HISTORY P2 REVIEWER 5.

Oath of Office:

o On the evening of March 22, 1897, in

Tanza, Aguinaldo, General Mariano
Trias, and General Emiliano Riego de
Module 6: My Elections to the Dios took their oaths of office.
Presidency General Artemio Ricarte initially
refused but was later convinced to
1. Background: take his oath as Captain General.
o While busy building defenses at 6. Bonifacio's Resistance:
Pasong Santol, Dasmariñas, Emilio
Aguinaldo was informed by a group of o The day after Aguinaldo’s oath,
cavalry soldiers led by Colonel Bonifacio and his supporters declared
Vicente Riego de Dios of his election the election null and void. Aguinaldo,
as the head of the government, choosing not to confront Bonifacio,
following the union of the Magdiwang focused on reinforcing Pasong Santol.
and Magdalo factions. Unfortunately, Bonifacio ordered
General Ricarte to intercept
2. Results of the Election: Aguinaldo’s troops, weakening their
defense.
o President: Andres Bonifacio and
Emilio Aguinaldo were nominated. 7. Tragic Loss:
Aguinaldo won.
o On March 25, 1897, Pasong Santol fell
o Vice-President: Andres Bonifacio to the enemy, resulting in the death of
was nominated again, but General General Crispulo Aguinaldo. This
Mariano Trias, Bonifacio’s Minister of event deepened Aguinaldo's sorrow,
Justice, defeated him. as Bonifacio's interference likely
contributed to the defeat.
o Captain General: General Artemio
Ricarte won, despite feeling 8. Trial and Execution of the Bonifacio
unqualified. Brothers:
o Secretary of War: Bonifacio was o Andres and Procopio Bonifacio were
nominated again, but General tried by a military court for treason
Emiliano Riego de Dios won. and rebellion against the
revolutionary government. Despite
o Secretary of Interior: Bonifacio won
Aguinaldo’s initial order to show
but was challenged by General Daniel
mercy and banish them, Generals Pio
Tirona, who argued Bonifacio was not
del Pilar and Mariano Noriel
a lawyer. Bonifacio declared the
convinced him to rescind the order,
election null and void out of
citing the brothers’ treachery.
frustration and left.
o On May 10, 1897, Major Lazaro
3. Conflict and Tensions:
Macapagal led a squad to execute the
o Despite being elected as Secretary of Bonifacio brothers on Mount Tala.
Interior, Bonifacio left the assembly
due to Tirona’s objection. Colonel
Santiago Rillo and other delegates Module 7: Declaration of Philippine
urged Bonifacio to stay, but he
departed, escalating tensions within
Independence
the revolutionary government. By Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
4. Aguinaldo’s Dilemma:

o General Crispulo Aguinaldo, Emilio’s

• Date and Place:
brother, persuaded him to leave his
June 12, 1898, in Cavite-Viejo, Cavite
command and take his oath as
President of the Revolutionary • Proclaimed By:
Government. Emilio Aguinaldo Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, War Counselor
eventually accepted and left his and Special Delegate of the Dictatorial
troops under his brother's command. Government under Emilio Aguinaldo
• Reasons for Declaration: o Sun and eight rays: Represent the
eight provinces that first revolted:
o Tired of Spanish Domination:
Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga,
Filipinos were subjected to:
Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and
▪ Arbitrary arrests Batangas.

▪ Abuses by Civil Guards o Colors (Red, White, Blue):

Acknowledgment of the U.S. support.
▪ Unjust deportations of
Filipino leaders

o Execution of Filipino Heroes: Module 8: Philippine Cartoons: Political

▪ Dr. Jose Rizal and others were Caricatures of the American Era
executed due to Spanish
friars' influence.
• Philippines under American Rule:
▪ This injustice fueled the
Though the Philippines improved under
revolution, which started in
American rule compared to the Spaniards,
August 1896.
Filipino freedom was not immediately
• Revolution Began in 1896: granted. Both Americans and Filipinos used
political cartoons to express discontent
o Provinces such as Cavite, Batangas, with American colonial rule.
Pampanga, and Laguna were
involved.

o The Biak-na-Bato Pact temporarily • What are Political Cartoons?

paused the revolt, but Aguinaldo
o Political cartoons exaggerate human
resumed the revolution after the
features and humorously critique
defeat of the Spanish fleet by the
political figures and events.
U.S. in Manila Bay.
o Cartoons offer a visual alternative to
• Proclamation of Independence:
lengthy editorials, using heavy
o The Philippines declared symbolism to convey opinions.
independence from Spain, stating
o Caricatures became integral to social
that:
and political commentary, targeting
▪ The country is free and those in power.
independent.

▪ Filipinos no longer have

• Impact on History:
political ties with Spain.
Political cartoons are a valuable historical
▪ The Philippines has the power tool as they capture public opinion and
to make war and peace, reflect the changing times under American
establish alliances, and rule.
regulate commerce like other
sovereign states.
About the Authors
o Gratitude to the U.S.:
• Alfred McCoy
▪ The declaration
acknowledged the protection o Born: June 8, 1945, in
of the United States, Massachusetts, USA
symbolized by the red, white,
o Studied European and Asian Studies,
and blue colors of the
finishing his doctorate in Southeast
Philippine flag.
Asian History at Yale University in
• Flag Symbolism: 1977.

o Three stars: Represent the major o Role: Compiled Filipino political

islands Luzon, Visayas, and cartoons to analyze the social and
Mindanao. political issues during the American
era.
 • Alfredo Reyes Roces o Censorship was loosened after the
establishment of the civil
o Born: April 29, 1923, in Manila,
government in 1901.
Philippines
• Notable Example:
o A painter, essayist, and versatile
artist. His work combined o El Renacimiento (Rebirth) launched
expressionism, fauvism, and in 1901 by Rafael Palma, advocating
impressionism. for press freedom.

o Contribution: Collaborated with o Though shut down by libel suits, it was

McCoy in compiling political replaced by La Vanguardia.
cartoons.

Significance of Political Cartoons

Notable Publications
• Political cartoons became a subtle form of
• Philippines Free Press protest as they avoided direct confrontation
through language.
o Founded in 1906, published in
Spanish and English. • They were a tool for Filipinos to voice their
concerns without facing libel or sedition
o Known for investigative articles on
charges.
the country's development.
• These cartoons played a key role in shaping
• Lipag-Kalabaw
public opinion and fostering discourse
o Launched in 1906, published in about the government during the American
Tagalog and Spanish. era.

o Focused on satirical cartoons, giving

artists and writers freedom to express
without revealing their identities.

• The Independent Module 9: Wood-Forbes Mission and

the Cabinet Crisis of 1923
o Founded in 1915 by Vicente Sotto.

o It was a forum for political issues,

where artists like Fernando Amorsolo • Mission's Purpose:
critiqued American rule. The Wood-Forbes Mission was created to
assess whether the Philippines could be
• Bag-Ong Kusog (New Force)
declared independent after the
o A Cebuano newspaper that criticized Filipinization policy by Francis Burton
American influence, especially on co- Harrison. This policy allowed Filipinos to
education and the breakdown of actively participate in government. The
traditional customs. mission’s findings concluded that the
Philippines was not yet ready for
independence, and US President Calvin
Coolidge appointed Major General Leonard
Historical Background of Political
Wood as Governor General in 1923.
Cartoons
• Spanish Colonial Period:
• Initial Filipino Response:
o Strict censorship banned non-
religious publications, leaving o Wood was initially welcomed by
minimal freedom to express political Filipinos, who expected that he would
views. support political emancipation due
to his role in Cuba’s liberation.
o Newspapers had to be circulated
underground to avoid persecution.

• American Colonial Period: • Wood’s Actions:

o The transition to American rule o However, Wood reversed the

provided more freedom of the press. Filipinization policy by issuing
 Executive Order No. 37, nullifying the o He replaced Filipino officials with
Board of Control (a Filipino-run body Americans, undermining the
overseeing government-owned Filipinization policy.
corporations).
o He interfered with national
o Wood attempted to dissolve the economic policies and the
Board but faced opposition, which led Philippine National Bank.
to tensions with Filipino leaders.
o His policies worsened relations
between Filipinos and resident
Americans.
Cabinet Crisis of 1923

• The Ray Conley Case:

• Final Appeal:
o The crisis worsened when Wood
Filipino leaders protested Wood’s arbitrary
disregarded the suspension of Ray
actions and appealed to the American
Conley, a detective accused of
people for the protection of their rights,
bribery and misconduct. This defied
asking for justice and vindication.
the Philippine Autonomy Act (Jones
Law), which granted Filipinos
legislative power.
Module 11: Limasawa vs Butuan
• Resignations:
Controversy: The site of the first Mass in the
o In protest, Secretary Jose P. Laurel Philippines, celebrated on March 31, 1521, remains
and five other Cabinet secretaries debated. Pigafetta called the location "Mazaua," but
resigned, followed by Senate there are two claims regarding its true identity:
President Manuel L. Quezon and
House Speaker Manuel Roxas. This • Limasawa (South of Leyte)
led to the Cabinet Crisis of 1923.
• Masao Beach (Butuan, Mindanao)

Butuan Tradition:
Module 10: Growing Tensions and • Butuan’s claim is based on a local tradition
Filipino Grievances that lasted through the 17th, 18th, and 19th
centuries.
• Wood's use of veto power and interference in
legislation strained relations between the • In 1872, a monument was erected near the
executive and legislative branches, leading Agusan River in Butuan, commemorating the
to the drafting of the Filipino Grievances first Mass on April 8, 1521 (likely an error in
Against Governor Wood in 1926. date).

• The monument was initiated by a Spanish

friar and supported by the local population,
Key Points from "Filipino Grievances Against reinforcing Butuan’s claim.
Governor Wood" by Gregorio F. Zaide
Limasawa Claim:
• Filipinos believed in America's promise of
training them for self-government and • Modern scholars, including panels led by Dr.
independence. Resil Mojares and others, concluded the first
Mass was held on Limasawa Island, Southern
• General Wood’s administration reversed Leyte.
previous policies that promoted Filipino
autonomy and cooperation between • Pigafetta's account places "Mazaua" at nine
Americans and Filipinos. and two-thirds degrees north latitude, a
location matching Limasawa rather than
• Wood issued Executive Order No. 37, which Butuan.
nullified laws related to the Board of
Control. Pigafetta’s Account and Route:

• Major complaints: • Magellan’s fleet arrived at Mazaua on March

28, 1521, and stayed for seven days.
o Wood vetoed key legislation
beneficial to Filipinos. • After the Mass, the fleet sailed toward Cebu,
guided by the king of Mazaua.
 • Pigafetta’s route description and coordinates • Pigafetta recorded the coordinates of Mazaua
align more closely with Limasawa than at nine and two-thirds degrees north latitude,
Butuan. which corresponds more closely to
Limasawa than Butuan.
Arguments for Butuan:
Key Arguments:
• Local historian Potenciano Malvar and others
argue that "Mazaua" could have been the 1. Butuan Advocates argue that the
Masao area of Butuan. descriptions of the terrain, including the
presence of two native kings, support
• Malvar cites Pigafetta’s descriptions of two
Butuan as the correct site.
native kings, the presence of a cross, and
linguistic similarities between "Mazaua" and 2. Limasawa Advocates, including historians
"Masao" as evidence. and multiple government-sponsored panels
(1995, 2008, and 2018), counter that the
Current Consensus:
coordinates and other descriptions of the
• The National Historical Commission of the place match Limasawa better.
Philippines (NHCP) and three government
3. Pigafetta's Journal is a crucial source, with
panels (1995, 2008, 2018) concluded that
geographical and chronological records
Limasawa is the site of the first Mass.
supporting Limasawa as the site where
• Butuan advocates continue to push for Magellan’s crew celebrated the first Mass on
recognition, keeping the controversy active Philippine soil.
despite the majority scholarly consensus
Current Consensus:
supporting Limasawa.
• Despite the Butuan tradition, the NHCP and
• The first Mass in the Philippines occurred on
most scholars support Limasawa Island as
March 31, 1521, during Ferdinand Magellan's
the true site of the first Mass, though the
expedition. However, there is a longstanding
debate is still ongoing.
debate over the exact location of the Mass.
This significant historical event is claimed by • The controversy continues, with advocates
two different sites: from Butuan pushing for reconsideration, but
Limasawa remains the officially recognized
o Limasawa Island in Southern Leyte
location.
o Masao (or Butuan), in Mindanao

Butuan's Claim:

• Butuan's tradition dates back to the 19th

century and includes the erection of a
MODULE 12: RIZAL’S RETRACTION
monument in 1872 near the Agusan River,
which commemorated the Mass. Butuan
proponents argue that the site of the Mass Ricardo P. Garcia: Contributions as Archivist and
was on Masao Beach, relying on historical Historian
accounts and local lore. • Role as Archdiocesan Archivist:
• The argument for Butuan is supported by o Appointed as the archdiocesan
linguistic similarities between "Mazaua" (as archivist in April 1935. Held the
Pigafetta named it) and Masao, a barangay in position until two years before his
Butuan. They also cite topographical retirement.
descriptions of the area, which they believe
match those in the historical records. o Responsible for organizing and
preserving the archdiocesan archives,
Limasawa's Claim: which he described as "the richest in
• On the other hand, modern historians and the Philippines."
panels appointed by the National Historical • State of the Archives:
Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) have
concluded that the first Mass was indeed o When he began in 1933, the archives
held on Limasawa Island, based on evidence were disorganized, with documents
such as Pigafetta's accounts and the scattered on a few shelves, making it
geographic details he provided. nearly impossible to locate specific
documents.
 o Garcia set about methodically • Rizal’s Retraction Controversy:
organizing these documents,
o Rizal’s retraction remains a topic of
including the creation of eight large
debate among historians. Some argue
narra shelves for proper storage.
that Rizal would never have retracted
• Discovery of Important Documents: his anti-clerical views.

o In May 1935, Garcia uncovered a o However, Garcia's discovery of the

bundle titled "Masoneria," which document and subsequent expert
included significant documents analyses provided evidence
related to prominent Filipino supporting the authenticity of the
Freemasons and historical figures. retraction.

o Among these, Garcia found Jose

Rizal’s retraction document, a key
piece of evidence in the historical MODULE 13: CRY FOR PUGAD LAWIN
debate regarding Rizal’s final beliefs Historical Background
before his execution.
Pio Valenzuela's "Cry of Pugad Lawin" is a significant
• Handling of the Rizal Retraction: event in Philippine history, marking the beginning of
o After discovering the retraction, the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial
Garcia immediately informed rule. This uprising was fueled by various historical
Archbishop O’Doherty, who ordered factors:
him to keep the matter confidential. 1. Colonial Oppression:
o The document was later presented to o The Philippines experienced over
influential figures, including President three centuries of Spanish
Quezon and General Carlos P. colonization characterized by
Romulo.
exploitation and discrimination.
o It was Romulo and Garcia who o This prolonged oppression fostered a
arranged for the announcement of the
growing desire for autonomy and self-
discovery, with The Herald publishing determination among the Filipino
the headline "RIZAL’S RETRACTION
people.
FOUND" on June 15, 1935.
2. Emergence of Filipino Nationalism:
• Authentication and Examination:
o The rise of Filipino nationalism was
o Despite the initial excitement, influenced by Enlightenment ideals
Archbishop O'Doherty sought further and nationalist movements
validation from experts, including worldwide.
anthropologist and handwriting expert
H. Otley Beyer. o Key figures such as José Rizal,
Marcelo del Pilar, and Andres
o Beyer, along with other handwriting Bonifacio emerged as prominent
analysts like Dr. Jose I. del Rosario,
advocates for reform and
carefully examined the retraction independence.
document. Both concluded that it
was an authentic piece of Rizal’s 3. The Propaganda Movement:
handwriting, dismissing claims of
o Spearheaded by Filipino expatriates in
forgery.
Europe, the Propaganda Movement
• Impact on Church History: aimed to campaign for political
reforms and equal rights within the
o Garcia was passionate about the Spanish empire.
study of Church history in the
Philippines. He trained seminarians in o Their efforts raised awareness about
archival work with the hope that they the plight of Filipinos and highlighted
would continue to document the rich the urgent need for change.
history of the Church.
4. Formation of Secret Societies:
o His work ensured that crucial
o In response to the failure of peaceful
historical documents were preserved
reforms and deteriorating conditions,
and accessible for future generations.
 secret societies like the Katipunan 2. Gregoria de Jesus' Version (August 25,
were founded. 1896):

o Established by Andres Bonifacio in o Gregoria de Jesus, the wife of

1892, the Katipunan aimed to achieve Bonifacio and custodian of Katipunan
independence through armed documents, asserted that the first cry
resistance, with Pio Valenzuela for freedom occurred near Caloocan
playing a crucial role. on August 25.

5. The Cry of Pugad Lawin: o She recounted fleeing from Spanish

authorities and joining her husband,
o The climax of these events occurred
marking the beginning of the uprising
on August 23, 1896, when Katipunan
amidst increasing vigilance from the
members, including Bonifacio and
colonizers.
Valenzuela, gathered in Pugad Lawin
to symbolically tear their cedulas 3. Santiago Alvarez's Account (August 24,
(residence certificates), denouncing 1896):
Spanish authority.
o Alvarez described the events as he
o This act, known as the "Cry of Pugad gathered with Katipuneros in Cavite
Lawin" or "Cry of Balintawak," ignited on August 23 and 24, witnessing their
a wave of uprisings across the readiness to join the revolution.
Philippines, marking the start of
o He noted a meeting where cries for
armed resistance against colonial
independence resounded, asserting
rule.
the gathering's purpose was to
6. Impact of the Cry: strategize the upcoming revolution.

o The Cry of Pugad Lawin served as a 4. Guillermo Masangkay's Account (August

catalyst for the Philippine Revolution, 26, 1896):
ultimately leading to the declaration
o An eyewitness account by Masangkay
of Philippine independence on June
detailed the significant meeting in
12, 1898.
Balintawak, where leaders debated
o It stands as a symbol of Filipino unity the timing of the uprising.
and resistance against colonial
o His narrative emphasized Bonifacio's
oppression, significantly shaping the
impassioned plea to the people,
course of Philippine history and
ultimately leading to their collective
contributing to the emergence of the
decision to revolt and destroy their
Filipino nation.
cedulas as a symbol of defiance
Diverse Accounts of the First Cry against Spanish rule.
Various narratives recount the first cry, each author
5. The Broader Context of Revolution:
asserting the date and location of the event from their
perspectives: o The convergence of these accounts
showcases the diverse perspectives
1. Pio Valenzuela's Version (August 23, 1896):
and experiences surrounding the "Cry
o Valenzuela confirmed that the "Cry of of Pugad Lawin," illustrating the
Pugad Lawin" was pivotal, yet he later urgency and complexity of the
described it as the "Cry of revolutionary spirit that characterized
Balintawak." this pivotal moment in Philippine
history.
o Following the initial events, he fled to
Biñan, Laguna, but returned to Manila o The event catalyzed not only the
and surrendered to Spanish Philippine Revolution but also set the
authorities after the amnesty stage for the quest for independence
proclamation. that would shape the future of the
nation.
o His investigation revealed conflicting
accounts, leading him to state that
the "Cry" occurred on August 26,
1896, at Balintawak.