Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
1st SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 -2025
MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
INSTRUCTIONAL MANUAL 04
NAME OF STUDENT: _________________________________________
COURSE/YEAR: _____________________________________________
DATE RECEIVED: ____________________________________________
Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249
INSTRUCTOR: LOVELY M. MARAMAG, LPT
I. OVERVIEW:
The main difference between inductive and deductive reasoning is that inductive
reasoning aims at developing a theory while deductive reasoning aims at testing an
existing theory. Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broad
generalizations, and deductive reasoning the other way around. Both approaches are
used in various types of research, and it’s not uncommon to combine them in one large
study.
This learning manual will guide you to understand about Inductive and
Deductive Reasoning. Also, this module contains learning activities which will be
accomplished by the students as the instructor’s way of assessing the students’
knowledge acquisition about the presented topics.
[Link] OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
a. Use inductive reasoning to predict a number, to make a conjecture and solve an
application;
b. Use deductive reasoning to establish a conjecture; and
c. Determine types of reasoning of arguments.
[Link] QUESTIONS:
A. How to use inductive reasoning to predict number, make conjecture and solve an
application?
B. How to use deductive reasoning to establish a conjecture?
C. How to determine types of reasoning of arguments?
[Link] PROPER
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
- The type of reasoning that forms a conclusion based on the examination of
specific examples is called inductive reasoning. The conclusion formed by using
inductive reasoning is a conjecture, since it may or may not be correct.
- It is the process of reaching a general conclusion by examining specific
examples.
When you examine a list of numbers and predict the next number in the list
according to some pattern you have observed, you are using inductive reasoning
EXAMPLE #1 Use Inductive Reasoning to Predict a Number
Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each of the following lists.
a. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ? b. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ?
Solution:
a. Each successive number is 3 larger than the preceding number Thus we predict that
the next number in the list is 3 larger than 15, which is 18.
b. The first two numbers differ by 2. The second and the third numbers differ by 3. It
appears that the difference between any two numbers is always 1 more than the
preceding difference. Since 10 and 15 differ by 5, we predict that the next number in the
list will be 6 larger than 15, which is 21.
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Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1: Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in
each of the following lists.
a. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, _30_ b. 2, 5, 10, 17, 26, _37_
EXAMPLE #2 Use Inductive Reasoning to Make a Conjecture
Consider the following procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add
6 to the product, divide the sum by 2, and subtract 3.
Complete the above procedure for several different numbers. Use inductive
reasoning to make a conjecture about the relationship between the size of the resulting
number and the size of the original number.
Solution:
Suppose we pick 5 as our original number. Then the procedure would produce the
following results:
Original number: 5
Multiply by 8: 8 x 5 = 40
Add 6: 40 + 6 = 46
Divide by 2: 46 ÷ 2 = 23
Subtract 3: 23 – 3 = 20
We started with 5 and followed the procedure to produce 20. Starting with 6 as our
original number produces a final result of 24. Starting with 10 produces a final result of
40. Starting with 100 produces a final result of 400. In each of these cases the resulting
number is four times the original number. We conjecture that following the given
procedure produces a number that is four times the original number.
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 2: Consider the following procedure: Pick a number.
Multiply the number by 9, add 15 to the product, divide the sum by 3, and subtract
5
Complete the above procedure for several different numbers. Use inductive
reasoning to make a conjecture about the relationship between the size of the resulting
number and the size of the original number.
Scientists often use inductive reasoning. For instance, Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) used
inductive reasoning to discover that the time required for a pendulum to complete one
swing, called the period of the pendulum, depends on the length of the pendulum.
Galileo did not have a clock, so he measured the periods of pendulums in "heartbeats".
The following table shows some results obtained for pendulums of various lengths. For
the sake of convenience, a length of 10 inches has been designated as I unit
Length of pendulum, in units Period of pendulum, in heartbeats
1 1
4 2
9 3
16 4
25 5
36 6
49 7
64 8
81 9
144 12
256 16
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Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249
The period of a pendulum is the time it takes for the pendulum to swing from left to right and
back to its original position.
EXAMPLE #3 Use Inductive Reasoning to Solve an Application
Use the data in the above table and inductive reasoning to answer each of the following
questions.
a. If a pendulum has a length of 49 units, what is its period? 7
b. If the length of a pendulum is quadrupled, what happens to its period?DOUBLED
Solution:
a. In the table, each pendulum has a period that is the square root of its length. Thus
we conjecture that a pendulum with a length of 49 units will have a period of 7
heartbeats.
b. In the table, a pendulum with a length of 4 units has a period that is twice that of a
pendulum with a length of 1 unit. A pendulum with a length of 16 units has a period
that is twice that of a pendulum with a length of 4 units. It appears that quadrupling
the length of a pendulum doubles its period.
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3 A tsunami is a sea wave produced by an underwater
earthquake. The height of a tsunami as it approaches land depends on the velocity of
the tsunami. Use the table below and inductive reasoning to answer each of the
following questions.
Velocity of tsunami, in feet per second Height of tsunami, in feet
6 4
9 9
12 16
15 25
18 36
21 49
24 64
27 81
30 100
33 121
a. What happens to the height of a tsunami when its velocity is doubled?x4
b. What should be the height of a tsunami if its velocity is 30 feet per second?
Deductive Reasoning
- Another type of reasoning is called deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is
distinguished from inductive reasoning in that it is the process of reaching a
conclusion by applying general principles and procedures.
EXAMPLE #4: Use Deductive Reasoning to Establish a Conjecture
Use deductive reasoning to show that the following procedure produces a number that
is four times the original number.
Procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the product, divide
the sum by 2, and subtract 3.
Solution:
Let n represent the original number
Multiply the number by 8: 8n
Add 6 to the product: 8n + 6
Page 4 of 8
Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249
8 n+6
Divide the sum by 2: = 4n + 3
2
Subtract 3: 4n + 3 – 3 = 4n
We started with n and ended with 4n. The procedure given in this example produces a
number that is four times the original number.
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 4: Use deductive reasoning to show that the following
procedure produces a number that is three times the original number.
Procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the number by 6, add 10 to the product,
divide the sum by 2, and subtract 5. Hint: Let n represent the original number.
Let n represent the original number
Multiply the number by 6: 6n
add 10 to the product: 6n + 10
divide the sum by 2: (6n + 10) ÷ 2 = 3n + 5
subtract 5: 3n + 5 - 5 = 3n
let n=2: 3(2)=6
N=3 3n=9
Inductive Reasoning vs. Deductive Reasoning
In Example 5, we analyze arguments to determine whether they use inductive or
deductive reasoning.
EXAMPLE #5 Determine Types of Reasoning
Determine whether each of the following arguments is an example of inductive
reasoning or deductive reasoning.
a. During the past 10 years, a tree has produced plums every other year. Last year
the tree did not produce plums, so this year the tree will produce plums.
b. All home improvements cost more than the estimate. The contractor estimated that
my home improvement will cost $35,000. Thus my home improvement will cost
more than $35,000.
Solution:
a. This argument reaches a conclusion based on specific examples, so it is an
example of inductive reasoning.
b. Because the conclusion is a specific case of a general assumption, this argument
is an example of deductive reasoning.
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 5: Determine whether each of the following arguments is
an example of inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning.
a. All Gillian Flynn novels are worth reading. The novel Gone Girl is a Gillian Flynn
novel. Thus Gone Girl is worth reading.
b. I know I will win a jackpot on this slot machine in the next 10 tries, because it has
not paid out any money during the last 45 tries.
[Link]:
Activity 1: In Exercises 1 to 10, use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in
each list.
1. 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, __ 6. 80, 70, 61, 53, 46, 40, __
2. 5, 11, 17, 23, 29, 35, __ 7. 3/5, 5/7, 7/9, 9/11, 11/13, 13/15, __
3. 3, 5, 9, 15, 23, 33, __ 8. ½, 2/3, ¾, 4/5, 5/6, 6/7, 7/8,__
4. 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, __ 9. 2, 7, -3, 2, -8, -3, -13, -8, -18, __
Page 5 of 8
Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249
5. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, __ 10. 1, 5, 12, 22, 35, __
Activity 2: In Exercises 11 to 16, use inductive reasoning to decide whether each
statement is correct. PROVIDE 2 SOLUTIONS OF EACH ITEM.
Note: The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... are called counting numbers or natural numbers.
Any counting number n divided by 2 produces a remainder of 0 or 1. If n÷2 has a
remainder of 0, then n is an even counting number. If n÷ 2 has a remainder of 1, then
n is an odd counting number.
Even counting numbers: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ...
Odd counting numbers: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9,...
11. The sum of any two even counting numbers is always an even counting number.
12. The product of an odd counting number and an even counting number is always an
even counting number.
13. The product of two odd counting numbers is always an odd counting number.
14. The sum of two odd counting numbers is always an odd counting number.
15. Pick any counting number. Multiply the number by 6. Add 8 to the product. Divide
the sum by 2. Subtract 4 from the quotient. The resulting number is twice the original
number.
16. Pick any counting number. Multiply the number by 8. Subtract 4 from the product.
Divide the difference by 2. Add 2 to the quotient. The resulting number is four times
the original number.
Activity 3: Inclined Plane Experiments
Galileo (1564-1642) wanted to determine how the speed of a falling object changes as it
falls. He conducted many free fall experiments, but he found the motion of a falling
object difficult to analyze. Eventually, he came up with the idea that it would be easier to
perform experiments with a ball that rolls down a gentle incline, because the speed of
the ball would be slower than the speed of a falling object. One objective of Galileo's
inclined plane experiments was to determine how the speed of a ball rolling down an
inclined plane changes as it rolls.
Examine the inclined plane shown below and the time-distance data in the following
table.
Distanced d, in centimeters (cm),
Elapsed time t, in seconds a ball rolls in t seconds (s)
Inclined plane 1 Inclined plane 2
0 0 0.0
1 8 6.5
2 32 26.0
3 72 58.5
4 128 104.0
5 200 162.5
Activity 4: Determine whether the argument is an example of inductive reasoning or
deductive reasoning.
_____________ 1. Emma enjoyed reading the novel Finders Keepers by Stephen King,
so she will enjoy reading his next novel.
_____________ 2. All pentagons have exactly five sides. Figure A is a pentagon.
Therefore, Figure A has exactly five sides.
_____________ 3. Every English setter likes to hunt. Duke is an English setter, so Duke
likes to hunt.
Page 6 of 8
Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249
_____________ 4. Cats don't eat tomatoes. Tiger is a cat. Therefore, Tiger does not eat
tomatoes.
_____________ 5. A number is a neat number if the sum of the cubes of its digits
equals the number. Therefore, 153 is a neat number.
_____________ 6. The Atlanta Braves have won five games in a row. Therefore, the
Atlanta Braves will win their next game.
_____________ 7. Since
11 x (1)(101) = 1111
11 x (2)(101) = 2222
11 x (3)(101) = 3333
11 x (4)(101) = 4444
11 x (5)(101) = 5555
we know that the product of 11 and a multiple of 101 is a number in which every digit is
the same.
_____________ 8. The following equations show that n2 – n + 11 is a prime number for
all counting numbers n = 1, 2, 3, 4, …
(1)2 – 1 + 11 = 11 n=1
2
(2) – 1 + 11 = 13 n=2
2
(3) – 1 + 11 = 17 n=3
(4)2 – 1 + 11 = 23 n=4
Note: A prime number is a counting number greater than 1 that has no counting number
factors other than itself and 1. The first 15 prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7. 11. 13, 17, 19,
23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, and 47.
_____________ 9. All odd numbers have letter E. 3 is an odd number and it has letter
E.
_____________ 10. Jennifer always leaves for school at 7:00 a.m. Jennifer is always on
time. Jennifer assumes, then, that if she leaves at 7:00 a.m. for school today, she will be
on time.
11. Obtuse angles are greater than 90 degrees. This angle is 100 degrees, so it must be an
obtuse angle.
12. All birds can fly. All pigeons are birds. Therefore, pigeons can fly.
13. Cacti are plants, and all plants perform photosynthesis. Therefore, cacti perform
photosynthesis.
14. All polygons are closed figure. An octagon is a polygon. Hence, an octagon is a closed
figure.
15. Donna, Trixie, and Benny have won in the Statistics Quiz Bee for five consecutive years.
Thus, they will win again in the contest this year.
16. In the last 3 months, Koreene has harvested cucumber in her vegetable garden every two
weeks. Last week and this week, she did not harvest from her vegetable garden so her garden
will be full of vegetables again next week.
17. All shows of ABS-CBN are worth watching. May Bukas Pa was a teleserye in ABS-CBN.
Hence, May Bukas Pa was worth watching.
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Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249
18. My mother is Filipino. Her eyes are black. Therefore, everyone from the Philippines has
black eyes.
19. All home renovations cost more than the estimated amount. Engr. Joy has estimated that
the cost that she will spend in renovating their house is P100,000. Thus, she concluded that it
will cost her more than P100,000 to renovate their house.
20. Our house is made of bamboo. Both of our neighbors have houses made of bamboo.
Therefore, all houses in our neighborhood are made of bamboo.
REFERENCES:
Aufman, Richard, Lockwood, Joanne, et. al. (2018) MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN
WORLD, Rex Book Store, Inc. Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines
Compiled by:
Lovely M. Maramag, LPT
Gen. Ed. Instructor
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