CHAPTER

2 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Exercise 1 : NCERT Based Topic-wise MCQs

2.1 THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
1. The enlarged end of penis is covered by a loose (d) vagina to uterus
fold of skin is called. NCERT Page-44 / N-28 7. Which of the following is true regarding the male
(a) glans penis (b) foreskin reproductive system? NCERT Page-43 / N-27,28
(c) hymen (d) urethral meatus (a) Sperms are diploid.
2. The functional maturation of sperm in male, occurs (b) It includes testes, accessory ducts and
in NCERT Page-48 / N-27 glands, and oviducts.
(a) epididymis (b) vas deferens (c) The scrotum keeps the testes warmer, thus
(c) seminal vesicle (d) All of these helping it to promote the sperm formation.
3. Which pathway of the male reproductive system is (d) Sertoli cells are found in seminiferous tubules
correct for the sperms transportation? NCERT Page-43 / N-27 and provide nutrition to germ cells.
(a) Vas efferentia → Vas deferens → Epididymis 8. Which of the following pair is incorrectly matched?
(b) Vas deferens → Epididymis → Seminal vesicle (a) Leydig cells - Androgen. NCERT Page-47 / N-27, 28
(c) Epididymis → Vas deferens → Urethra (b) Spermatogenesis - Seminiferous tubules
(d) Rete testis → Epididymis → Vas efferentia (c) Male reproductive system - Pelvis region
4. The lead to vas deferens that ascends to (d) Spermatocytes - Mitotic division
the_____and___loops over the NCERT Page-43 / N-27 9. Two types of cells present in the lining of
(a) prostate, stomach, urinary bladder. seminiferous tubules are_____and______
(b) epididymis, abdomen, urinary bladder. (a) leydig cells, sertoli cells.
(c) vas efferentia, abdomen, ureter. NCERT Page-43 / N-27, 28
(d) urinary bladder, ejaculatory duct, abdomen. (b) male germ cells, sertoli cells.
5. Which of the following is a transporting tube (c) spermatogonium, spermatids.
leading from the bladder to which brings urine (d) primary oocyte, leydig cells.
outside the body via penis? NCERT Page-43 / N-27 10. Identify the structure on the basis of the given
(a) Urethra statement which surrounds the primary sex organ
(b) Epididymis of male reproductive system. "It is responsible for
(c) Ejaculatory duct (d) Urethra meatus maintaining the low temperature by about 2 −
6. If for some reason, the vasa efferentia in the 2.5∘ C from normal body temperature to mature
human reproductive system get blocked, the sperm."
gametes will not be transported from NCERT Page-43/N-27, 28
(a) testes to epididymis (a) Penis (b) Scrotum
NCERT Page-43 / N-27 (c) Ureter (d) Urethra
(b) epididymis to vas deferens 11. Read the following statement and answer the
(c) ovary to uterus question. "The urethra originates from a structure
 (called ' X ) and extends through the male external
genitalia (called ' 𝑌 ' which helps in introducing
2.2 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTE
semen into the vagina) to its external opening
called urethral meatus." Identify 𝑋 and 𝑌. 15. Most of the primary follicles in the ovary normally
NCERT Page-43/N-27, 28 (a) undergo atresia and disintegrate.
(a) 𝑋-Urinary bladder; 𝑌 - Penis (b) mature and are ovulated.
(b) 𝑋 - Vas efferentia; 𝑌 - Penis (c) are lost in the menstrual flow each month.
(c) 𝑋 - Ejaculatory duct ; 𝑌 - Ureter (d) develop throughout the life span.
(d) 𝑋 - Bulbourethral gland; 𝑌 - Ureter 16. Which of the following is not part of the female
12. The feature of some structures of male external genitalia? NCERT Page-46 / N-28
reproductive system is given below. Identify the (a) Clitoris (b) Vagina
structure on the basis of the characteristics which (c) Labia majora (d) Labia minora
surrounds the primary sex organ of male 17. In human females, meiosis-II is not complete until?
reproductive system. NCERT Page-43 / N-27, 28 (a) fertilization (b) uterine implantation
(a) Its enlarged end is called glans penis. (c) birth (d) puberty
(b) It travels through the penis and carry semen as 18. If one ovary of 30 year old lady is removed
well as urine. surgically then what happens in affected lady?
(c) It is responsible for maintaining the low (a) Menstrual cycle is stopped
temperature by about 2 − 2.5∘ C from normal body (b) Menstrual cycle is normal but ovulation does
temperature to mature sperm. not occur
(d) Stores sperms prior to ejaculation. (c) Duration of menstrual cycle is prolonged
13. The given figure shows the male reproductive (d) No effect on menstrual cycle
system. Some structures are marked as A, B, C, and 19. Asac shaped like an upside down pear with a thick
D. lining and muscles in the pelvic area where a
Identify the structure. NCERT Page-43 / N-27, 28 fertilized egg or zygote comes to grow into a baby
is called
(a) oviduct (b) uterus
(c) vagina (d) vulva
20. Which of the following is a finger like structure and
lies at the upper junction of the two labia minora
above the urethral opening?
NCERT Page-46 / N-30
(a) Clitoris (b) Oviduct
(c) Ampulla (d) Chorionic villi
21. Which of the following statements regarding
(a) Seminal vesicles, urinary bladder, bulbourethral mammary gland is incorrect? NCERT Page-46 / N-30
gland and ejaculatory duct. (a) They are paired glandular structure that lies
(b) Urinary bladder ejaculatory duct, bulbourethral over the pectoral muscles.
gland and seminal vesicles (b) Each gland has 100 − 500 lobulated milk
(c) Bulbourethral gland, urinary bladder, glands each having a number of lobules containing
ejaculatory duct, and seminal vesicles. number of alveoli.
(d) Seminal vesicles, urinary bladder, ejaculatory (c) The cells of alveoli secrete milk which is stored
duct and bulbourethral gland. in the cavity of the alveoli.
When semen is released by the penis into the (d) Each milk gland or lobules has lactiferous ducts
vagina during copulation, then it is called that drain into openings in the nipple.
(a) ovulation (b) insemination
NCERT Page-44 / N-28
(c) menstruation (d) gametogenesis
22. The given figure shows the diagrammatic sectional
view of female reproductive system with few
2.3 GAMETOGENESIS
structures marked as A, B, C, D, E and F.
24. In the process of spermatogenesis, first maturation
division is called NCERRI Page-47 / N-31
(a) mitotic division
(b) reduction division
(c) amitotic division
(d) None of the these
25. The LH surge from the anterior pituitary gland
(a) occurs just prior to ovulation.
NCERT Page-47 / N-31
Which of the following options shows the correct (b) occurs just prior to menstruation.
labeling of A − F ? NCERT Page-45 / N-29 (c) stimulates an estrogen surge from the ovaries.
(a) A → Myometrium, B → Isthmus, C → (d) is responsible for follicle development in the
Endometrium,𝐷 → Perimetrium, 𝐸 → Ampulla, uterus.
𝐹 → Infundibulum 26. Which of the following statements about
(b) A → Infundibulum, B → Perimetrium,C → oogenesis is false? NCERA Page-48, 49 / N-32, 33
Endometrium, D → Myometrium,E → Ampulla, (a) The polar bodies degenerate after the second
F → Isthmus meiotic division.
(c) A → Endometrium, B → Myometrium,C → (b) The ovum produced is haploid.
Perimetrium, D → Isthmus, E → Ampulla,F → (c) The major growth phase of the primary oocyte
Infundibulum occurs in prophase-I.
(d) A → Perimetrium, B → Endometrium, C → (d) The primary oocyte is haploid.
Isthmus,D → Infundibulum, E → Ampulla, F → 27. In humans, male germs cells differentiate into the
Myometrium end of first meiotic division. NCERT Page-49 / N-31
23. Refer the figure of mammary gland with few (a) spermatid (b) spermatogonium
structures marked as A, B, C and D. Identify the (c) secondary spermatocyte
marked structures. NCERT Page-46 / N-30 (d) primary spermatocyte
28. Increased secretion of which hormone start the
process of sperm formation at the time of
puberty? NCERT Page-47 / N-31
(a) GH (b) TSH
(c) PRL (d) GnRH
29. By which process sperms released from the
seminiferous tubules? NCERT Page-47 / N-31
(a) Spermiation (b) Insemination
(c) Spermatogenesis (d) Spermiogenesis
30. The mobility of a mature sperm is controlled by the
(a) Mammary lobe, mammary duct, ampulla and mitochondria located in the NCERT Page-48 / N-32
lactiferous duct. (a) Head (b) Middle piece
(b) Ampulla, mammary duct, lactiferous duct and (c) Tall (d) In all of them
mammary lobe. 31. Each spermatogonium which is diploid contains
(c) Lactiferous duct, mammary lobe, mammary how many chromosomes? NCERT Page 49
lobe and ampulla. (a) 23 (b) 26
(d) Mammary duct, mammary lobe lactiferous duct (c) 46 (d) 48
and ampulla. 32. The acrosome enables the sperm to NCERT Page-48 / N-32
(a) help in motility.
 (b) produce energy for activity.
(c) penetrate vitelline membrane of ovum.
(d) fertilize more than one ovum.
33. Which of the following group of cells involved in
spermatogenesis represent haploid cells?
(a) Spermatogonium NCERT Page-47 / N-31
(b) Primary spermatocyte
(c) Both (a) and (b) Which marked structure (A to 𝐷 ) undergoes
(d) Secondary spermatocyte second meiotic division to produce four equal
34. Select the option which shows the correct part of a haploid cells (called spermatids)? NCERT Page-47 / N-31
sperm with its corresponding function. (a) A (b) B
(a) Head: Stimulate Leydig cells to produce (c) C (4) D
androgen hormone. 39. The figure given below shows the structure of
(b) Neck: Essential for maturation and motility of sperm. Identify the correct feature corresponding
sperm. NCERT Page-48 / N-32 to the marked structure A, B, C and D.
(c) Middle piece: Produces energy from NCERT Page-48 / N-32
mitochondria for tail movement which facilitate
sperm motility.
(d) Tail: Help in fertilization with the help of
enzyme present in acrosome.
35. First polar body is formed during the formation of
______and_____completion of meiotic division.
(a) Primary oocytes, II NCERT Page-49 / N-33
(b) Secondary oocytes, 1
(c) Secondary spermatocytes, II (a) A - plasma membrane, B - tail, C - Acrosome, 𝐷 -
(d) Primary spermatocytes, I Neck, 𝐸 - middle piece and 𝐹 - Mitochondria.
36. Second meiotic division in secondary oocyte results (b) A-middle piece, B - plasma membrane, C-Neck,
in the formation of NCERT Page-49 / N-33 𝐷 - Mitochondria, 𝐸 - tail and 𝐹 - Acrosome.
(a) first polar body and a diploid ovum. (c) A - Mitochondria, B - tail, C - Neck, D - plasma
(b) first polar body and a haploid ovum. membrane, E - Acrosome and F - middle piece.
(c) second polar body and a diploid ovum. (d) A-Acrosome, B - middle piece, C - mitochondria,
(d) second polar body and a haploid ovum D - tail, 𝐸 - plasma membrane and F - Neck.
37. Which of the following shows the correct 40. Seminal plasma in humans is rich in
sequence of events leading to the formation of NCERT Page-44 / N-28
mature sperm? NCERT Page-47 / N-31 (a) fructose and calcium but no enzymes
(a) Spermatogonium → Secondary spermatocyte → (b) glucose and certain enzymes but has no calcium
Primary spermatocyte → Spermatids → Sperms. (c) fructose and certain enzymes but poor in
(b) Spermatogonium → Spermatids → Secondary calcium
spermatocyte → Primary spermatocyte → Sperms. (d) fructose, calcium and certain enzymes.
(c) Spermatids → Primary spermatocyte → 41. Semen is a constituent of seminal plasma with
Secondary spermatocyte → Spermatogonium → NCERT Page-48 / N-32
Sperms. (a) ovum (b) sperm
(d) Spermatogonium → Primary spermatocyte → (c) zygote (d) follicle
Secondary spermatocyte → Spermatids → Sperms. 42. Which of the following contains a fluid filled cavity
38. The figure given below shows the sectional view of called antrum?
seminiferous tubule. (a) Primary spermatocyte. NCERT Page-48 / N-32
(b) Primary follicle of ovary.
 (c) Tertiary follicle of ovary.
(d) Secondary spermatocyte. (c) Follicular (d) Menstruation
43. Immediately after ovulation, the mammalian egg is 49. Which of the following indicates pregnancy?
covered by a membrane known as NCERT Page-49 NCERT Page-50 / N-34
(a) chorion (b) zona pellucida (a) Lack of menstruation.
(c) corona radiata (d) vitelline membrane (b) Occurrence of menstrual flow.
44. The figure given below shows the sectional view of (c) When released ovum is not fertilized.
ovary. Select the option which gives correct (d) When Graafian follicle matures and
identification of marked structure (A to 𝐷 ) and its endometrium regenerates through proliferation.
feature. NCERT Page-49 / N-33 50. The correct sequence of hormone secretion from
beginning of menstruation is NCERT Page-51 / N-34, 35
(a) FSH, progesterone, estrogen.
(b) estrogen, FSH, progesterone.
(c) FSH, estrogen, progesterone.
(d) estrogen, progesterone, FSH.
51. Select the correct sequence of menstrual cycle.
(a) A:Primaryfollicle, it is also called gamete NCERT Page-50 / N-34, 35
mother cell. (a) Menstruation, Secretory, Follicular, New cycle.
(b) B: Corpus luteum, it cannot be formed and (b) Menstruation, Follicular, Luteal, New cycle.
added after birth. (c) Follicular, Menstruation, Luteal, New cycle.
(c) C: Grafian follicle, mature follicle which ruptures (d) Luteal, Menstruation, Follicular, New cycle.
to release secondary oocyte. 52. In human female, menopause is a stage in which
(d) D: Tertiary follicle, a large number of this follicle NCERT Page-51 / N-32
degenerates during the phase from birth to (a) oogenesis starts at puberty.
puberty. (b) menstruation starts at puberty.
(c) corpus luteum starts secreting progesterone for
2.4 MENSTRUAL CYCLE maintaining pregnancy.
(d) menstruation stops at the age of 50 years and
45. Menstruation is triggered by a sudden decline in reproductive capacity is arrested.
the amount of hormone secreted by corpus 53. Which of the following statement is correct
luteum. Identify the hormone. NCERT Page-51 / N-34 regarding menstruation? NCERT Page-51 / N-34, 35
(a) Luteinizing hormone (a) The menstrual fluid can easily clot.
(b) Follicle stimulating hormone (b) The end of the cycle of menstruation is called
(c) Progesterone (d) Estrogen menarche.
46. Level of which hormones are at their highest (c) At menopause in the female, there is especially
during the luteal phase (second half of the cycle) of abrupt decrease in gonadotropic hormones.
the menstrual cycle? NCERT Page-51 / N-34 (d) Both LH and FSH attain a peak-level in the
(a) Estrogen (b) Progesterone middle of cycle.
(c) Luteinizing hormone 54. Menstruation is initiated by NCERT Page-50 / N-34, 35
(d) Follicular stimulating hormone (a) a sudden release of FSH from the anterior
47. Which phase of menstrual cycle is also called pituitary.
proliferative phase? NCERT Page-50 / N-34 (b) a lack of estrogens and progesterone due to
(a) Luteal (b) Ovulatory degeneration of the corpus luteum.
(c) Follicular (d) Menstruation (c) an increased release of estrogens and
48. Which phase of menstrual cycle is also called progesterone from the corpus luteum.
secretory phase? NCERT Page-50 / N-34 (d) a sudden drop in LH.
(a) Luteal (b) Ovulatory 55. Study the given figure and identify the correct
event occuring in this. NCERT Page-50 / N-34
 (a) Morula (b) Zygote
(c) Trophoblast (d) Inner cell mass
62. In the given figure the structure of blastocyst.
Some art are labelled as A and B.

(a) Role of pituitary hormones levels.

(b) Events occurring in uterine tissues.

(c) Role of ovarian hormone levels and growth of
ovarian follicles.
(d) Both (a) and (c).
56. Which of the following hormones attains a peak
level in the middle of menstrual cycle?
(a) LH and estrogen NCERT Page-51 / N-34
(b) FSH and progesterone
(c) FSH and LH
(d) Estrogen and progesterone
57. In normal pregnant women, the amount of total
gonadotropin activity was assessed. The result
expected was
(a) high level of circulating FSH and LH in the uterus
to stimulate implantation of the embryo
(b) high level of circulating hCG to stimulate
endometrial thickening
(c) high levels of FSH and LH in uterus to stimulate
endometrial thickening
(d) high levels of circulating hCG to stimulate
estrogen and progesterone synthesis.
2.5 FERTILISATION AND IMPLANTATION Which of the following option is correct?
(a) A-Inner mass, B-trophoblast
58. Which of the following stage of oogenesis forms a (b) A-trophoblast, B- inner mass
membrane called zona pellucida surrounding it? (c) A-follicular, B-Antrum
(a) Oogonia (b) Polar body NCERT Page-52 / N-36 (d) None of these
(c) Corpus luteum (d) Secondary oocytes 63. At the time of fertilization, chromosome number
59. At the time of implantation, the human embryo is NCERT Page-52 / N-36
called NCERT Page-53 / N-37 (a) is halved (b) remains haploid
(a) zygote (b) blastocysts (c) becomes diploid (d) does not change
(c) embryo (d) foetus 64. Fertilization can only occurs if NCERT Page-51 / N-35, 36
60. Fusion of haploid nucleus of sperm and that of (a) sperm reaches to the ampullary - isthmic
ovum lead to the formation of NCERT Page-52 / N-35 junction before the ovum.
(a) zygote (b) blastocysts (b) ovum reaches to the ampullary - isthmic
(c) embryo (d) foetus junction before the sperm.
61. Which of the following differentiate into embryo? (c) sperms are transported to the uterus and ovum
NCERT Page-53 / N-36 to the fallopian tube simultaneously.
 (d) sperm and ovum are transported
simultaneously to the ampullary - isthmic junction.
65. Which of the following does not occur in the time
during and immediately following fertilization?
(a) Fusion of the sperm and ovum nuclei.
NCERT Page-52 & 53 / N-35, 36
(b) Division of the oocyte cell by meiosis
(c) Implantation of the ovum in the uterus.
(d) Digestion of cell layers around the oocyte by
sperm.
66. What happens during fertilization in humans after
many sperms reach close to the ovum?
(a) Cells of corona radiata trap all the sperms
except one NCERT Page-51 / N-36
(b) Only the closest sperm to the ovum penetrates
the zona pellucida.
(c) Secretions of acrosome helps one sperm enter
cytoplasm of ovum through zona pellucida and
plasma membrane.
(d) All sperms except the one nearest to the ovum
lose their tails
67. Which of the following is the first change that Which of the following options shows the correct
occurs to the zygote after fertilization? labelling?
(a) It divides to form a hollow ball of cells, called (a) A → Zona pellucida; B → Ovuin'; C → Cells of
the blastocyst. NCERT Page-52 & 53 / N-35 corona radiata, 𝐷 → Perivitelline space
(b) It begins to secrete the hormones. (b) A → Perivitelline space, B → Antrum, C → Zona
(c) It contacts the endometrial wall of the uterus pellucida 𝐷 → Ovum
and becomes buried inside it. (c) A → Zona pellucida, B → Ootid, C → Cells of
(d) It initiates the formation of a placenta. corona radiata, 𝐷 → Perivitelline space
68. Presence of 𝑋𝑋 or 𝑋𝑌 chromosomes in zygote (d) A → Cells of corona radiata, B → Morula, 𝐶 →
depends on NCERT Page-52 / N-36 Perivitelline space, 𝐷 → Zona pellucida
(a) the sperm carrying 𝑋 chromosome fertilized the 70. Which layer of blastocysts gets attached to the
ovum. endometrium? NCERT Page-53 / N-36
(b) the sperm carrying 𝑌 chromosome fertilized the (a) Trophoblast (b) Inner cell mass
ovum. (c) Umbilical cord (d) Both (a) and (c)
(c) the sperm without any chromosome fertilized 71. Blastomeres are daughter cells formed in the
the ovum. process of NCERT Page-52 / N-35
(d) the sperm carrying 𝑋 or 𝑌 chromosomes (a) cleavage, when zygote undergoes mitotic
fertilized the ovum. division.
69. In the given figure the structure of ovum is (b) fertilization, when sperm enters in the
surrounded by few sperms and some artare cytoplasm of ovum.
labelled as A, B, C and D. (c) implantation, when blastocysts attached to the
uterine
N endometrium.
(d)
C gametogenesis, when male and female
gametes
E are produced by testis and ovary
respectively
R
72. The
T given figure represent a stage of embryonic
development. Identify the stage with its feature.
 (d) due to the stimulation generated during
Braxton Hicks contractions.
75. Placenta facilitate NCERT Page-53 / N-37
(a) the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the
embryo.
(b) removal of carbon dioxide.
(c) removal of excretory/waste materials.
(d) All of the above
N result when
76. Identical twins
C
(a) the zygote divides and the daughter cells split
E independently.
and develop
R with identical genetic material are
(b) two eggs
T each by a different sperm.
fertilized,
(c) an embryo splits before cellular differentiation
P
has occurred.
(d) Both a(a) and (c)
77. What will g happen to pregnancy if placenta fails to
functioneduring the gestation?
-
(a) The pregnancy would not continue.
5
(b) The foetus would be born prematurely.
(c) There2would be no effect on the pregnancy.
(d) The corpus luteum would continue produce
hormone/ as an alternative source until birth.
78. Primary germ layers are NCERT Page-54 / N-38
N and inner cell mass only.
(a) ectoderm
-
(b) trophoblast, ectoderm and mesoderm.
3
(c) endoderm and mesoderm only.
6
(d) ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.
(a) Blastocysts, ready to fertilize with sperm. 79. Which of the following hormones is produced in
(b) Secondary oocyte, implants on endometrial women only during pregnancy? NCERT Page-53 / N-37
layer of uterus. (a) Relaxin (b) Estrogen
(c) Morula, formed by mitotic division of zygote. (c) Oxytocin (d) Progesterone
(d) Ovary, produce female gamete and secretes 80. By the end of how many weeks, major organ
hormones like estrogen etc system are formed during the embryonic
2.6. Pregnancy and Embryonic Development development? NCERT Page-54 / N-38
2.6 PREGNANCY AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT (a) 4 weeks (b) 8 weeks
(c) 12 weeks (d) 24 weeks
81. All of the following statements concerning
73. In human embryology, the chorion is derived from pregnancy are accurate EXCEPT
NCERT Page-53 / N-38 (a) the detection of human chorionic gonadotropin
(a) Ectoderm (b) Mesoderm in the urine forms the basis for pregnancy tests.
(c) Endoderm (d) Trophoblast (b) the cyclic release of pituitary gonadotropins
74. The majority of human organ formation occurs and ovarian steroids is continued.
NCERT Page-54 / N-38 (c) the mammary gland tissue of the pregnant
(a) entirely during the last trimester of pregnancy. woman is stimulated to develop by placental
(b) after implantation and during the first trimester hormones.
of pregnancy. (d) the corpus luteum of pregnancy maintains the
(c) shortly before the onset of true labour. uterus until the placenta is well established.
 2.7 PARTURITION AND LACTATION Exercise 2 : NCERT
82. Colostrum NCERT Page-54 / N-38 EXEMPLAR & PAST
(a) is a hormone essential for milk secretion.
(b) can be synthesized by the newborn infant but YEARS NEET
not by a foetus.
(c) stimulates further secretion of oxytocin for NCERT EXAMPLAR QUESTIONS
uterine contraction.
(d) is a source of antibodies essential to develop 1. Choose the incorrect statement from the following
resistance against diseases in new born babies. (a) In birds and mammals internal fertilisation
83. Which of the following hormone acts on uterine takes place
muscle and causes its stronger contraction? (b) Colostrum contains antibodies and nutrients
(a) Relaxin (b) Estrogen (c) Polyspermy is prevented by the chemical
(c) Oxytocin (d) Progesterone changes in the egg surface
84. Which of the following induces foetal ejection (d) In the human female implantation occurs
reflex? NCERT Page-54 / N-38 almost seven days after fertilisation
(a) Initiation of lactation 2. Identify the wrong statement from the following.
(b) Fully developed foetus and placenta (a) High levels of estrogen triggers the ovulatory
(c) Expulsion of the baby out of the uterus. surge.
(d) Transport of embryo in the fallopian tube. (b) Oogonial cells start to proliferate and give rise
85. During parturition, a pregnant woman is having to functional ova in regular cycle from puberty
prolonged labour pains and child birth has to be onwards.
fastened. It is advisable to administer a hormone (c) Sperms released from seminiferous tubules are
that can NCERT Page-54 / N-38 poorly motile/non-motile.
(a) increase the metabolic rate. (d) Progesterone level is high during the post
(b) release glucose in the blood. ovulatory phase of menstrual cycle.
(c) stimulate the ovary. 3. Spot the odd one out from the following structures
(d) activate smooth muscles. with reference to the male reproductive system
86. Study the statement given below and answer the (a) Rete testis (b) Epididymis
question. 'Vigorous contraction of the ' 𝑋 ' at the end (c) Vasa efferentia (d) Isthmus
of the ' 𝑌 ' causes expulsion of the foetus." Identify 𝑋 4. Seminal plasma, the fluid part of semen, is
and 𝑌. contributed by NCERT Page-44
(a) X-Vagina ; 𝑌 - Fertilization I. Seminal vesicle
NCERT Page-54 / N-38 II. Prostate
(b) 𝑋 - Uterus; 𝑌 - Pregnancy III. Urethra
(c) 𝑋 - Placenta ; 𝑌 - Implantation IV. Bulbourethral gland
(d) 𝑋 - Embryo ; 𝑌 - Ovulation (a) I and II (b) I, II and IV
87. Signals for parturition originate from: (c) II, III and IV (d) I and IV
NCERT Page-54 / N-38 5. Spermiation is the process of the release of sperms
(a) Both placenta as well as fully developed foetus from NCERT Page-47 / N-31
(b) Oxytocin released from maternal pituitary (a) seminiferous tubules (b) vas deferens
(c) Placenta only (c) epididymis (d) prostate gland
(d) Fully developed foetus only 6. Mature Graafian follicle is generally present in the
ovary of a healthy human female around
(a) 5-8 day of menstrual cycle NCERT Page-50 / N-35
(b) 11-17 day of menstrual cycle
 (c) 18-23 day of menstrual cycle 15. The membranous cover of the ovum at ovulation is
(d) 24-28 day of menstrual cycle NCERT Page-51
7. Acrosomal reaction of the sperm occurs due to (a) coröna radiata (b) zona radiata
NCERT Page-51 (c) zona pellucida (d) chorion
(a) its contact with zona pellucida of the ova 16. Identify the odd one from the following.
(b) reactions within the uterine environment of the (a) labia minora (b) fimbriae
female (c) infundibulum (d) isthmus
(c) reactions within the epididymal environment of
the male PAST YEARS NEET
(d) androgens produced in the uterus
8. Which one of the following is not a male accessory 17. Fertilization in humans is practically feasible only if
gland? 2016, C
(a) Seminal vesicle (b) Ampulla (a) the sperms are transported into vagina just
(c) Prostate (d) Bulbourethral gland after the release of ovum in fallopian tube
9. The immature male germ cell undergo division to (b) the ovum and sperms are transported
produce sperms by the process of simultaneously to ampullary isthmic junction of the
spermatogenesis. Choose the correct one with fallopian tube
reference to above. NCERT Page-49 (c) the ovum and sperms are transported
(a) Spermatogonia have 46 chromosomes and simultaneously to ampullary - isthmic junction of
always undergo meiotic cell division the cervix
(b) Primary spermatocytes divide by mitotic cell (d) the sperms are transported into cervix within
division 48 hrs of release of ovum in uterus
(c) Secondary spermatocytes have 23 18. Select the incorrect statement :
chromosomes and undergo second meiotic division NCERT Page-51 / N-32 | 2016, S
(d) Spermatozoa are transformed into spermatids (a) FSH stimulates the sertoli cells which help in
10. Which among the following has 23 chromosomes? spermiogenesis
NCERT Page-49 (b) LH triggers ovulation in ovary
(a) Spermatogonia (b) Zygote (c) LH and FSH decrease gradually during the
(c) Secondary oocyte (d) Oogonia follicular phase
11. Which of the following hormones is not secreted (d) LH triggers secretion of androgens from the
by human placenta? Leydig cells
(a) Hcg (b) Estrogens NCERT Page-53 19. Capacitation occurs in : 2017, C
(c) Progesterone (d) LH (a) Epididymis (b) Vas deferens
12. The vas deferens receives duct from the seminal (c) Female reproductive tract (d) Rete testis
vesicle and opens into urethra as NCERT Page-43 20. The difference between spermiogenesis and
(a) epididymis (b) ejaculatory duct spermiation is NCERT Page-47 / N-31 | 2018, S
(c) efferent ductule (d) ureter (a) In spermiogenesis spermatids are formed, while
13. Urethral meatus refers to the: NCERT Page-43 in spermiation spermatozoa are formed.
(a) urinogenital duct (b) In spermiogenesis spermatozoa are formed,
(b) opening of vas deferens into urethra while in spermiation spermatids are formed.
(c) external opening of the urinogenital duct (c) In spermiogenesis spermatozoa are formed,
(d) muscles surrounding the urinogenital duct while in spermiation spermatozoa are released
14. Morula is a developmental stage NCERT Page-52 from sertoli cells into the cavity of seminiferous
(a) between the zygote and blastocyst tubules.
(b) between the blastocyst and gastrula (d) In spermiogenesis spermatozoa from sertoli
(c) after the implanation cells are released into the cavity of seminiferous
(d) between implanation and parturition tubules, while in spermiation spermatozoa are
formed.
21. The amnion of mammalian embryo is derived from (b) Seminiferous tubules → Rete testis → Vasa
2018 BN efferentia → Epididymis → Vas deferens →
(a) ectoderm and mesoderm Ejaculatory duct → Urethra → Urethral meatus
(b) endoderm and mesoderm (c) Seminiferous tubules → Vasa efferentia →
(c) ectoderm and endoderm Epididymis → Inguinal canal → Urethra
(d) mesoderm and trophoblast (d) Testis → Epididymis → Vasa efferentia → Vas
22. Hormones secreted by the placenta to maintain deferens → Ejaculatory duct → Inguinal canal →
pregnancy are NCERT Page-53 / N-37 | 2018, C Urethra → Urethral meatus
(a) hCG, hPL, progestogens, prolactin 25. Which of the following hormone levels will cause
(b) hCG, hPL, estrogens, relaxin, oxytocin release of ovum (ovulation) from the graffian
(c) hCG, progestogens, estrogens, glucocorticoids follicle?
(d) hCG, hPL, progestogens, estrogens (a) High concentration of Progesterone
23. Extrusion of second polar body from egg nucleus NCERT ( Page-50 / N-34 | 2020 , C
occurs: 2019, S (b) Low concentration of LH
(a) after entry of sperm but before fertilisation (c) Low concentration of FSH
(b) after fertilisation (d) High concentration of Estrogen
(c) before entry of sperm into ovum 26. Meiotic division of the secondary oocyte is
(d) simultaneously with first cleavage completed 2020, C
24. Select the correct sequence for transport of sperm (a) At the time of copulation
cells in male reproductive system 2019, C (b) After zygote formation
(a) Testis → Epididymis → Vasa efferentia → Rete (c) At the time of fusion of a sperm with an ovum
testis → Inguinal canal → Urethra
(d) Prior to ovulation
27. Match the following columns and select the correct option.
NCERT Page-49 / N-33 |. 2020
Column-I Column-II

(A) Placenta (i) Androgens

(B) Zona pellucida (ii) Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

(C) Bulbo-urethral glands (iii) Layer of the ovum

(D) Leydig cells (iv) Lubrication of the Penis

(A) (B)(C) (D)
(a) (i) (iv) (ii) (iii)
(b) (iii) (ii) (iv) (i).
(c) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
(d) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
28. Receptors for sperm binding in mammals are present on : NCERT Page-51 / N-35 | 2021, C
(a) Zona pellucida (b) Corona radiata
(c) Vitelline membrane (d) Perivitelline space
29. Which of these is not an important component of initiation of parturition in humans?
(a) Release of prolactin NCERT (Page-54 / N-38 | 2021, S
(b) Increase in estrogen and progesterone ratio
(c) Synthesis of prostaglandins
(d) Release of oxytocin
30. Which of the following secretes the hormone, relaxin, during the later phase of pregnancy?
 (a) Uterus (b) Graafian follicle NCERT Page-53 / N-37 | 2021, C
(c) Corpus luteum. (d) Foetus
31. Given below are two statements: NCERT Page-47 / N-31 | 2022, C
Statement I: The release of sperms into the seminiferous tubules is called spermiation.
Statement II: Spermiogenesis is the process of formation of sperms from spermatogonia.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
(b) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
(c) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
(d) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
32. Which of the following statements are true spermatogenesis but do not hold true Oogenesis?
(i) It results in the formation of haploid gametes NCERT Page-47, 48 & 49 / N-31, 32, 33 | 2022, C
(ii) Differentiation of gamete occurs after the completion of meiosis
(iii) Meiosis occurs continuously in a mitotically dividing stem cell population
(iv) It is controlled by the Luteinising hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) secreted by
the anterior pituitary
(v) It is initiated at puberty
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
(a) (ii) and (iii) only (b) (ii), (iv) and (v) only
(c) (ii), (iii) and (v) only' (d) (iii) and (v) only
33. At which stage of life the oogenesis process is initiated? NCERT Page-48 / N-32 | 2022, S
(a) Embryonic development stage (b) Birth
(c) Adult (d) Puberty
34. Given below are two statements: NCERT Page-44 / N-28 | 2023
Statement I: Vas deferens receives a duct from seminal vesicle and opens into urethra as the ejaculatory duct.
Statement II: The cavity of the cervix is called cervical canal which along with vagina forms birth canal. In the light of
the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are true.
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are false.
(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is false.
(d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true.
35. Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R.
Assertion A: Endometrium is necessary for implantation of blastocyst.
Reason R: In the absence of fertilization, the corpus luteum degenerates that causes disintegration of
endometrium. NCERT Page-53 / N-35, 36 | 2023
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(a) Both 𝐴 and 𝑅 are true and 𝑅 is the correct explanation of 𝐴.
(b) Both 𝐴 and 𝑅 are true but 𝑅 is NOT the correct explanation of 𝐴.
(c) 𝐴 is true but 𝑅 is false.
(d) 𝐴 is false but 𝑅 is true.
 Exercise 3 : MATCHING, STATEMENTS &
ASSERTION REASON TYPE
MATCH THE FOLLOWING
1. In the given columns, column I contain structures of male reproductive system and column II
contains its feature. Select the correct match from the options given below.
NCERT Page-43,44 / N-27, 28
Column I Column II
(Structure of Male Reproductive System) (Features)

A. Seminiferous tubule I. Network of seminiferous tubule

B. Rete testis II. Secondary sexual characters

Meiosis and sperm formation

C. Leydig cells III.
occurs

D. Glans Penis IV. Place of implantation

V. Enlarged end of penis

(a) A-I; B - II; C-III; D -V (b) A − IIIB − I; C − II; D − V

(c) A − IIIB − I; C − IV; D − II (d) A-II; B - IV; C - III; D - V
2. In the given columns, column-I contain structures of female reproductive system and column-II contain its feature.
Select the correct match from the option given below. NCERT Page-45,46 / N-28, 29, 30
Column-1 Column-II
(Structures of female (Features)
reproductive system)

It undergoes cyclical changes

A. Ampulla I. during menstrual cycle.

It helps in collection ofovum

B. Labia majora II.
after ovulation.

Wider part of fallopian tube where fusion of male and female

C. Oviduct III.
gametes takes place.

Larger hairy folds which extend down from the mons pubis and
D. Fimbriae IV.
surrounds the vaginal opening.

Also called fallopian tubes, which extend from the periphery of

V.
each ovary to the womb.

(a) A − I; B − II; C − III; D − V (b) A − III; B − I; C − II; D − V

 (c) A − III; B − IV; C − V; D − II (d) A-II; B - IV; C-III; D - V
3. Match the column-I with column-II and select the correct option. Match from the options given below
NCERT Page-48 / N-32
Column-I Column-II

It is formed when oogonia

A. Primary oocyte I. starts division and temporarily
arrested at phase of meiosis I.

A large haploid cell which

Secondary
B. II. retains bulk of nutrient rich
oocyte
cytoplasm of the primary oocyte.

A large number of these

C. Primary follicle III. degenerate during the
phase from puberty to birth.

Rupture to release ovum from

D. Graafian follicle V.
the ovary.

(a) A-I; B - II; C - III; D – V (b) A − III; B − I; C − IV; D − V

(c) A − II; B − IV; C − V; D − III (d) A-II; B - IV; C - III; D - V
4. Match the column-I with column-II and select the correct option. NCERT Page-52 & 53 / N-35, 36

Column-I Column-II

A. Fertilization I. Mitotic division

B. Implantation II. Embryo with 8 to 16 blastomeres

C. Cleavage III. Ampullary-isthmic junction

Structure formed by the

D. Morula IV. continuous division of
8 to 16 blastomeres

Embedding of blastocysts
V.
in the endometrium

(a) A − I; B − II; C − IV; D − V

(b) A − III B - I; C-IV; D - II
(c) A − III; B − V; C − I; D − IV
(d) A − III; B − V; C − I; D − II
5. Match the hormones given in column-I with their functions given in column-II and select the correct option.
NCERT Page-51,53 & 54 / N-37
 Column-I Column-II
(Hormones) (Functions)

A. Luteinizing hormone I. Develop corpus luteum

Essential for maintenance

B. Progesterone II. of uterine layer (called
endometrium)

Develops female secondary

C. Estrogen III.
Sexual characters

Maturation of Graafian
D. Oxytocin IV.
hormone follicle

V. Causes uterine contraction.

(a) A-I; B - V; C-III; D - IV

(b) A − III; B − I; C − II; D − V
(c) A − I; B − II; C − III D - V
(d) A-I; B - II; C - III; D - IV
6. In the given columns, column-I contain features of developing child and column-II contain the time of their
occurrence. Select the correct match.

Column-I Column-II
(Features of developing child) (Time of there occurrence)

By the end of the second

A. Heart sound I.
month of pregnancy

Foetus develops
B. III. During the fifth Month
limbs and digit

Formation of major First sign of growing

c. III.
organ system foetus

D. First movement of
foetus and appearance IV. By the end of 12 weeks
of hair on head

V. By the end of 24 weeks

(a) A-I; B - II; C-III; D - IV

 (b) 𝐴 − 𝐼𝐼𝐼; 𝐵 − 𝐼; 𝐶 − 𝐼𝑉; 𝐷 − 𝐼𝐼
(c) A − II; B − I; C − III; D − V
(d) A - III; B - IV; C - II; D - V
7. Match between the following representing parts of the sperm and their functions and choose the correct option.
Column I Column II
A. Head I. Enzymes
B. Middle piece II. Sperm motility
C. Acrosome III. Energy
D. Tail IV. Genetic material

A B C D

(a) II IV I III

(b) IV III I II

(c) IV I II III

(d) II I III IV

8. Match the following and choose the correct options. NCERT Page-52 &53/ N-37
Column 1 Column II

Embedding of blastocyst
A. Trophoblast I.
in the endometrium

Group of cells that would

B. Cleavage II.
differentiate as embryo

Outer layer of
C. Inner cell mas III. Blastocyst attached to
the endometrium

D. Implantation IV. Mitotic division of zygote

A B C D
(a) II I III IV
(b) III IV II I
(c) III I II IV
 (d) II IV III I

9. Match the items given in Column I with those Column II and select the NCERT Page-49 & 50 / N-34
Column I Column II

Breakdown of
A. Proliferative Phase I.
endometrial lining

B. Secretory Phase II. Follicular Phase

C. Menstruation III. Luteal Phase

D. Menarche IV At puberty
A BCD
(a) III II I IV
(b) I III II IV
(c) III I II IV
(d) II III, I IV
TWO STATEMENT TYPE QUESTIONS
DIRECTION: Read the statements carefully and Statement II: The valve includes mons pubis, labia
answer the question on the basis of following mayera labia minora, clitoris and hymen. NCERT -46
options. / N-30
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect 14. Statement I: The second meiotic division results in
(b) Statement I is correct but Statement II is the formation of a first polar body. NCERT Page-52/N-32
incorrect Statement II: The haploid nucleus of the sperms
(c) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is and ovum fuse together to form a diploid zygote.
correct
(d) Statement II is correct but statement I is
incorrect.
Four/Five Statement Type Questions
10. Statement I: Parturition is induced by a complex
neuroendocrine mechanism. Statement II: 15. Select the correct statements regarding oogenesis.
Oxytocin acts on the uterine muscle and causes NCERT (Page-48 & 49 / N-32
stronger uterine contractions. NCERT Page-54 / N-38 (i) It is initiated during the embryonic development
11. Statement I: The uterine cells divide rapidly and stage when millions of oogonia
covers the blastocyst. are formed within each ovary.
Statement II: The blastomeres continues to divide (ii) Graafian follicle releases primary oocyte from
and transforms into blastocyst. NCERT Page-53 / N-36 the ovary by ovulation.
12. Statement I: The head of sperm contains materials (iii) At puberty only 60,000 − 80,000 primary
which helps in sex-determinate in foetus. NCERT -43 follicles are left in each ovary.
/ N-32 (iv) Secondary oocyte within tertiary follicles grows
Statement II: The function of mitochondria in in size and completes its second meiotic division.
sperm is to provide energy for the movement of (v) The primary oocyte forms a new membrane
sperm. called vona pellucida.
13. Statement I: Clitoris lies at the upper junction of (a) (i), (ii) and (iii) (b) (i) and (iii)
the two labia minora. (c) (ii), (iv) & (v) (d) all the five statements.
16. The division of primary oocyte results in:
 (i) unequal cells a smaller haploid secondary
oocyte and a larger diploid polar body. Assention& Reason Questions
(ii) unequal cells a larger haploid secondary oocyte
and a smaller haploid polar body. DIRECTION: These questions consist of two
(iii) unequal cells a smaller diploid secondary statements, each printed as Assertion and Reason.
oocyte and a larger haploid polar body. While answering these questions, you are required
(iv) equal cells a haploid secondary oocyte and a to choose any one of the following four responses.
haploid polar body. (a) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the
(a) Only (i) (b) Only (ii) correct explanation of (𝐴) (b) (A) is correct but (R)
(c) Only (iii) (d) Only (iv) is not correct
17. Which of the following statement regarding female (c) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct
reproductive system is (are) correct? (d) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the
(i) Myometrium undergoes strong contraction at correct explanation of (𝐴)
the time of delivery of baby. 19. Assertion : During fertilisation, acrosome help the
(ii) Ovary is secondary female sex organ which sperm enter into the cytoplasm through zona
produces female gamete and steroid hormones. pellucida. Reason : If several spermatozoa hit the
(iii) Ovarian stroma is divided into two zones: inner egg at same time, all can enter the egg. NCERT
cortex and outer medulla. Page-51 / N-35
(iv) Infundibulum possess finger like projections 20. Assertion : Corpus luteum degenerates in the
which help in collection of ovum after the release absence of fertilisation.
of secondary oocyte. Reason : Progesterone level decreases. NCERT
(v) The uterus opens into vagina through a narrow Page-51 / N-35
cervix. 21. Assertion : Head of sperm consists of acrosome
(a) (i), (iv) and (v) (b) (i), (ii) and (iii) and mitochondria.
(c) (iii), (iv) and (v) (d) All the four statements Reason :Middle piece contains spiral row of
18. Which of the following statements are correct with mitochondria. NCERT Page-48/N N-32
respect to hormones secreted by placenta? 22. Assertion : Testicular lobules are the
(i) Placenta secretes relaxin during later stage of compartments present in testis.
pregnancy. NCERTI Page-53 / N-37 Reason : These lobules are involved in the process
(ii) Placenta secretes high amount of FSH during of fertilisation. NCERT Page-43 / N-27, 28
pregnancy. 23. Assertion: Placenta is an endocrine Tissue.
(iii) Placenta secretes relaxin during initial stage of Reason: It secretes many hormones during
pregnancy. pregnancy. NCERT Page-53 / N-37
(iv) Placenta secretes hCG and hPL during 24. Assertion : In females, parturition occurs after the
pregnancy. pregnancy.
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (i), (ii) and (iv) Reason : Signal for parturition originates from fully
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (ii), (iii) and (iv) developed embryo. NCERT Page-54 / N-38
 Answer Keys
Exercise-1 (NCERT Based Topic-wise MCQs)

1 (b) 10 (b) 19 (b) 28 (d) 37 (d) 46 (b) 55 (c) 64 (d) 73 (d) 82 (d)

2 (d) 11 (a) 20 (a) 29 (a) 38 (b) 47 (c) 56 (c) 65 (c) 74 (b) 83 (c)

3 (c) 12 (c) 21 (b) 30 (b) 39 (a) 48 (a) 57 (d) 66 (c) 75 (d) 84 (b)

4 (b) 13 (d) 22 (c) 31 (c) 40 (d) 49 (a) 58 (d) 67 (a) 76 (d) 85 (d)

5 (a) 14 (b) 23 (a) 32 (c) 41 (b) 50 (c) 59 (b) 68 (d) 77 (b) 86 (b)

6 (a) 15 (a) 24 (b) 33 (d) 42 (c) 51 (b) 60 (a) 69 (a) 78 (d) 87 (a)

7 (d) 16 (b) 25 (a) 34 (c) 43 (c) 52 (d) 61 (d) 70 (a) 79 (a)

8 (d) 17 (a) 26 (d) 35 (b) 44 (c) 53 (d) 62 (b) 71 (a) 80 (c)

9 (b) 18 (c) 27 (c) 36 (d) 45 (c) 54 (b) 63 (c) 72 (c) 81 (b)

Exercise-2 (NCERT Exemplar & Past Years NEET)

1 (c) 5 (a) 9 (c) 13 (c) 17 (b) 21 (a) 25 (d) 29 (a) 33 (a)

2 (b) 6 (b) 10 (c) 14 (a) 18 (c) 22 (d) 26 (c) 30 (c) 34 (a)

3 (d) 7 (a) 11 (d) 15 (a) 19 (c) 23 (a) 27 (c) 31 (b) 35 (b)

4 (b) 8 (b) 12 (b) 16 (a) 20 (c) 24 (b) 28 (a) 32 (c)

Exercise-3 (Matching, Statement & Assertion Reason Type)

1 (b) 4 (d) 7 (b) 10 (d) 13 (b) 16 (b) 19 (b) 22 (b)

2 (c) 5 (c) 8 (b) 11 (b) 14 (c) 17 (a) 20 (a) 23 (d)

3 (b) 6 (b) 9 (d) 12 (c) 15 (b) 18 (a) 21 (c) 24 (d)

 HINTS & SOLUTIONS
EXERCISE -1
1. (b) Foreskin is a double-layered fold of smooth 15. (a) Although the human female is born with
muscle tissue; blood vessels, neurons, skin, and millions of primordial follicles in the ovaries that
mucous membrane that covers and protects the can give rise to primary, secondary and mature
glans penis and the urinary meatus when the penis follicles, the vast majority become atretic.
is not erect. The foreskin is mobile, fairly Although a number of follicles begin to develop
stretchable, and acts as a natural lubricant. each month, only one primary follicle matures to
2. (d) Secretions of epididymis, vas deferens, seminal become the dominant follicle that is ovulated in
vesicle and prostate are essential for maturation each monthly ovarian cycle. Approximately 400
and motility of sperms. mature follicles are ovulated during the
3. (c) Epididymis lies between vas efferents and vas reproductive life of the human female.
deferens. 16. (b) The vagina is an internal reproductive organ
4. (b) The epididymis leads to vas deferens that and is not considered part of the vulva.
ascends to the abdomen and loops over the 17. (a)
urinary bladder. 18. (c)
5. (a) The urethra originates from the urinary bladder 19. (b) The uterus is a female reprofductive organ
and extends through the penis to its external located between the bladder and the rectum, in
opening called urethral meatus. the pelvic area. The main purpose of the uterus is
6. (a) to nourish a foetus prior to birth. In menstruating
7. (d) Sperm are haploid male gametes. Oviducts are females, the ovaries release eggs which travel via
a part of female reproductive system. Scrotum the fallopian tubes to the uterus.
maintains testes at lower (2-2.5 degrees) than 20. (a) Clitoris is a small, sensitive, erectile part of the
normal body temperature. Sertoli cells certainly female genitals at the anterior end of the vulva. It
nourish the developing male germ cells. is homologous with the penis.
8. (d) A spermatogonium divides into two primary 21. (b) The glandular tissue of each breast is divided
spermatocytes. Each primary spermatocyte into 15-20 mammary lobes containing clusters of
duplicates its DNA and subsequently undergoes cells called alveoli.
meiosis I to produce two haploid secondary 22. (c) In the given figure of female reproductive
spermatocytes. Each of the two secondary system, the marked structures (A to 𝐹 ) are the
spermatocytes further undergoes meiosis II to parts of uterus and fallopian tube. A to 𝐹 are
produce two haploid spermatids. respectively endometrium, myometrium,
9. (b) perimetrium, isthmus, ampulla and infundibulum.
10. (b) 23. (a) The structures marked in the figure of
11. (a) The urethra originates from a structure [called mammary gland are A-mammary lobe, B-
urinary bladder (𝑋)] and extends through the male mammary duct C-ampulla, and D-lactiferous duct.
external genitalia [called penis (𝑌) which helps in The mammary gland is a gland located in the
introducing semen into the vagina] to its external breasts of females that is responsible for lactation.
opening called urethral meatus. Mammary glands only produce milk after
12. (c) The scortum helps in maintaining the low childbirth. Mammary lobe (A) contains clusters of
temperature of the testes 2 − 2.5∘ C which is lower cells called alveoli which secrete milk which is
than of normal body temperature. stored in the cavities of alveoli.
13. (d) 24. (b) The immature male germ cells or primary
14. (b) The process of insemination is the release of spermatocyte duplicates its DNA and subsequently
semen containing male gametes, the sperms, into undergoes meiosis I which is a reductional division
the female reproductive tract during coitus. to produce two haploid secondary spermatocytes.
25. (a) The LH surge is a peak burst of LH from the 36. (d) Second meiotic division in secondary oocyte
anterior pituitary gland, which causes ovulation. It results in the formation of a second polar body & a
occurs in the middle of the ovarian cycle and is haploid ovum (ootid).
stimulated by the positive feedback of a high blood 37. (d) A spermatogonium divides into two primary
level of estrogen that is sustained for 48 to 50 spermatocytes. Each primary spermatocyte
hours. Although FSH and LH stimulate follicle duplicates its DNA and subsequently undergoes
development at the beginning of a cycle, it is the meiosis-I to produce two haploid secondary
LH surge that results in the rupture of the spermatocytes. Each of the two secondary
dominant follicle from the ovary. spermatocytes further undergoes meiosis II to
26. (d) During oogenesis, the primary oocyte is diploid; produce two haploid spermatids.
after the first meiotic division into the secondary 38. (b) ' 𝐵 ' are the secondary spermatocytes which
oocyte the cell becomes haploid. further undergoes meiosis II to produce two
27. (c) Each primary spermatocyte duplicates its DNA haploid spermatids.
and subsequently undergoes meiosis I to produce 39. (a) In the given figure, 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷, 𝐸 and 𝐹 are
two equal, haploid secondary spermatocytes. Each marked as plasma membrane, tail, acrosome, neck,
of the two secondary spermatocytes further middle piece and mitochondria.
undergoes meiosis II to produce two haploid 40. (d) Seminal plasma is secreted from male acessory
spermatids. Therefore, total four equal, haploid glands & it is rich in fructose, calcium and certain
spermatids are producted after second meiotic enzymes.
division. 41. (b) Semen, or seminal fluid, is an alkaline fluid that
28. (d) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is contains spermatozoa embedded in seminal
released from the anterior pituitary. GnRH activity plasma. Semen is ejaculated by male reproductive
is very low during childhood, and is activated at system during orgasm.
puberty or adolescence. At the puberty increased 42. (c) In biology, antrum is a general term for a cavity
secretion of GnRH start the process of sperm or chamber, which may have specific meaning in
formation. reference to certain organs or sites in the body.
29. (a) The mature spermatozoa are released from the Tertiary follicle of ovary contains a fluid filled cavity
protective sertoli cells into the lumen of the called antrum and a secondary oocyte ready for
seminiferous tubule and a process called ovulation.
spermiation then takes place, which removes the 43. (c) Immediately after ovulation, the layer that
remaining unnecessary forms around the ovum is called corona radiata. It
30. (b) cytoplasm and organelles. is formed by the granulosa cells of cumulus
31. (c) Each human somatic cell is diploid with a set of oophorus. Corona radiata probably increases the
pair of 23 chromosomes, so the total number of likelihood that the ovum will be picked up in the
chromosomes is 46 . Spermatogonia are also uterine tube.
diploid in nature having 46 chromosomes. 44. (c) Oogonia are called as gamete mother cell.
32. (c) The acrosome (head of the sperm) contains the Corpus luteum is formed as a temporary endocrine
necessary enzymes (hyaluronidase and acrosin) to structure after the ovulation. It is involved in the
penetrate the membrane of the ovum. production of relatively high levels of progesterone
33. (d) Secondary spermatocytes are the result of and moderate levels of estradiol and inhibin A to
meiotic division, so they are the haploid ones. maintain pregnancy. A large number of primary
34. (c) follicles degenerate during the phase from birth to
35. (b) First polar body is formed during the formation puberty.
of secondary oocytes and completion of Ist meiotic 45. (c) The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of
division. In humans, the secondary oocytes are progesterone which is essential for maintenance of
produced when the primary oocytes complete the endometrium and the pregnancy but its
meiosis I. decrease in secretion triggers the menstrual cycle.
46. (b) The ovulation (ovulatory phase) is followed by 56. (c) Both LH and FSH attain a peak level in the
the luteal phase (latter phase of the menstrual middle of menstrual cycle (about 14th day)
cycle) during which the remaining parts of the resulting in ovulation.
Graafian follicle transform as the corpus luteum, 57. (d) Placenta acts as an endocrine gland during
which produces progesterone. So progesterone is pregnancy and produces several hormones include
highest at luteal phase. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), estrogen,
47. (c) The menstrual phase is followed by the progesterone and so on. hCG stimulates the corpus
follicular phase. During this phase, the primary luteum to secrete progesterone.
follicles in the ovary grow to become a fully mature 58. (d) The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein thick
Graafian follicle and simultaneously the noncellular membrane surrounding the plasma
endometrium of uterus regenerates through membrane of an oocyte or secondary oocytes.
proliferation. 59. (b) During human embryogenesis, the blastocyst
48. (a) Luteal phase is also called as the secretory arises from the morula in the uterus, after 5 days
phase of menstruation cycle. The luteal phase of fertilization. The early embryo undergoes cell,
begins with the formation of the corpus luteum differentiation and structural changes to become
and ends in either pregnancy or luteolysis. The the blastocyst. It is then prepared for implantation
main hormone associated with this stage is into the uterine wall 6 days after fertilization.
progesterone, which is significantly higher during Implantation marks the end of the germinal stage
the luteal phase than other phases of the cycle. and the beginning of the embryonic stage of
49. (a) During pregnancy, all events of the menstrual development.
cycle stop and there is no menstruation. 60. (a) In sexual reproduction in organisms, when the
50. (c) FSH, estrogen, progesterone two nuclei of male and female gametes fuse
51. (b) The cycle starts with the menstrual phase. together the immediate cell which is formed is
When menstrual flow occurs, it lasts for 3 − 5 called the zygote. The zygote goes on to become
days. The menstrual phase is followed by the an embryo and later stages of development.
follicular phase or proliferative phase. The luteal or 61. (d) In the blastocyst, the blastomeres are arranged
secretory phase just follows the former and into an outer layer called trophoblast and an inner
completes the cycle. Then, all new cycle begins group of cells attached to trophoblast called the
thereafter. inner cell mass. The trophoblast layer then gets
52. (d) In human beings, menstrual cycles ceases attached to the endometrium and the inner cell
around 50 years of age; that is termed as mass gets differentiated
menopause. 62. (b)
53. (d) Menstrual cycle is the cycle of natural changes
that occurs in the uterus and ovary as an essential
part of making sexual reproduction possible.
Menstrual fluid cannot easily clot. The end of the
cycle of menstruation is called menopause. During
the follicular phase, gonadotropins (LH and FSH)
increase gradually and stimulate follicular 63. (c) Fertilization through the process of the fusion of
development as well as secretion of estrogen by haploid male and female gametes, ensures the
growing follicles. restoration of the diploidy of the human foetus.
54. (b) A decrease in estrogen and progesterone as the 64. (d) The ampullary-isthmus junction is the particular
corpus luteum degenerates (in the absence of place where actually fertilization occurs. This is the
pregnancy) initiates menstruation. crucial place for the fertilization because the ovum
55. (c) The given figure shows the role of ovarian released by the ovary is transported to the
hormones and growth of ovarian follicles in the ampullary-isthmic junction.
various phases of menstrual cycle. 65. (c) Implantation is not the immediate process. It
takes 5 days to occur after fertilization.
66. (c) During fertilization in humans, when many 80. (c) By the end of 12 weeks (first trimester), most of
sperms reach close to the ovum, the secretion of the major organ systems are formed, for example,
acrosome helps the sperm to enter into the the limbs and external genital organs are well-
cytoplasm of the ovum through the zona pellucida developed.
and the plasma membrane. This induces the 81. (b) The high levels of estrogen and progesterone in
completion of the meiotic division of the secondary the maternal circulation during pregnancy inhibit
oocyte. the cyclic release of pituitary gonadotropins and
67. (a) The zygote divides mitotically to form 8,16 prevent the menstrual cycles. Pregnancy hormones
daughter cells called blastomeres. This stage is include hCG, which maintains the corpus luteum of
called morula which continues to divide and pregnancy and forms the basis for pregnancy
transforms into blastocyst. diagnosis urine tests. Ovarian and placental
68. (d) Ovum contains the haploid set of chromosomes estrogen and progesterone, human placental
with one of the 𝑋 chromosomes. The haploid set of lactogen, and pituitary prolactin stimulate
chromosomes in the male gamete, sperm has development of the ducts and alveoli in the
either the 𝑋 or 𝑌 chromosome. Thus, the sex of the mammary glands.
foetus depends on the male gamete fertilizing the 82. (d) Milk produced during the initial few days of
ovum. lactation is called colostrum. This contains several
69. (a) antibodies absolutely essential to develop
70. (a) The outer wall of the blastocyst i.e., the resistance for the newborn babies.
trophoblast gets attached to the endometrium of 83. (c) Oxytocin acts on the uterine muscle and causes
the uterus during implantation. its strong contractions, which inturn further
71. (a) Blastomeres are a type of cell produced by stimulates the secretion of oxytocin making a kind
cleavage (cell division) of the zygote after of feedback loop. Thus, the resultant stimulatory
fertilization and are an essential part of blastula reflex between the uterine contraction and
formation. oxytocin secretion continues
72. (c) The given figure shows the morula stage of resulting in stronger and stronger contractions.
embryonic development. Morula is produced by a 84. (b) Fully developed foetus and the placenta induce
series of cleavage (mitotic) divisions of the early foetal ejection reflex. Foetal ejection reflex is also
embryo, starting with the single-celled. Once the called mild uterine contraction.
embryo has divided into 16 cells, it begins to 85. (d) activate smooth muscles
resemble a mulbery, hence the name. 86. (b) Vigorous contraction of the uterus at the end of
73. (d) the pregnancy causes expulsion of the foetus.
74. (b) The development of organs and organ systems, 87. (a) The signals for child birth (parturition) originate
a process called organogenesis, occurs during the from the fully matured foetus and placenta which
latter. half of the first trimester. induce mild uterine contractions called foetal
75. (d) All of the above statements are correct. ejection reflex.
76. (d) If an embryo splits before cell fate has been
determined, identical twins may result.
EXERCISE - 2
77. (b) NCERT Exemplar
78. (d) Primary germ layers are ectoderm, endoderm &
mesoderm. Many animals are primarily Questions
triploblastic, as endoderm (inner) and ectoderm 1. (c) Polyspermy describes an egg that has been
(outer) interact to produce a third germ layer, fertilised by more than one sperm. Binding of the
called mesoderm (middle). Together, the three sperm to the egg during fertilisation, induces
germ layers will give rise to every organ in the depolarisation of the egg plasma membrane that
body, from skin and hair to the digestive tract. block the entry of additional sperms. Rest all
79. (a) , statements are correct.
2. (b) Oogenesis is the process of formation of a 7. (a) One of the three glycoproteins (ZP3) that
mature female gamete. Unlike sperm formation functions as a sperm receptor, binds to a
that starts at puberty, egg formation begins before complementary molecule on the surface of the
birth. Primordial germ cells complete the sperm head. This binding of the sperm head to the
proliferative stage of oogenesis in the early receptor molecule 𝑍𝑃3 induces the acrosome of
embryonal state when million of gamete mother the sperm to release its hydrolytic enzymes (sperm
cells (oogonia) are formed within each faetal ovary, lysins).
no more oogonia are formed and added after 8. (b) Ampulla is one of the four region of Fallopian
birth. tubes. The oviducts (Fallopian tubes), uterus and
3. (d) Isthmus is the part of female reproductive vagina constitute the female accessory ducts.
system. The fallopian tube (oviduct) in female 9. (c) In testis, the immature male germ cells
reproductive system consists four regions, i.e., (spermatogonia) produce sperms by the process of
Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus and uterine part. spermatogenesis. The spermatogonia present on
Isthmus has a narrow lumen and it joins the uterus. the inside wall of seminiferous tubules multiply by
It is the line that separates the body of the uterus mitotic division and increase in numbers.
from the cervix. Each spermatogonia is diploid that contains
4. (b) The male accessory glands are paired seminal 46(2𝑛) chromosomes. Some of the spermatogonia
vesicles, a prostate and paired bulbourethral called primary spermatocytes periodically undergo
glands. Secretions of these glands constitute the meiosis. A primary spermatocyte completes the
seminal plasma that is rich in fructose, calcium and first meiotic division (reduction division) leading to
certain enzymes. formation of two equal, haploid cells called
The secretions of bulbourethral glands also help in secondary spermatocytes, which contains only 23
the lubrication of penis. chromosomes each (n).
Urethra is the duct that extends through the penis The secondary spermatocytes undergo the second
in male reproductive system and serve as a meiotic division to produce four equal, haploid
comman passage for both sperm and urine. In spermatids. The spermatids are transformed into
female, urethra has no reproductive function. spermatozoa (sperms) by the process called
5. (a) Spermiation is the process of release of spermiogenesis.
spermatozoa from Sertoli cells into the cavity of 10. (c) Secondary oocyte is a product of meiotic
the seminiferous tubules. From here, sperms pass division of primary oocyte during oogenesis in the
through vasa efferentia into the epididymis for ovary and has 23 chromosomes. Oogenesis is
temporary storage. initiated at the foetal ovary in the early embryonic
6. (b) In humans (female), the menstrual cycle lasts stage of female and a fixed number of oogonia
for about 28/29 days. In the follilcular phase in (gamete mother cells) are formed and before the
which the primary follicles in the ovary grows to birth of the female child no more oogonia are
become a fully mature graafian follicle due to added after birth.
stimulation of FSH. This phase (follicular) lasts for Spermatogonia is the immature male germ cells
about 14 days. that produce sperms. Each spermatogonium is
During this phase, the secretion of gonadotropins diploid (2n) that contain 46 chromosomes.
(LH and FSH) increases gradually and stimulates The sperms containing haploid nucleus and that of
secretion of estrogen by the growing follicles both the ovum fuse together to form a diploid ( 2𝑛 )
LH and FSH attain a peak level in the middle of zygote i.e., 46 chromosomes.
cycle (about 14th day). During foetal development, certain cells in the
This rapid secretion of LH called LH surge, induces germinal epithelium of the ovary undergo mitotic
rupture of Graafian follicle and thereby the release divisions, producing undifferentiated germ cells
of ovum. This ovulatory phase is followed by the called oogonia. The oogonia is diploid (2n) and
luteal phase during which the remaining follicular contain 46 chromosomes.
cells enlarge to become the corpus luteum.
11. (d) LH-Luteinizing Hormone is produced by anterior isthmus. While, labia minora is the female external
pituitary gland. The organ that connects the genitalia.
developing embryo (foetus) and maternal body
(uterine wall) to allow nutrient uptake, waste
Past Years NEET
17. (b) The word ampulla is derived from the Latin
elimination and gas exchange via the mother's
word 'flask'. Being the second portion of the
blood supply is known as placenta.
fallopian tube, it is the intermediate dilated
It also acts as an endocrine tissue and produces
portion which immediately curves over the ovary.
several hormones like Human Chorionic
This is the common site of human fertilization as
Gonadotropin (hCG), Human Placental Lactogen
both the ovum and sperms are simultaneously
(hPL), estrogenes, progesterone, etc.
transported here.
12. (b) The vas deferens is a continuation of the cauda
18. (c) Considering the female reproductive
epididymis. It is about 40cm long and enters the
endocrinology, ovulation is the process of the
abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal.
monthly release of the viable oocyte from the
Then, it passes over the urinary bladder, curves
ovary between the time of menarche and
round the ureter and joins a duct from seminal
menopause. During this time, there
vesicle and opens into urethra as the ejaculatory
is a surge in the production of LH and FSH, termed
duct. These ducts store and transport the sperms
as gonadotropins, thereby initiating estradiol and
from the testis to the outside through urethra.
progesterone secretion from the ovary. Both these
13. (c) From the urinary bladder the urethra originates
hormones are very important for the menstrual
and extends through the penis to its external
cycle.
opening called urethral meatus. Opening of vas
19. (c) Capacitation is increase in fertilising capacity of
deferens along with a duct of seminal vesicle open
sperms which occurs in female reproductive tract.
into urethra as the ejaculatory duct.
It is required to render sperm to fertilize an oocyte.
14. (a) The sperms and ovum fuses together to form a
20. (c) Spermiogenesis is conversion of spermatids into
diploid zygote. As the zygote moves through the
spermatozoa whereas spermiation is the release of
isthmus of the oviduct towards the uterus, the
the sperms from sertoli cells into the cavity of
mitotic division (cleavage) starts and forms 2, 4,8,
seminiferous tubule.
16 daughter cells called blastomeres.
21. (a) The extraembryonic membranes are amnion,
The embryo containig8 − 16 blastomeres is called
chorion, allantois and yolk sac. Amnion is derived
a morula. The morula further divides and
from mesoderm on the outer side and ectoderm
transforms into blastocyst, further gets embedded
on the inner side. Chorion is formed from
in the endometrium of the uterus. This is called
trophoectoderm and mesoderm, whereas allantois
implantation.
and yolk sac membrane have mesoderm on
15. (a) The ovum is surrounded by the inner thin,
outerside and endoderm in inner side.
transparent, non-cellular coat zona pellucida and
22. (d) The placenta is an endocrine gland that is only
outer thick coat corona radiata. During fertilisation
present during pregnancy. It relaseshCG, hPL,
sperm first comes in contact with the corona
progestogens, estrogens, etc. Human chorionic
radiata and zona pellucida to reach the plasma
gonadotropic hormone (hCG) stimulates the
membrane of the egg (ovum).
corpus luteum during pregnancy to release
16. (a) The female accessory ducts constitute the
estrogen and progesterone. Human placental
oviducts (Fallopian tubes), uterus and vagina. Each
lactogen (hPL) is involved in growth of body of
fallopian tube extends from the periphery of each
mother and breast. Progesterone maintains
ovary to the uterus. The closer part of the ovary is
pregnancy.
the funnel-shaped infundibulum, that possess
23. (a) Extrusion of second polar body from egg
finger-like projections called fimbriae. The
nucleus occurs after entry of sperm into the
infundibulum leads to a wider part of the oviduct
secondary oocyte but before fertilisation. The
called ampulla. The last part of the oviduct is
entry of sperm into the ovum induces completion
 of the meiotic division of the secondary oocyte.  Oxytocin, the main hormone, also called as birth
Entry of sperm causes breakdown of metaphase hormone is released by maternal pituitary, which
promoting factor (MPF) and turns on anaphase brings about strong uterine contractions.
promoting complex (APC).  Prolactin is a lactation hormone that has no role in
24. (b) The correct sequence for transport of sperm initiation of parturition.
cells in male reproductive system is: 30. (c) The hormone relaxin is produced in the later
Seminiferous tubules → Rete testis → Vasa phase of pregnancy. It is produced by the ovary.
efferentia → Epididymis → Vas deferens →  Graafian follicle is not formed when the woman is
Ejaculatory duct → Urethra → Urethral meatus pregnant.
25. (d) The gonadotropin (LH and FSH) increases  Uterus and foetus do not produce relaxin.
gradually during the follicular phase, and  Relaxin is produced by the corpus luteum present
stimulates follicular development as well as in the ovary. Ruptured Graafian follicle is called
secretion of estrogens by the growing follicles. corpus luteum, which has endocrine function.
Both LH and FSH attain a peak level in the middle 31. (b) The spermatids are transformed into
of cycle (about 14th day). Rapid secretion of LH spermatozoa (sperms) by the process called
leading to its maximum level during the mid-cycle spermiogenesis. After spermiogenesis, sperm
called LH surge induces rupture of Graafian follicle heads become embedded in the Sertoli cells, and
and thereby the release of ovum (ovulation). are finally released from the seminiferous tubules
26. (c) Meiotic division of secondary oocyte is by the process called spermiation.
completed after the entry of sperm in secondary 32. (c) Oocytes start division and enter into prophase-I
oocyte which lead to the formation of a large ovum of the meiotic division and get temporarily
and a tiny 2nd polar body. arrested at that stage, called primary oocytes.
27. (c) The correct option is (c) because placenta Oogenesis is initiated during the embryonic
secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). development stage when a couple of million
Zona pellucida is a primary egg membrane gamete mother cells (oogonia) are formed within
secreted by the secondary oocyte. The secretions each fetal ovary; no more oogonia are formed and
of bulbourethral glands help in lubrication of the added after birth.
penis Leydig cells synthesise and secrete testicular 33. (a) Oogenesis is initiated during the embryonic
hormones called androgens. development stage when a couple of million
28. (a) In mammals during the process of fertilisation gamete mother cells (oogonia) are formed within
sperm interacts with thick extracellular coat of a each fetal ovary; no more oogonia are formed and
egg that is called as the zona pellucida receptors added after birth.
are present. The space that is present between the 34. (a) Both the statements are correct. Vas deferens
vitelline membrane and the zona pellucida is called receives a duct from seminal vesicle and opens into
as Perivittelline space. urethra as the ejaculatory duct. The cavity of the
29. (a) At the end of gestation, the completely cervix is called cervical canal which along with
developed foetus is expelled out. This process is vagina forms birth canal.
called parturition. 35. (b) Both assertion and reason are correct but
 Parturition is controlled by a complex reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
neuroendocrine mechanism. Corpus luteum secretes large amount of
 Estrogen and progesterone ratio increases as progesterone which is essential for maintenance of
estrogen levels rise significantly. endometrium of uterus. In absence of fertilisation,
 Prostaglandins, which stimulate uterine the corpus luteum degenerates hence the
contractions are also produced that act on decrease in the level of progesterone hormone will
myometrium. cause disintegration of endometrium leading to
menstruation.
 EXERCISE - 3
1. (b) A − III; B − I; C − II; D − V
2. (d) 𝐴 − 𝐼𝐼; 𝐵 − 𝐼𝑉; 𝐶 − 𝐼𝐼𝐼; 𝐷 − 𝑉
3. (b) 𝐴 − 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐵 − 𝐼; 𝐶 − 𝐼𝑉; 𝐷 − 𝑉
4. (d) 𝐴 − 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐵 − 𝑉; 𝐶 − 𝐼; 𝐷 − 𝐼𝐼
5. (c) A − I; B − II; C − III; D − V
6. (b) 𝐴 − 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐵 − 𝐼; 𝐶 − 𝐼𝑉; 𝐷 − 𝐼𝐼
7. (b)
Column I Column II

A. Head Genetic material

B. Middle piece Energy

C. Acrosome Enzymes

D. Tail Sperm motility

8.
Column I Column II

Outer layer of blastocyst

A. Trophoblast
attached to the endometrium

B. Cleavage Mitotic division of zygote

C. Inner cell mass Group of cells that would differentiate as embryo

Embedding of blastocyst
D. Implantation
in the endometrium

9. (d) In proliferative phase, the follicles start 14. (c) The second meiotic division is also unequal and
developing, called follicular phase. Secretory phase results in the formation of a second polar body and
is also called as luteal phase mainly controlled by a haploid ovum (ootid). Soon the haploid nucleus
progesterone secreted by corpus luteum. of the sperms and that of the ovum fuse to form a
Menstruation involves breakdown of overgrown diploid zygote.
endometrial lining. 15. (b) Graafian follicle releases secondary oocyte from
10. (d) Both the statements are correct. the ovary by the process of ovulation. Primary
11. (b) After attachment, the uterine cells divide oocyte within the tertiary follicle grows in size and
rapidly and cover the blastocyst. As a result, the completes its first meiotic division. The secondary
blastocyst becomes embedded in the oocyte forms a new membrane called zona
endometrium of the uterus. The morula continues pellucida.
to divide and transforms into blastocyst. 16. (b) The division of primary oocyte results in
12. (c) The head of the sperm is known as acrosome unequal cells a larger haploid secondary oocyte
that has enzymes which help sperm to enter an and a smaller haploid polar body.
egg. 17. (a)
13. (a)
18. (a) Placenta secretes hCG and hPL during
pregnancy while it secrete relaxin during later
stages of pregnancy.
19. (b) Fertilisation is the fusion of male and female
gametes to form zygote. During fertilisation, only
head of the sperm enters the egg. After that
polyspermy is avoided by fertilisation membrane.
20. (a) In female, Graafian follicle forms corpus luteum
after ovulation. The cells of corpus luteum are
called luteal cells. The cytoplasm of luteal cells
have yellow granules called lutein which secrete
the hormone progesterone to maintain pregnancy
if fertilisation takes place. In the absence of
fertilisation, corpus luteum degenerates and forms
corpus albicans and there is decrease in
progesterone level as well.
21. (c) Head of a sperm has acrosome but the spiral
row of mitochondria are present in the mid
(connecting) piece of the sperm.
22. (b) Testicular lobules, the compartments present in
the testes, are not involved in the process of
fertilisation as whole. Fusion of male and female
gametes is called fertilisation.
23. (d) Placenta is an endocrine gland that is present
only during pregnancy. It is responsible for
production of various hormones like human
chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), oestrogen,
progesterone, human placental lactogen (hPL).