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Statistics and Probability

BS Criminology (Divine Word College of Calapan)

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Number of
Flip a pair of
COVERAGE: tosses until the 1, 2, 3, 4, …
coin repeatedly
1. Illustrating a Random Variable (Discrete coin lands tails
and Continuous) Integers from 2
Set of integers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
2. Discrete and Continuous Random to 6
Variables Set of real Real number
2≤x≤6
3. Values of Random Variables numbers from 2 to 6
4. Probability Distribution of Discrete TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLE
Random Variables 1. DISCRETE
5. Computing Probabilities of Random - It can assume only a countable number
Variables of values.
6. Illustrating the Mean and Variance of a - Whose possible values form of finite or
Random Variable countable set of numbers.
7. Interpreting the Mean and the Variance of a 2. CONTINUOUS
Discrete Random Variable - It can assume infinite number of values
in one or more intervals.
- It has infinite numerical values
ILLUSTRATING A RANDOM VARIABLE associated with any interval on the
(DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS) number line system without any gaps.
Discrete Variable EXAMPLES OF RANDOM VARIABLE
- It is a variable, which can only view a countable CONTINUOUS
amount of values. DISCRETE RANDOM
RANDOM
Continuous Variable VARIABLES
VARIABLES
- It is a value that is being acquired by measuring. the number of soldiers in amount of antibiotics in
Random Variable a troupe the vial
- It is a numerical quantity that is assigned to the the number of teachers in
outcome of an experiment or a random length of wire ropes
the meeting
phenomenon. the number of COVID-19
- We use capital letters to represent a random voltage of radio batteries
survivors
variable. the number of students in temperature outside as
- It is a capacity that connects a real number with a class you are reading a book
every component in the sample space. DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS RANDOM
- It is a variable whose qualities are controlled by VARIABLES
chance. Random Variable
Random Phenomenon - It is a function that associates a real number with
 Picking a student at random each element in the sample space.
 Creating a Facebook Profile at random - Examples:
Random Variable o In the experiment of tossing a coin, the
 Students’ grades number of times the coin turns up a head
 Students’ height is an example of random variables.
 Can be the number of goals or assists, number of o Suppose two dice are rolled. The sum of
completed passes, number of possessions won, the two numbers that face up is an
number of tackles, etc. example of a random variable. This
 Number of miles ran variable may take on integers from 2 to
 Can be categorical as well like top album, 12.
movies watched, favorite artists Types of Random Variable
EXAMPLES OF RANDOM VARIABLE 1. Discrete Random Variable
POSSIBLE - It is a random variable whose values
EXPERIMENT NUMBER X VALUES OF represented by count data. This happens
X when the set of possible outcomes from
Number of an experiment can be counted such as
Flip a pair of
heads in 4 flips 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 the number of households in a barangay,
coin
of a coin

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thus making the values of the random HH 2

variable countable just like whole HT 1
numbers 0, 1, 2, 3. EXAMPLE 2:
2. Continuous Random Variable In a box are 2 balls, one blue and one yellow.
- It is a random variable that takes values Two balls are picked one at a time with replacement. Let
on a continuous scale. This happens X be the random variable representing the number of
when the set of possible outcomes from blue balls. Find the values of the random variable X.
an experiment cannot be counted but STEPS SOLUTION
can be measured such as the height of 1. Determine the
Grade 11 students. sample space. Let The sample space for this
- It represents measured data like height, B represent blue experiment is:
weight, and temperature. ball and Y for S = (BB, BY, YY, YB)
Possible Value yellow ball.
Experiment Number X
of X Value of
Number of the
Flipping a pair
heads in 4 flips 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 2. Count the Random
of coin Possible
of a coin number of blue Variable
Outcome
Flipping a pair Number of balls in each X
s
of coin tosses until the 1, 2, 3, 4, … outcome in the (Number
repeatedly coin lands tails sample space and of Blue
Integers from 2 assign this Balls)
Set of integers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
to 6 number to this BB 2
Set of real Real numbers outcome. BY 1
2≤x≤6
numbers from 2 to 6 YY 0
Time until your YB 1
Life span of
iPhone battery PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF DISCRETE
your iPhone 0≤x≤∞
becomes RANDOM VARIABLES
battery
defective Steps to Determine the Values of a Discrete Random
VALUES OF RANDOM VARIABLES Variable:
Steps to Determine the Values of a Discrete Random 1. Sample Space
Variable: 2. Count and assign
1. Determine the sample space. 3. Frequency Distribution Table
2. Count the number of random variables in each 4. Probability Distribution
outcome in the sample space and assign this Properties of Discrete Probability Distribution:
number to this outcome.  The probability of each value of the random
EXAMPLE 1: variable must be between or equal to 0 and 1. In
Suppose two coins are tossed, let Z be the symbol, 0 < P(x) < 1.
random variable representing the number of heads that  The sum of all the probabilities of all values of
occur. Find the values of the random variable Z. the random variable must be equal to 1. In
STEPS SOLUTION symbol, we write it as ∑P(x) = 1.
1. Determine the EXAMPLE 1
The sample space for this
sample space. Let Determine if the distribution below is a discrete
experiment is:
H represent head probability distribution:
S = (TT, TH, HH, HT)
and T for tail. x 1 5 7 8 9
2. Count the Value of P(x) ⅓ ⅓ ⅓ ⅓ ⅓
number of heads the No, because the sum of all the probabilities of
in each outcome Possible Random all values of the random variable is not equal to 1.
in the sample Outcome Variable EXAMPLE 2
space and assign s Z Determine if the distribution below is a discrete
this number to (Number probability distribution:
this outcome. of Heads) x 1 3 5 7
TT 0 P(x) 0.35 0.25 0.28 0.12
TH 1

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Yes, because the sum of all the probabilities of )

values of the random variable is equal to 1. 1 0.1 0.1 -2.7 7.29 0.729
COMPUTING PROBABILITIES OF RANDOM 2 0.1 0.2 -1.7 2.89 0.289
VARIABLES 3 0.1 0.3 -0.7 0.49 0.049
If each of the outcomes is equally likely to occur, then 4 0.5 2 0.3 0.09 0.045
the probability is: 5 0.1 0.5 1.3 1.69 0.169
6 0.1 0.6 2.3 5.29 0.529
EXAMPLE: μ = 3.7 σ2 = 1.81
Golden’s bakery is known for its famous
Filipino delicacies. Among these foods which is a native Another Solution
delicious food called “kakanin” is a “leche puto”. The x P(x) x∙P(x) x2 x2∙P(x)
bakeshop owner recorded the number of boxes of “leche 1 0.1 0.1 1 0.1
puto” that were delivered each day. The number of boxes 2 0.1 0.2 4 0.4
delivered for 10 days is shown below. 3 0.1 0.3 9 0.9
4 0.5 2 16 8
Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number 5 0.1 0.5 25 2.5
of 6 0.1 0.6 36 3.6
35 37 50 45 37 45 40 42 45 42 2
Boxes μ = 3.7 ∑[x ∙P(x)]=15.5
(X)
a) The probability that 40 or more boxes will be
delivered on a particular day is 7/10 or 0.7 or  The mean of a discrete random variable is
70%. interpreted as the average value of a random
b) The probability that the number of boxes variable over repeated trials of an experiment.
delivered will be at least 37 but not more than 50  The variance and standard deviation of a discrete
is 4/5 or 0.8 or 80%. random variable measured or described the
c) The probability that at most 40 boxes will be variability of the assumed values of the random
delivered on a particular day is 2/5 or 0.4 or 40%. variable to the mean.
d) P (X ≤ 45) = 9/10 or 0.9 or 90%  A small variance or standard deviation means that
ILLUSTRATING THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF the assumed values or data points tend to be very
A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE close to the mean.
 The Expected Value or Mean Value of a discrete  A higher variance or standard deviation means that
random variable x can be computed by first the assumed values or data points are far from the
multiplying each possible x value by the probability mean.
of observing that value and then adding the resulting
quantities. Symbolically,

 The Variance of a Discrete Random Variable X,

described by , is computed by first subtracting the
mean from each possible x value to obtain the
deviations, then squaring each deviation and
multiplying the result by the probability of the
corresponding x value, and then finally adding these
quantities.
Definition: If X is a random variable with mean ,
then the variance of X is defined by,

 In addition, the Standard Deviation of x, denoted by

, is the square root of the Variance. In symbol,
or
INTERPRETING THE MEAN AND THE
VARIANCE OF A DISCRETE RANDOM
VARIABLE
X P(X) X∙P(X X−μ (X−μ)2 (X−μ)2∙P(X)

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