~cn1 ml·thodol~gy that mnkcs use of short dcvclup1~lcnt cycles
~~In gcner~I lcrm~_. software .is rcrcrrcd a1
um\) on C('ln11nuou~ 1mprcwcmcnt m tht dcvclopmc-nt of" rmtluct/~crv
cRllcd 'sprinb'
,cc. 10
Jl·v ·I Ag~lc "'?:,. rn_t.'-teally <k.·,:ig?l\.-d for SC\RWl\rc indu:ri:try. Rlrt to..lny allilc is v<fl eompulmg device deliver, 11,c de . an "'&ani,...i ll<l r·
hdng used in JiOl'rrt1t inclw1trici; fo, lhc • Il
tx·i~ 1°PnlC.nt ~I 1_tw1r l'':"lucL" And services. ('s nttilc mcth\xlo\ogy ii; highly rt EnJlnttrlnR sired rc~ult b o imrtructions h' h
cmCicnt Ami cnllnbomlivc in nature, it ii , YCOft!idering v . w re when citc\.'.utcd by means of
g ttr,phrd m indu'itnt!.( such as constructiro. finance. maticcting. ndvn1i5ing etc. s,11"1 . anous PfOtcssc, and functions.
Soflwarc cngi~cring ii. defined a.,e5tabli"i..___ _
Tr-jdilionnlly. o wntcrfall appn.1ach was u!led for lengthy projects whcttin
'"l'l'"""d lo b,:. d f d I · L - the customer rc4uircmcnb . ~omicRII rcns,ble and r<liablc sonw .···-and•Jll)lication
.
J. • c inc car Y In Inc pt"OJl"Cl • •
and the rcqmrcmcnt s do not chnngc thcrcnRcr. Dul. II 1s • ar, 1ft · arc th.at can run ffic.
1
. l "' m m,my !i-llua1mns, it ii. not pos!-ihlc 1ri define all the requirements nt the ol\rn obscrvtti ~ Wh•t ar• the char1cterl1Uc1 Of IUooA...,._ ofSOOnd engmccnng princi~I~ for obtaining
stan of the project u many rc,1uircin1:nb .... c icntl on an rul-rimc machine
. --.....,.7
:~:ticmc~~ ch:mgr ln~l."f due to cha~lging technology and competition. However,
m.'Ct.:s:,.n~ ch11ng1..-s to lhc l'\.."'qturemcnls. but requires a lot ofdft1c and cost
1hc tmdilional waterfall model can ,.,,,.,,., ' . .

Asafiwurc should be analy,.cd lhrougt, •

Agik hcing n more efficient methodology, divides a project intO a sequence of . haraclcristic s . VIOOUslcvcls ofpcrc....,· T do .
small cff'orts made by focussed t,)' itS C .
grou~~ thal mcet more frcqucn1ty to discuss specific goals. making it easier ~.,.ion. o 1hl5. which 11 needs to be 11nalyzcd
to bring rn1>id chnngcs as and whl-n

=~n,
rcqutn.-d. These dOOicalcd groups meet a limited set of rcquin:mcnts and deliver 1. Customizable Software
the results in a series of"Rdcasci"
~~~ ~ 2. ..Softwnrc Doesn't Wear Out"
.
Some oft.he popular methods of agile arc, 3. "Software is Devel d or En inttred· it is
I. Scrum • Write ahort notH on any two ~ rcd
in the Cla.~soc:.al Sens,"
03
2, Extn·me rrogrnmming (XP) AfttWtr:
3. L<:an Development The two sofiwarc applications arc u follows.
4. Agile Modeling (a) · Appll<~ti9n Softwart
5. Rational Unified Pr~s (RUP) Applicalio? software usually resides on a sinale System which is ~ pable of satisfying
,eqwremcnts and involves managemcntftcchnical decision making. only businns
6. Dynamic S)'Slems Development Method (DSDM)
(II). Netsourclng
7. Crystal Clear
, . With an unprcdic~ablc growth of lhc internet, the software enginec~ arc
R. Rapid Product Development (RPD). now forced 10 look. forward
· for the development of simple as well as more sophisticated softwares so 1h11.
it is the c:nd user who can uak.c
. larger benefits from such applications, as internet in today's worki.
. These methods have their own unique •PP,lications and clements. However, is not only ac:ttng like: 11n engine bu1also as
pnnc1plcs. they arc based on the Agile the n)ajor source for obtoihing large volumes of data.
,
Agile PrlnciplH , 04- Wh•~ Is legacy software?
The various Agile principles arc as follo~. ~wer : lllodl,l...,.,.._ Q11b)

I. Emph-.1lzt m~n o~ Customer Value: It involves· employing the business Legacy Software can be de~ncd as an okl software developed in the put. This software
driven prioritization or' IS still bcmg u."k!'d
requirements and features. iJ ~ present era as it perfonns essential business activities. It may include procedure whlch arc no longer relevant
2.
.
Iterative and Incrementa l Dtllnry: It involves providing vlluc to the
. in the newer computing environment .(5 businc5:s requimncnts are dynamic. the legacy
sof\w~ :i)<slcm undergo
customer by "Chunking" project continuou! modifications so as to make the software adaptable 10 the new busm<SS
delivery into small increments. rcquircmcnlS imd to make 11
. inleroperable with the current computing environments.
3. E~perimen tation and AdaptadN : 11 involves early testing ofassumptions
and building working constraints QI. U.t ind define the varioul IIOftwlre mytl,a.
to seek fC1:dback from customer and refining the requirements of the product.
4. S.lf-Organ lzatlon: Team members &hould moke a decision among themselves
.' Answer·,
rquding who should do
the work and what work should be done. The three sollwnn: myths on:.
·
5. C ontinuou, Improveme nt: Team should reflect, learn and embrace (I) Maaagemen t Myths: These: Qrt them~ believed by !l>fiw~ nw.n&lcn who
the change, thereby work infonns the o.n: rc::,pons1bk for improving
plan. quality and controlling budg1..'IS. ,
ths
(Ul. C•1tomer Myths:~ ~ urc the my bcrte vtd by•customaS •
who can cithl:r b.: intL-mal ltc:clum:ol group,
marketing/sales depnnment) or c::ticmal to an orgiuuzanon. ·
• • • • • • ' OfM.'1: 1ions believed by RlWl) sot\wtm: pruc1111oocrs.
(W) Practitioner ~, Myths: Practti.ioncr s m)1hs arc ml.SI: p
. · WARNING: Xoroa/Ploe!KIIYiftr of tllilllllll.lo a CIIIMIIAL NI. A■yNO ININI
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26

What ore the fundamental octlvltlH of• ooftwon, procos•7

---==;;;::<...,~
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING [JNTU-HYDERA8ADI

11w: fh -c generic pn,:,ccss framcy,ffl activities useful in developing several project, are given below,
~ -fRE
-
1
. 1ntrod"1ion to Software l;IJqJ
L)lil'!:,..;--~
. NTLY A_SKeo···Q
·Oesr
oefine software. Explain the evoi .
'.
.., ...._~, ~~~\illlllilll\JL~ ~~'TT
,
~_.AGeneroc v,..,, f

IONS
. 0 Process Process Models

& IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

_

27
I'~

I. C ommunication
,..,...,:
Q1 • Vtng role of software.

fc,r 30..wcr rdcr Un11-I. Page Nt) 2 _(JI,

2. Planning
~ i n about evaluation of so;:;;;---::::;.=:-::---- - - - - -- - - - - - -
J. Modelling Q,1.,
4. COJUtNction
,.,,..,.,, engineering methodologies.

{~ •l1(RI I}, 011•) I lbrdt-211P.111. 011b)I

s. Jo,mcnt. f or an<r.w cr refer Llnil-1. Page .' \I') J. <)2
Q7. Diocvas the ma)« problems wt1h the capability maturity model. ---;.;;ne the term Software. Describe ita .
liloct.l P,apet"4,Q1(1) .
Q3.
,.,,..,.,, · Vanous characteristics.

CMM pro..-idc:s various advantages to the development of50ft~ process, even though some of the diaad,. Fm' answer refer t.:nil- 1. Page ~,.,. -t fJJ
nntages ofCMM model arise in the ckvclopmcnt of software process. They arc as follows,
a,. ElabOrate on the changing nature of software in detail.
I. The- CMM model docs not aJlov.· risk analysis and management as the: key process areas. Whereas. the risk
management is a proccs.s thal helps to identify the potential risks in the software development process. ,.,,...., : 1~ 17(R1l}. 02fb/j NovJOec..t~R1ll, Q21a )I
lbe CMM model docs not cooccntra1e on product dcvelopmeni. nather it concentrates on project m.anagernai for an~,.c. rc r\!, Lml .. Page~,,. S. ( ).i.
-."hich docs noc allow an orpnintion to utilize the technologies such as structured methods, prototypinc

l.
QS;
md toots for Slalic amlysis.
The CMM model has complicated rules and procecturcs for small orpnizalions.
What Is - . . Dev■lopment Life Cycle?
--er :
Q5. What is a legacy software? Explain.

(Oec...19(R16), 01 (• 1 I H<rt.1Dec:Al(R16J.

for answer refer Unit-I. Pait ~ o. I;. f)S.

0:21., I Mcw1Dlc.-17{R1St. Q2fa) I Noo,JOec,,.16(R1 ]). 01 (•))

Aaswe.r : QI. Describe the various software myths. (F~.-22IA11). 0 1(• 1 ! ~ J 1 - .1t1R111. 02 1
. . . .,.,.... Q1(1it Ii
Softwan: Development Life Cycle (SDLC) rcfeo to the overall process involved in the software dtvclop- Ano••: 0.C.-H(.P.111. Olfbl I lllareh-171R13). 0 31bl 1 ~m.c.,..1!(RU}. 03t• ll
mcot. h invotvc:s fin phases namely,
1 for.answer refer Uni1-f. Pagc :,..o. 1'. (ft.
I R,qun-emcna Analysis Phase 1
a,. Whit are software engineering layers?
2. Design~
Answer : (Jan.Jhb.-23{R18j, 01f•I I Fltb.-22fR11}, 0'21bJ I lby/ ~ 91R16}. 011• 1I lib'f-1MR1i t. Q2J a ll
). tmplancntat_.,., and Uni1 Tes1ing
Fo, answer refer Uni1-I. Page ~o. 9. ()Ill.
4. Telling Phase
QI. Explain the software process framework. ~\

-II
s. Dq,loymcnl Phase
G. - P h a s e.
Answer: oic,,,.JOK.-17<R1'l , 02tb11 ,..,r;11-,7 tR1l). 0 -:1b1 1~ --154.R11}. ~ • ll :I 3
for answ er , c ftr U ni1-I. Page l\o W. f) I I. ~
QI. - ■nl the -■nt■gft of pn,lot)'plng . . - t over ...-i?
A,os,nr: QI, What Is CMMI? Explain about CMMI 1.-.els.
The adv..._ of pn,wtypins model av..- w-611 model ..-c as follow,. Answer :
/11 The,.,._ Models &iv•• p<OIOlypC lb■I can be UICd Jo ilhmmc input data formats, mcuages, rq,ons fl')r aM·w cr r.: fcr Unn-1. P~c :,..o. I!. CJJ-1
and inlaactive dialogues for the customen. This it a valuaMc rnocbanism for explaining various prt'.JCeUinc 010. What la Software Development Lif• Cycle?
opt,i,ons, IO the c::uslOmtr" and for aainina a bcuff understanding oflht tullOmer'• needs. This is not po,.1iblc
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/ 1i1 The prototype cxpJo,es 1CchmcaJ iNuos in the proposed product. Often, a major design dcci,.,., willdepa,d For an\wcr refer Umt-1. P:tt~t' ' '' I~. IJ l'J
c,n, tay, the rnpon:,c time af • device controller or the efficiency of a 10r1in1 algorithm. Jn thc,c cua. 0

a prUIOtype may be the best, or onJy, way to resolve the Wue. The waicrfall model docs not explore the Q11 . Explain Software d eVetopment process models.
o,,cbnical ....... ., the propoocd product. js.,p -211R II}. OlJ•J I lb~21lA1a,. 011• 1 l F"eo -221R11/, O,(bt)
Answer:

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