FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

What is a document? contain a cross section of the

 Any material containing marks, symbols, or material from a known source.
signs either visible, partially visible that may  "Standard" in question documents
present or ultimately convey a meaning to investigation, we mean those
someone, maybe in the form of pencil, ink things whose origins are known and
writing, typewriting, or printing on paper. can be proven and which can be
 The term “document” applies to writings; legally used as examples to
to words printed, lithographed, or compare with other matters in
photographed; to maps or plans; to seals, question. Usually a standard
plates, or even stones on which inscriptions consists of the known handwriting
are cut or engraved. In its plural form, of a person in such a case,
“documents” may mean; deeds, "standard" has the same meaning
agreements, title, letters, receipts, and as is understood by the word
other written instruments used to prove a "specimen" of handwriting.
fact.
 Based from etymology of terms it was What is a EXEMPLAR?
derived from Latin word “documentum”, It is a term used by some document
examiners and attorneys to
means “lesson, or example (in Medieval
characterize (describe) known
Latin “instruction, or official paper”), or; material. Standard is the older term.
French word “docere”, means to teach.
What is a HOLOGRAPHIC DOCUMENT?
What is QUESTIONED?
 Any material, which some issue has been - Any document completely written
raised or which is under scrutiny. and signed by one person; also
known as a holograph. In a number
What is a QUESTIONED DOCUMENT?
of jurisdictions a holographic will can
 One in which the facts appearing therein
be probated without anyone having
may not be true, and are contested
witnessed its execution.
either in whole or part with respect to its
authenticity, identity, or origin. It may be What is a REFERENCE COLLECTION?
a deed, contract, will, election ballots,
marriage contract, check, visas, - Material compiled and organized by
application form, check writer, the document examiner to assist him
certificates, etc. in answering special questions.
 Refers to any document whose Reference collections of typewriting,
authenticity, origin, or contents are check writing specimens, inks, pens,
uncertain or in doubt. pencils, and papers are frequently
 It is subjected to examination to determine maintained.
factors like handwriting, ink, paper, or
What are the LEGAL BASIS OF DOCUMENTS?
alterations.
1. In the case of People vs. Moreno, CA, 388
What is a DISPUTED DOCUMENT? O.G. 119, a document is any written
 A term suggesting that there is an document by which a right is established
argument or controversy over the or an obligation is extinguished.
document, and strictly speaking this Examples of Documents That Establish a
is the true meaning. In this text, as Right:
well as through prior usage, a. Contract of Sale – A document
however, “disputed document” and proving the right of ownership over
“questioned document” are used a purchased property.
interchangeably to signify a b. Land Title (Torrens Title) – Establishes
document that is under special the ownership rights of an individual
scrutiny. over a specific piece of land.
 A document that is actively contested c. Will or Testament – Establishes the
in a legal or formal dispute. right of heirs to inherit property or
assets.
What is a STANDARD (STANDARD d. Certificate of Employment – Proves
DOCUMENT)? an individual's employment status
 These are condensed and compact and rights to employment benefits.
sets of authentic specimens which, if e. Birth Certificate – Establishes a
adequate and proper, should person's identity and citizenship.
 FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

Examples of Documents That Extinguish an e. Purchase Order – Proves the buyer's

Obligation: agreement to purchase goods or
a. Receipt of Payment – Extinguishes services under certain terms.
the obligation to pay a debt or
balance. 3. Under the Original Document Rule
b. Release or Waiver – A written (formerly known as best evidence rule) in
agreement releasing a party from Criminal Jurisprudence, any physical
an obligation, such as liability in an representation of information or ideas—
accident. such as a letter, contract, receipt, book of
c. Acknowledgment of Debt accounts, blueprint, or X-ray plate—is
Settlement – Confirms that a loan considered valid evidence (Black’s Law
or credit has been fully paid. Dictionary).
d. Quitclaim Deed – Transfers interest
in a property, extinguishing the
claim of the grantor.
What are the different kinds of documents?
e. Certificate of Full Payment of Taxes 1. PUBLIC DOCUMENT- any instrument notarized
– Extinguishes a taxpayer's by a notary public or competent public official
obligation for a specific tax period. with solemnities required by law.( Cacnio vs.
Baens, 5 Phil 742)
2. In the case of People vs. Nillosquin, CA 48 Under Sec. 19, Rule 132, Rules of Court Public
O.G. 44553, a document is every deed or documents are:
instrument executed by a person by which a. The written official acts, or records of
some dispositions or agreement is proved, the official acts of the sovereign
evidences or set forth. authority, official bodies and tribunals,
Examples of Documents Proving a and public officers, whether of the
Disposition: Philippines, or of a foreign country.
a. Last Will and Testament – Disposes o Written official acts or records of
of a person's assets to heirs upon sovereign authority, official bodies,
death. tribunals, and public officers:
b. Deed of Donation – Proves the - Presidential Proclamations (e.g.,
voluntary transfer of property or declaring national holidays).
assets without compensation. - Decisions of the Supreme Court
c. Power of Attorney – Authorizes or lower courts.
another person to act on behalf of - Ordinances passed by local
the document's creator for specific government units.
transactions. - Diplomatic treaties (e.g., UN
d. Settlement Agreement – Proves the agreements).
resolution of disputes and the terms - Official birth or death
agreed upon by the parties. certificates issued by foreign
e. Divorce Decree – Proves the legal governments.
dissolution of a marriage and b. Documents acknowledged before a
related property dispositions. notary public except last wills and
testaments; and
Examples of Documents Evidencing an - Deed of Sale for property or
Agreement: vehicles.
a. Lease Agreement – Sets forth the - Affidavits of loss or identity.
terms of renting a property - Contracts of lease or mortgage
between a landlord and tenant. notarized for legal recognition.
b. Employment Contract – Evidences c. Public records, kept in the Philippines,
the obligations and rights of an of private documents required by law
employer and employee. to be entered therein.
c. Promissory Note – Sets forth an - Marriage contracts recorded in
agreement where one party the civil registry.
promises to pay a sum to another. - Articles of incorporation filed
d. Memorandum of Agreement with the Securities and
(MOA) – Evidences an agreement Exchange Commission (SEC).
between two or more parties for a - Transfer of land titles registered
specific purpose. with the Land Registration
Authority (LRA).
 FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

- Birth certificates registered with

the Philippine Statistics Authority 5. ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT (E-Document) - exist
(PSA). only in electronic form such as data stored on
computer, network, back-up, archive or other
storage media. Examples of documents
2. OFFICIAL DOCUMENT - any instrument issued subject to e-discovery are e-mails, instant
by the government or its agent or its officers message, e-calendars, audio files, data on
having the authority to do so and the offices, handheld devices, animation, metadata,
which, in accordance with their creation, they graphics, photographs, spreadsheets,
are authorized to issue and be issued in the websites, drawings and other digital data.
performance of their duties.
Examples:
- Birth Certificate (Philippine Statistics Can a private document be a public document?
Authority or Local Civil Registrar)  Yes, a private document can become a
- Land Title (Land Registration Authority) public document under certain conditions.
- Driver’s License (Land Transportation 1. Notarization. When a private
Office) document is notarized by a notary
- Court Decisions or Orders (Judicial public, it becomes a public document
Branch) in the sense that it is given legal
- Barangay Clearance (Barangay recognition and authenticity. For
Office) example, a private contract signed by
- Tax Clearance Certificate (Bureau of two parties can become a public
Internal Revenue) document when notarized because it
attests to the authenticity of the
3. PRIVATE DOCUMENT- every deed or instrument document and makes it admissible as
executed by a private person without the evidence in court.
intervention of a notary public or of any 2. Registration or Filing with a Government
person legally authorized, by which the Office- If a private document is filed or
documents, some disposition or agreement is registered with a government agency,
proved , evidenced or set forth.( US vs. Orera, it may become part of the public
11 Phil. 596). record.
Examples:
- Handwritten Personal Letter (e.g., a For example: A deed of sale (private
letter promising repayment of debt) document) filed with the Registry of
- Receipts for Informal Transactions (e.g., Deeds becomes a public document,
handwritten receipt for selling a as it is now part of the public record
bicycle) concerning property ownership. A
- Private Agreement (e.g., a simple marriage contract filed with the civil
written agreement between two registry is a private document but
friends to share rental costs) becomes part of the public record
- Diaries or Personal Journals (used as once registered.
evidence in disputes)
NOTE: A private document may become a public
- Excuse letter official document when it partakes the nature of
public or official record. So if the falsification
4. COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT – Any document committed on such document, that is, when it is
executed in accordance with the Code of already a part of the public record, falsification of
Commerce or any mercantile Law, containing public or official documents is committed.
disposition of commercial rights or obligations. However, if such private documents are intended
to become a part of the public record, even
though falsified prior thereto, falsification of public
Examples: document is committed.
- Bills of Lading (shipping agreements)
- Promissory Notes (used in business What are the elements of documents?
transactions) The elements of documents are, writing materials,
- Stock Certificates (proof of ownership in a writing instruments and inks.
1. Writing materials- The most common is
corporation)
paper. In modern world, it includes plastic
- Invoices and Receipts Issued in Business
or polymer, which is used in Identity
Transactions
Documents (ID) and also include Cloth or
- Articles of Partnership (agreement to form
Fabric: Rarely used but may appear in
a business partnership)
historical or ceremonial documents.
- Bank Drafts or Checks
 FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

What is paper as the common writing material? The different types of pens are as follows:
 Paper are interlaced sheets of fibers - a. Reed Pens/Swamp Reed: Made from
usually cellulose fibers from plants, but specific water grasses in Egypt,
sometimes from cloth rags or other fibrous Armenia, and the Persian Gulf, reed
materials, that is formed by pulping the pens were first used around 2000 B.C.
fibers and causing it to felt, or mat, to form for writing on papyrus and parchment,
a solid surface. featuring a brush-like tip.
b. Quill Pen: Made from bird feathers like
What is papyrus, parchment and vellum? goose, swan, and turkey, quill pens
Papyrus: An ancient writing material made
were widely used for over 1300 years,
from the stalk of the papyrus plant,
primarily used by the Egyptians, Greeks, first referenced in the 6th century by St.
and Romans. The stalks were cut into thin Isidore of Seville.
strips, laid out, pressed together, and dried c. Steel Point Pens (Brazen Pens): Initially
to form sheets for writing. mentioned in 1465 and later
popularized in the 19th century, steel
Parchment: A writing surface made from pens were patented in 1803 by Bryan
animal skins, typically from sheep, goats,
Donkin and used for precise writing.
or calves. The skins were cleaned,
stretched, and dried to produce a smooth d. Fountain Pens: Invented by Lewis
surface for writing, often used in medieval Waterman in 1884, the fountain pen
manuscripts and documents. featured an ink reservoir and capillary
action, becoming the primary writing
Vellum: A finer quality of parchment made tool until ballpoint pens emerged after
from the skin of young calves. It is
WWII.
smoother, thinner, and more durable than
e. Ballpoint Pen: Invented by John Loud in
regular parchment, often used for high-
quality manuscripts and important 1888, the ballpoint pen uses a rotating
documents. metal ball to distribute ink from a
reservoir, with practical designs
Who is CAI LUN (TSAI LUN)? credited to Ladislao and Georg Biro in
A Chinese court official is widely credited 1938 for their oil-based ink innovation.
with inventing paper around A.D. 105. He
f. Fiber Tip Pens: Introduced by Yukio
was the first to successfully produce paper
using vegetable fibers, tree bark Horie in 1962, these pens, designed for
(specifically from the mulberry tree), rags, Japanese brush-like strokes, entered
and old fish netting. the U.S. market in 1963 and became a
popular writing tool.
Who is Nicholas Louis Robert? g. Felt-Tip Markers: Made from dense
A French inventor, created the first fibers impregnated with dye, they offer
practical paper-making machine in 1798,
various tip sizes and shapes, with liquid
significantly reducing the cost of paper by
replacing the hand-molding process. This dye versions introduced to the U.S. in
invention was later improved by British 1973 as a ballpoint pen modification.
stationers and brothers Henry and Sealy
Fourdrinier, who, in 1803, developed the 3. Inks - Ink is a liquid or semi-liquid substance
first machines to carry their name. used for writing, printing, or drawing. It
contains pigments or dyes, which provide
2. Writing instruments- These are tools used
color, and is typically composed of several
for writing, drawing, marking, or recording
components that give it its desired
information on a surface. It included pens
properties. Ink is used in various writing
(Ballpoint, fountain, gel, or marker inks.
instruments such as pens, markers, and
What is pen? printers.
It came from the Latin word "PENNA", meaning
feather. A tool for writing or drawing with a What are the different types of inks?
colored fluid, such as ink; or a writing The different types of inks are as follows:
instrument used to apply inks to the paper is a a. India Inks: The oldest ink, made
pen from lampblack (carbon) mixed
with gum or glue and water, used
What is pen nibs? on papyrus and vellum.
Pen nibs are the pointed tips of pens that b. Iron Gallotannate Ink: Derived from
transfer ink to a writing surface, influencing
gall nuts, using gallo tannic acid as
stroke style and used for fine writing,
calligraphy, or drawing. a base.
c. Logwood Ink: A purple-black ink
What are the different types of pens? containing potassium chromate,
 FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

popular since 1850, but removable  Collect standard documents from the
chemically. issuing institution, company or
d. Indelible Ink: A permanent ink that individual and compare. Consider
deeply penetrates paper and the physical characteristics of both
questioned and standard documents
cannot be removed.
such as the size, the thickness, the
e. Copying Inks: Similar to writing inks
surface (glossiness, opacity, etc.) and
but include glycerin or sugar for the general texture of the paper.
copying purposes.  Check with the issuing institution,
f. Secret or Invisible Inks: Used for company or individual about the
espionage, with early forms dissimilarity of writing material used in
including urine, milk, and lemon the questioned document.
juice.  Conduct further physical or chemical
g. Water-Resistant Inks: Made with examination such as folding
endurance test, folding test, bursting
pigment paste, shellac, and
test, etc.
stabilizing agents, designed for
durability against water.
What are the various aspect of questioned
What are the early forms of communication?
document examination?
The early forms of communication use are:
The various aspect of questioned document
a. Iconographs: The earliest form of
examination are as follows:
written communication, dating
1. Examination of Handwriting (which
back 20,000 years, using arranged
includes signature) and hand printing for
objects and cave or stone
drawings. purposes of determining their genuineness
b. Ideographs: Simple drawings and or source.
symbols combined to convey NOTE: In this type of examination, the
information, emerging around 3500 examiner needs to have a standard to be
BC. compared to the questionable document.
c. Pictographic Writing: A primitive
writing system where pictures
represented objects and their 2. Miscellaneous aspects such as detection
associated sounds. of alteration, decipherment of erased
d. Hieroglyphics: Egyptian writing that writing, restoration of obliterated writing,
used symbols and forms to determination of age of documents,
represent ideas or sounds. identification of stamps, seal and other
e. Cuneiform: The oldest form of authenticating devices, currency bills and
writing, developed by the
coins and the like.
Sumerians in Southwest Asia,
characterized by wedge-shaped NOTE: Standard may not be necessary but
marks in soft clay. reference collection, though not always
f. Latin Alphabet: Originating from the necessary, can be valuable for tasks such
Etruscan alphabet, the first Latin as determining the age of documents,
alphabet had 21 Greek letters. By identifying stamps, seals, and other
the first century BC, two Greek
authentication devices, as well as
letters ("Y" and "Z") and three Latin
letters ("U," "W," and "J") were examining currency bills and coins.
added, evolving into the modern
The identification or so-called
26-letter Roman alphabet.
“verification” of signature is treated herein as
a specialized branch of handwriting
1. What are the advantages of a ballpoint identification.
pen from a fountain pen?
The following are the advantages of What are the classes of Questioned Documents?
ballpoint pen from fountain pen; The following are the classes of questioned
a. the ink was waterproof and almost document:
un-erasable a. Documents with questioned
b. the ball point pen could write on signatures.
many kinds of surfaces; b. Questioned documents alleged to
c. could be hold in almost any position have been containing fraudulent
for writing; and alterations.
d. the pressure required to feed the ink c. Questioned or disputed holographic
was ideal for making carbon wills.
copies. 1. HOLOGRAPHIC WILL - will entirely
written in the handwriting of the
2. How to examine writing materials? testator
 FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

2. NOTARIAL WILL - signed by the The important terms to ponder in relation to

testator before a notary public questioned document examination are as follows:
with 3 witnesses. a. Addition: Any material added to a
d. Documents investigated on the document after its original creation is
question of typewriting. considered an addition.
1. with a view of ascertaining their b. Agraphia – One loses the ability to write
source although he could grasp pen or any
2. with a view of ascertaining their writing instrument.
date c. Ambidextrous – Ability to write with both
3. with a view of determining
left and right hand.
whether they contain fraudulent
d. Anachronism - Something wrong in the
alterations or substituted pages.
time or place. This means that the forger
e. Questioned documents on issues of their
has trouble matching the paper, ink or
age or date.
writing material to the exact date it was
f. Questioned documents on issues of
supposed to have been written. He may
materials used in their production.
use the paper that was not manufactured
g. Documents or writings investigated
at the time the document was supposed
because it is alleged that they identify some
to have been written.
persons through handwriting.
e. Auto forgery – Defined as forgery of one’s
1. anonymous and disputed letters,
signature created by oneself.
and
f. Cacography – Characterized as bad
2. Superscriptions, registrations and
writing.
miscellaneous writings.
g. Calcography – Art of drawing with
colored chalks or pastels.
What are the classes of Disputed Signatures? h. Calligraphy – The art of beautiful writing.
The following are the different possible type of i. Collation – Critical comparison or side by
disputed signature: side examination.
a. Spurious signatures (simple forgery: are j. Comparison – The art of setting two or
fake signatures made with a false name more items side by side to weigh their
and rapid, disguised strokes, easily identifying qualities. It implies not only a
recognizable as fake through comparison visual but also a mental act in which the
with genuine signatures. A Fraudulent elements of one item are related to the
signature in which there was no apparent counterparts of the other.
attempt of simulation or limitation. k. Conclusion: A scientific conclusion is drawn
b. Traced Forgery: A forgery where a genuine by logically connecting observed facts, in
signature or writing is traced over to line with established rules, and is referred to
replicate it. as an "opinion" in legal terms by document
c. Copied or Simulated Forgery: A forgery examiners.
created by copying or mimicking the l. Desktop forgery – Unwanted forgery of
appearance of a genuine signature or modern technology. Invention of modern
writing. computer software and scanner,
d. Forged Signature of Fictitious Persons: A document examiners have speculated on
signature that is invented and falsely and studied the potentials of machines
attributed to a non-existent individual. and materials to facilitate the transfer of
e. Genuine Signature the Writer is Honestly genuine signatures from one document to
Unwilling to Accept as Genuine: A another.
legitimate signature that the writer refuses m. Document Examiner: A document
to acknowledge or accept as their own for examiner scientifically analyzes documents
personal reasons. to identify their origin and uncover relevant
f. Genuine Signature Obtained by Trickery: A details, going beyond handwriting
real signature acquired through deceitful identification to address other document-
or manipulative means. related issues.
g. Genuine Signature Deliberately Written n. Erasure: The removal of writing, typewriting,
Illegibly or Unusually: A legitimate or printing from a document, achieved
signature intentionally written in a way that through chemical means (e.g., ink
makes identification difficult or impossible. eradicators) or abrasive methods (e.g.,
rubbing with an eraser or scratching).
What are the important terms to ponder in relation o. Examination: The detailed and critical
to questioned document examination? study of materials, such as through
microscopic, visual, chemical, or infrared
 FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

methods, to uncover facts about bb. Petroglyphs – Writings or images on the

questioned documents. walls of the public area. It is most often
p. Expert Witness: A specialist permitted to prohibited by law.
offer an opinion in court based on their cc. Petrograms – Writings and drawings printed
training or experience, helping the court on the surface of the rocks.
understand technical information related dd. Qualification: The document examiner’s
to a case. Document examiners serve as professional experience, education, and
expert witnesses in legal proceedings. skills, which the court must assess before
q. Fist off theory of comparison - The act of allowing them to testify as an expert
setting two or more signatures in an witness.
inverted position to weigh their identifying ee. Reference collection – Material compiled
significance, the reason being that those and organized by the document examiner
fail to see under normal position/ to assist him in answering special questions.
comparison may readily see through this Reference collection of typewriting, check
procedure. writer specimens, ink, pens, pencils and
r. Forensic document examination – Applies papers are frequently maintained.
the principles of Science and Logic to all
questioned document problems in order to
determine the origin, authenticity and
What is the Scientific Method in Questioned
genuineness.
Document Examination (QDE)?
s. Graphanalysis: The study of handwriting ACE-V Methodology: The ACE-V methodology,
focusing on two key strokes: curves and developed by Roy A. Huber, is a scientific
straight lines. approach for identifying questioned
t. Graphology: The practice of analyzing documents, particularly in handwriting
handwriting to assess a person’s character analysis, involving four key steps:
traits and psychological attributes.
u. Graphometry: The analysis of handwriting a. Analysis (Recognition): Identifying the
properties or characteristics observed in
through comparison and measurement of
the document.
its features. b. Comparison: Comparing the observed
v. Insertion or Interlineation: Refers to the characteristics of the questioned
addition of writing or materials between document with known samples.
lines or paragraphs, or the inclusion of an c. Evaluation: Assessing the similarities and
entire page within a document. differences of the characteristics and
determining their significance for
w. Lithographic or offset printing – Printing
identification.
from a smooth surface, plate that has d. Verification: Confirming the accuracy of
been treated so that the printing areas are the findings by re-examining the
ink attracting and the non-printing areas document, often through another expert’s
are ink repelling. Originally, this process review.
used a smooth stone surface, but today
most offset printing is prepared specially What are the Criteria for Scientific Examination of
Documents?
treated zinc or paper plates.
The criteria for Scientific Examination of
x. Non-Identification (Non-Identity): Indicates Documents are:
that the source or authorship of the 1. Accuracy: Ensuring that results align with
questioned and standard specimens are the truth.
different. 2. Precision: Evaluating the consistency of
y. Obliteration: The act of covering or results when repeated or tested under
obscuring writing to make the original text similar conditions.
invisible, often by blotting or scratching it
What is the REASON FOR QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
out. EXAMINATION?
z. Opinion: In legal terms, the document Generally, the reason for questioned
examiner's conclusion, where they not only document examination is primarily based on
express their opinion but also explain the "Scientific Comparison," which involves
reasoning behind it; "opinion" and determining the authenticity, genuineness,
"conclusion" are used interchangeably. falsification, or forgery by comparing the
aa. Paleography – The study of early writings, questioned document with known standards.
old and ancient scripts. It also focuses on After a detailed comparison, the principle of
identification is applied.
writings done in papyrus, parchment,
vellum and others.
Principle of identification: if two items share a
combination of corresponding, significant,
 FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

and specific characteristics that are highly  Sources: Standard white light,
unlikely to occur by chance, and there are incandescent bulbs, LED lights.
no unexplained differences, it can be  Applications: General
concluded that they originate from the same examination of the document,
source. observation of color and texture,
ink consistency, and surface
features.
What are the techniques applied in
questioned document examination? 2. Ultraviolet (UV) Light (10-400 nm)
The techniques in questioned document  Sources: UV lamps, black lights.
examination are as follows:  Applications:
1. Visual physical examination: It is the o Detection of alterations or
first step to be conducted by a erasures.
document examiner to ensure that o Examination of fluorescent
what is written in the request is similar inks, papers, or security
to the attached questioned features.
document. This basic technique o Identification of aging in
involves visually inspecting the documents or paper
document for signs of forgery, such as inconsistencies.
inconsistencies in handwriting, What is observe when using UV light?
typeface, or paper. These visible rays react on
2. Microscopic Examination: This method some substances so that
involves using microscopes to visible light is reflected, a
examine fine details on the phenomenon known as
document, such as ink characteristics, FLUORESCENCE.
handwriting features, and any
alterations like erasures or additions. 3. Infrared (IR) Light (700-1,000 nm or
3. Chemical and Physical Testing: Tests higher)
such as chromatography,  Sources: Infrared lamps, IR
spectrometry, and ultraviolet or cameras, or IR filters.
infrared light analysis can reveal  Applications:
alterations, additions, erasures, or the o Detection of overwriting or
age of the document. obliterations hidden by
4. Spectral Analysis: Infrared (IR) or dark inks.
ultraviolet (UV) light is used to reveal o Differentiation of inks with
hidden text or alterations that may varying absorption
not be visible under normal light. properties.
5. Folding and Indentation Tests: o Examination of faded or
Techniques that reveal impressions left burned text.
on paper from writing on the other
side of a page or from folding. 4. Shortwave Ultraviolet (UV-C, 180-280
6. Handwriting Comparison: The process nm)
of comparing questioned handwriting  Sources: Shortwave UV lamps.
with known samples, focusing on  Applications:
unique features such as slant, o Identification of certain
pressure, letter shapes, and spacing. types of ink or paper
7. Digital Analysis: For electronically treated with UV-reactive
generated or digitally altered chemicals.
documents, digital forensics can be o Detection of security
used to track metadata, file history, features in documents.
and other data points.
8. Ink Analysis: This method involves
5. Longwave Ultraviolet (UV-A, 315-400
examining the chemical composition
nm)
of the ink used in a document. It can
 Sources: Longwave UV lamps.
determine whether different inks were
 Applications:
used at different times or identify the
o Examination of ink and
type of ink.
paper fluorescence.
9. Paper Analysis: This involves studying
o Detection of hidden or
the paper type, texture, weight, and
obliterated text through
watermark (if present) to verify its
fluorescence patterns.
authenticity or age.
6. Laser Light
What are the different light sources applied in
 Sources: Monochromatic laser
Questioned Document examination based
light sources, including red, green,
from wavelength?
or blue lasers.
1. Visible Light (400-700 nm)
 FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

 Applications:  Uses polarized filters to reduce

o High-precision detection of glare and reflections from shiny
ink layering or overlapping surfaces.
strokes.  Enhances visibility of ink and
o Identification of unique paper characteristics, especially
features in inks and on glossy materials.
materials.
What is photographic examination as used in
7. Multispectral or Hyperspectral questioned document examination?
Imaging Photographic examination is a crucial aspect
 Sources: Imaging systems capable of questioned document examination (QDE).
of capturing a range of This method uses photographic techniques to
wavelengths from UV to IR. capture, enhance, and analyze the details of
 Applications: a document. It aids in identifying alterations,
o Comprehensive analysis of forgery, or hidden features that are not visible
ink and paper differences. to the naked eye. It ensures a non-
o Non-destructive destructive analysis of questioned documents
identification of chemical while uncovering details critical to
composition in inks and determining authenticity or identifying
papers. tampering.
o Enhanced visualization of
faded or erased text. What are the PURPOSES OF PHOTOGRAPHS IN
QDE?
1. serve as record of the initial condition
What are the different positioning of light of a disputed document;
applied in questioned document 2. make clear what otherwise may be
examination? hidden or indistinct;
The different positioning of light applied in 3. enlarge a writing in question so that
questioned document examination are: every quality and characteristics of it
1. Direct (Overhead) Lighting (standard can be clearly and properly
lighting) interpreted whether the facts so
 Light is positioned directly above shown point to genuineness or to
the document. forgery;
 Used for general observation of 4. enable any number of accurate
the document's surface features, reproductions of document, thus
ink, and overall appearance. affording unlimited opportunity for
2. Oblique Lighting (side lighting) study, comparison and evaluation by
 Light is directed at an angle any number of examiners, which
across the surface of the would not be possible by using the
document. document alone;
 Highlights indentations, erasures, 5. allow cutting apart as may be desired
smudges, and other surface and the various parts classified for
irregularities by creating shadows comparisons; 6. can show delicate
or contrasts. discolorations due to chemical
3. Transmitted Lighting (back lighting) erasures or other fraudulent changes,
 Light is positioned beneath the which may otherwise be overlooked,
document to shine through it. or misinterpreted;
 Reveals watermarks, hidden 6. can show very clearly any erasures by
features, alterations, and abrasions made by ordinary rubber
inconsistencies in the paper or eraser and it can record in
materials. permanent form with the paper
4. Raking Lighting: placed obliquely to the plane of the
 Light is placed very close to the lens and plate and inclined at just
surface and at a low angle. right angle of reflection so as to show
 Emphasizes surface texture, such differences in the reflected light from
as pen pressure, embossing, or different portions of the paper
irregularities. surface; and
5. Diffuse Lighting: 7. with transmitted light, photographs is
useful in:
 Light is scattered evenly across
a. examination of watermarks
the document using filters or
b. determining the identity, or the
reflectors.
differences in paper by
 Reduces glare and provides a
showing arrangement of the
uniform view for analyzing color,
fibers and the markings of the
ink, or paper quality.
wire gauze and dandy roll c.
6. Polarized Lighting:
 FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

showing the continuity of b. Discover overlapping of

strokes and line,
c. determining retouching or c. Uneven distribution of ink,
patching of a writing by d. Overwriting
showing clearly the presence e. An ink line crossing a
of added ink film and the fold,
uneven distribution of ink in f. Fraudulent addition and
interrupted strokes. interlineation,
g. Erasures and pencil outline
What are the Miscellaneous Examinations in of forged signatures.
Questioned Documents?
A. Erasures: Erasures are examined to 3. Shadowgraph – A pictorial image
determine if a document has been formed by casting a shadow,
altered by physical inspection using usually of the hands, upon a
ultraviolet light, angled lighting, or a rightful surface or screen.
microscope. Fuming with iodine can
also be used, though it may not always 4. Comparison Microscope – Allows
leave visible stains. side-by-side comparison of
questioned and standard
B. Indented Writing: Indented writing refers documents.
to depressions left on a sheet of paper
due to writing on an overlying page. 5. Stereomicroscope with a camera
Examination techniques include angled attachment- It is analyze detailed
lighting, fuming, and applying powders document features and captures
to reveal the indentations without images for further examination or
altering the document. legal presentation.

C. Burned or Charred Paper: Partially

burned documents can sometimes be B. Measuring and Alignment Tools
deciphered using photographic 1. MEASURES AND TEST PLATES
methods with filters, chemical (TRANSPARENT GLASS) – those used for
treatments, or prolonged exposure to signatures and typewriting’s.
photographic plates in darkness to
2. Forensic Rulers and Grids –
reveal the original message.
Measures alignment, spacing, and
proportions in text.
D. Adding Machines: Adding machines
3. Protractors – For assessing angular
can be identified by analyzing unique
measurements such as slope or
numeral designs, column spacing, and
slants in handwriting or printed
ribbon impressions, similar to typewriters,
text.
to determine the make and
4. Calipers and Micrometers –
approximate production period.
Measure thickness and dimensions
of paper and markings.
5. A graticule (or reticle) - A set of
What are the different types of equipment markings in optical instruments
and apparatus use in QDE? used to measure magnified tiny
The different types of equipment and objects.
apparatus are the following:
A. Optical instruments: C. Advanced Instruments
1. Handheld Magnifiers –It is use for 1. ELECTROSTATIC DETECTION APPARATUS
quick visual inspections of
(ESDA) – Visualizes indented writing on
handwriting and other features.
a document.
Bank personnel and other people
involved in currency examinations 2. Video Spectral Comparator (VSC) –
usually use ordinary hand-lens; the Analyzes inks, detects alterations, and
maximum diameter of which is examines security features under
four inches, and magnification is different light spectra. It is used in the
from 2 to 10 times. examination of masked or obliterated
text, watermarks, visible fluorescence,
2. Stereomicroscope – For magnified paper fluorescence and oblique
examination of ink, paper fibers, illumination of indented writing and
and alterations. A tri-dimensional
embossing features, intaglio script. It
(3D) enlargement is possible.
also detects variation in the infra – red
It use in the following aspect:
a. Discover the defects in characteristics of inks.
stroke structure and
typewriting, D. Lighting Equipment
 FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

1. Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp - this is usually 3. Charred Document Recovery Kits

used in the detection of counterfeit bills – For reconstructing and analyzing
but can actually be used to detect burned or damaged documents.
security features of qualified
documents but it can also be use to
What is the most significant tool in questioned
detect erasures, invisible inks, and
document examination?
paper or ink fluorescence. It is also use
 The most significant tool of a
to examine if there are different type of document examiner is his or her vision.
ink use in a document. The normal unaided human eye can
2. Infrared (IR) Lamp – Reveals alterations, differentiate only 250 separate lines to
overwriting, or different ink the inch. This means that the small
compositions and most specially use to details which involve proportions or
examine charred documents. separations of less than 1/250th of an
3. Oblique Lighting Device – Highlights inch are not seen by the eye, and
surface irregularities such as sees them as a connected, solid
indentations or abrasions. mass.
4. Fiber Optic Light Source – Provides
controlled and directional lighting for
Who is a questioned document examiner?
close inspection.
A questioned document examiner
5. Table lamps with adjustable shades
scientifically analyzes documents to identify
(Goose Neck Lamps) – used for
their source or uncover facts, going beyond
controlled illumination; needed in handwriting analysis.
sidelight examination wherein light is
placed at a low-angle in a position Who is an expert witness?
oblique to plane or document. An expert witness, with specialized
training or experience, offers an opinion to
E. Digital and Photographic Tools assist the court in understanding technical
1. CAMERA - Consists of a light tight aspects of a case, such as document
box designed to hold the examination. This means that once a
photographic film. It is equipped document examiner is qualified, they are
considered an expert witness in court, rather
with a lens system by which the
than an ordinary witness.
image is found on the film and a
shutter device by which the desired Who is an ordinary witness?
light is admitted to expose the film. An ordinary witness is someone who
2. Specialized Cameras – Captures provides testimony in court based on their
images under ultraviolet, infrared, direct knowledge or observations of a case,
or other specialized lighting. without the need for specialized training or
3. High-Resolution Scanners – expertise. Their role is to recount facts or
Digitizes documents for enhanced events they have personally seen, heard, or
analysis and comparison. experienced, rather than offering expert
4. Digital Imaging Software – opinions.
Enhances or processes document
images to reveal hidden details. Under what Circumstances Under Which
Opinion Is Admissible as Evidence in Court?
F. Chemical and Material Analysis Tools
1. Chemical Reagent Kits – Test ink 1. Expert Opinion (Rule 128, Section 20):
composition, detect alterations, o Specialized Knowledge:
and analyze erasures. Opinions from expert witnesses
2. Paper Testing Tools – Assess are admissible when the
properties like fiber composition, opinion is based on special
thickness, and quality. knowledge, experience, or
3. Ink-Solubility Tests – Determines training that the witness
the type of ink used through possesses. The expert must
chemical reactions. have expertise in the relevant
field and should be able to
G. Specialty tools assist the court in
1. Typewriter or Printer Analysis Tools understanding complex issues
– Analyze font types, spacing, and beyond the knowledge of an
printer marks. ordinary person.
2. Ink Penetration Test Kits – o Relevant to the Case: The
Determine the relative age or opinion must be relevant to
sequence of ink strokes. the issues at hand and must
help the court in determining
facts that are in dispute.
 FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

o Reliability of Methods: The

methods and principles used
by the expert to form their
opinion must be reliable,
generally accepted, and
applicable to the subject
matter of the case. The
expert's opinion should be
based on the facts or data
established in court.
o Assistance to the Court: The
expert’s opinion should help
clarify technical matters that
require expert knowledge,
such as medical issues,
document examination, or
forensic science.

Example: In People v. Dela Cruz,

G.R. No. 203358, the court ruled
that the expert testimony was
admissible because the expert's
qualifications and the methods
used to form the opinion were
reliable and relevant to the case.

2. Lay Opinion (Rule 130, Section 20):

o Personal Knowledge: An
ordinary (lay) witness may
offer an opinion if it is based
on their personal knowledge
or perception of facts that
they have directly observed.
The opinion must help the
court understand the witness's
testimony or aid in determining
a fact in issue.
o Helpful to Understanding: The
lay witness's opinion must assist
in explaining their own
testimony or aid the court in
making sense of the evidence
presented. For example, a
witness can testify that they
think someone appeared
drunk, based on their personal
observation of the person's
behavior.
o Simple and Non-Expert
Opinion: The opinion should
not require specialized
knowledge or expertise. For
instance, a witness can testify
to the identity of a person they
saw at the scene, but they
cannot offer an opinion on the
forensic analysis of the
evidence.
Example: In People v. Orco, G.R. No.
197321, the court allowed the
testimony of a lay witness regarding
the identification of a person because
the witness was simply recounting
what they personally observed.
 FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

REVIEW QUESIONS A. It refers to any document that raises a legal

1. Which of the following would likely be considered a issue.
"questioned document"? B. It signifies documents that are incomplete or
A. A brand-new typed letter with no known issues. vague.
B. A blank piece of paper found in a desk drawer. C. It pertains to documents not officially notarized.
C. A historical artifact unrelated to any D. It applies only to digital or electronic files.
controversy. 10. Why might a holographic will be easier to probate
D. A handwritten contract with a disputed in some jurisdictions?
signature. A. Because it is digitally secured and tamper-
2. What does the term "holographic document" proof.
specifically refer to? B. Because it does not require witnesses for
A. A document completely handwritten and execution.
signed by one person. C. Because it uses notarized signatures for
B. A document with a hologram attached for validation.
authentication. D. Because it is automatically considered
C. A document that has been verified by two or authentic.
more experts. 11. A questioned document contains handwritten
D. A digitally created document using advanced marks. How would an examiner verify its
technology. authenticity?
3. What is the primary purpose of a "reference A. By comparing it to known exemplars of
collection" in questioned document examination? handwriting.
A. To preserve historical documents for future B. By chemically erasing the marks for deeper
reference. analysis.
B. To organize known specimens for comparison C. By consulting only historical records of similar
purposes. marks.
C. To act as evidence in legal cases without D. By immediately declaring it authentic or
verification. fraudulent.
D. To substitute the need for expert examination. 12. If a contract is claimed to have been fraudulently
4. Why is it critical to have a "standard document" in altered, which factor would be most critical for
an examination? verification?
A. To authenticate the origin of a questioned A. Examining the ink and writing instrument used.
document. B. Reviewing the signatures of witnesses.
B. To serve as a placeholder during legal C. Determining the age of the paper.
proceedings. D. Checking for holograms or seals.
C. To reduce the workload of the document 13. What challenge might arise when examining a
examiner. document with obliterated writing?
D. To confirm the legitimacy of historical artifacts. A. Identifying the original content without
5. What type of writing is included in the definition of a damaging the document.
"document"? B. Establishing a timeline for the document's
A. Only handwriting and typewriting. creation.
B. Only official and notarized writings. C. Verifying the witness signatures on the
C. Only lithographed or engraved inscriptions. document.
D. Any marks, symbols, or signs conveying D. Ensuring the examiner is legally authorized.
meaning. 14. Why is maintaining a "reference collection" of inks
6. Which language does the root word for "document" important for document examination?
originate from? A. To identify inconsistencies in disputed
A. Latin documents.
B. Greek B. To ensure documents are notarized properly.
C. French C. To streamline the process of examining seals.
D. German D. To minimize the need for professional expertise.
7. How does a "disputed document" differ from a 15. How does the term "standard" in handwriting
regular document? examination relate to the word "specimen"?
A. It has been officially invalidated by a legal A. They are interchangeable terms for known
authority. material.
B. It is under scrutiny or controversy over its B. They refer exclusively to fraudulent handwriting.
authenticity. C. They apply only to disputed digital signatures.
C. It contains symbols that are difficult to decipher. D. They represent incomplete sections of a
D. It is a type of holographic will in legal cases. document.
8. Which of the following best defines an "exemplar"? 16. What might indicate a fraudulent alteration in a
A. A disputed document that needs verification. questioned document?
B. A term for known material used for comparison. A. Inconsistent ink shades or overlapping writings.
C. A handwritten signature from a holographic will. B. The presence of authentic seals and stamps.
D. A collection of fraudulent documents. C. An absence of legal terminology in the
9. What is the significance of the term "questioned" in document.
questioned document examination? D. A holographic format without additional
validation.
 FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

17. Which method would be most appropriate to D. It is a secondary evidence under the Best
evaluate erased content on a document? Evidence Rule.
A. Infrared or ultraviolet light examination. 25. During trial, an X-ray plate is contested as evidence
B. Blind comparison with similar documents. in a personal injury claim. How does it qualify as a
C. Optical magnification without additional tools. document under the Best Evidence Rule?
D. Immediate chemical alteration of the erased A. It serves as a verbal description of injuries.
area. B. It physically embodies relevant information or
18. If a questioned document is suspected to contain ideas.
an insertion, what might an examiner focus on? C. It must be accompanied by medical notes to
A. Historical relevance of the content. be valid.
B. Authenticity of the seals or stamps. D. It is considered inadmissible due to its intangible
C. Number of pages in the document. nature.
D. Alignment and spacing of the inserted text. 26. A deed of sale is presented in a forgery case, but
19. What is a significant limitation of relying solely on a the defendant claims it is fabricated. Based on
holographic document as evidence? People vs. Nillosquin, what is the primary role of this
A. The risk of it being digitally tampered with. document?
B. Difficulty in validating the seals and stamps. A. To serve as evidence of an agreement or
C. The inability to determine its ink composition. disposition.
D. Lack of witness verification during its creation. B. To establish the history of property ownership.
20. Why might a questioned document's origin remain C. To challenge the validity of existing laws.
inconclusive even after thorough examination? D. To represent only partial terms of a sale.
A. Insufficient or unreliable known exemplars for 27. A handwritten promissory note is being contested in
comparison. court for its authenticity. Under People vs. Moreno,
B. Overwhelming similarities with authenticated why is this document significant?
documents. A. It represents only informal agreements.
C. The presence of historical and legal B. It must always be notarized to be valid.
significance. C. It automatically nullifies verbal agreements.
D. The examiner’s lack of qualifications. D. It establishes the obligation of the parties
21. In a forgery case involving a receipt, which involved.
principle from the People vs. Moreno case can best 28. In a fraud investigation, an electronic invoice is
establish its significance in court? presented. How does the definition of a document
A. A receipt cannot serve as valid evidence. under Black’s Law Dictionary apply here?
B. A receipt is admissible only if signed by multiple A. Only handwritten invoices are admissible as
witnesses. evidence.
C. A receipt cannot be challenged under any B. The invoice cannot be used unless verified in
circumstances. physical form.
D. A receipt is considered a written document that C. Electronic invoices are always considered
establishes a right or obligation. secondary evidence.
22. If a defendant argues that an unsigned contract is D. The invoice is a physical embodiment of
invalid, which principle from People vs. Nillosquin information relevant to the case.
would likely apply? 29. A lawyer claims that a marriage certificate is
A. A contract must always have a signature to be tampered with. How does People vs. Moreno
valid. emphasize the importance of this document?
B. An unsigned contract is not considered a legal A. It establishes a legal right or obligation in
document. marriage.
C. A contract serves as evidence of an B. It is primarily a ceremonial record with limited
agreement, even if unsigned. legal value.
D. A contract without a signature automatically C. It cannot be contested in a legal setting.
voids an agreement. D. It automatically overrides other evidence.
23. A lawyer presents a book of accounts as evidence 30. In a criminal case, a typed confession is disputed for
in court. How does the Best Evidence Rule from its validity. How does the concept of a document
Criminal Jurisprudence apply? under Criminal Jurisprudence justify its inclusion as
A. The book of accounts is not admissible as evidence?
evidence. A. It provides a physical representation of the
B. Photocopies of the accounts are sufficient defendant’s statements.
evidence. B. It is considered valid only if written in the
C. The original book of accounts is required to defendant’s handwriting.
prove its contents. C. It is not applicable as it must be orally
D. The book of accounts must be notarized before presented.
presentation. D. It automatically overrides witness testimonies.
24. In a property dispute, a blueprint is introduced as 31. A notarized deed of sale is presented in court.
evidence. What makes this valid under Black’s Law Under Sec. 19, Rule 132, Rules of Court, how is this
Dictionary definition of a document? document classified?
A. It is a notarized physical record. A. A private document, as it is executed by
B. It is an original representation of ideas. individuals.
C. It represents written agreements only.
 FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

B. A public document, as it is notarized by a 38. A digital animation is requested during discovery

notary public. in a copyright case. How does it qualify under the
C. An official document, as it involves a classification of documents?
government official. A. It is a private document since it lacks
D. A commercial document, as it involves the sale notarization.
of property. B. It is an official document due to its legal
32. A business contract written and signed privately implications.
without notarization is submitted as evidence. How C. It is an electronic document, as it exists digitally.
is this document classified? D. It is a commercial document since it pertains to
A. A private document, as it lacks notarization. intellectual property.
B. An electronic document, as it could exist in 39. A receipt from a government office is disputed in
digital form. court. How is this classified based on document
C. A public document, as it evidences a legal definitions?
agreement. A. A public document, as it is part of official acts
D. A commercial document, as it involves a of public officers.
business transaction. B. A private document, as it is executed by an
33. A notarized last will and testament is challenged in individual.
court. Based on Sec. 19, Rule 132, is this document C. A commercial document, as it involves a
considered a public document? transaction.
A. Yes, as it is acknowledged before a notary D. An electronic document, if issued digitally.
public. 40. A signed rental agreement executed without
B. No, as it must be classified as a private notarization is presented in a legal dispute. How is
document. this document classified?
C. Yes, as it records the official acts of a public A. A public document due to its evidentiary
officer. nature.
D. No, as last wills and testaments are excluded B. A private document since it is not notarized.
even if notarized. C. A commercial document, as it deals with
34. A memorandum issued by a government agency is property rights.
contested in a dispute. Under the definition of an D. An official document since it involves legal
official document, how does it qualify? obligations.
A. It is notarized by a public official. 41. What is the primary characteristic of a document?
B. It is a private document executed by public A. Contains written agreements
officials. B. Is always printed or engraved
C. It is issued by the government in the C. Must be handwritten or typewritten
performance of its duties. D. Contains marks, symbols, or signs conveying
D. It is a commercial document as it involves meaning
government business. 42. The term "document" is derived from the Latin word
35. A company's ledger is submitted as evidence in a “documentum,” which means what?
fraud case. Based on its classification, what type of A. Contract
document is it? B. Written proof
A. An electronic document, as it is digitally stored. C. Engraved writing
B. A public document, as it contains important D. Teaching or lesson
records. 43. What is a questioned document?
C. A private document, as it is created without A. A document with an established origin
notarization. B. A document that has been photocopied
D. A commercial document, as it relates to C. A document used for teaching purposes
business transactions. D. A document under scrutiny for authenticity
36. An email containing contractual obligations is 44. Which of the following is NOT an example of a
submitted as evidence. How does this qualify under questioned document?
the definition of an electronic document? A. Election ballots
A. It is valid only if printed and notarized. B. Holographic wills
B. It is an official document due to its contractual C. Marriage contracts
nature. D. Unused blank paper
C. It exists solely in digital form and serves as an e- 45. What does the term “disputed document” suggest?
document. A. It is controversial and subject to argument
D. It must be classified as a private document B. It is used for teaching and research
regardless of format. C. It is a legal document by nature
37. A notarized affidavit written abroad is presented in D. It is always falsified
a Philippine court. Under Sec. 19, Rule 132, how 46. What is the key difference between a "standard"
should this document be classified? and a "questioned document"?
A. An electronic document, if stored digitally. A. A standard’s origin is known, while a
B. A public document, as it records an official act. questioned’s origin is unknown
C. A private document, as it was executed in B. Standards are always handwritten; questioned
another country. are typewritten
D. An official document, as it was prepared by a C. Standards are documents, while questioned
foreign official. are materials
 FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

D. A standard is original, while questioned is B. Unused ballot paper

falsified C. Blank sheet of paper
47. What term is synonymous with “standard D. Typewritten contract with suspicious signatures
document”? 58. The term “exemplar” is commonly used by ____.
A. Exemplar A. Historians
B. Holograph B. Law students
C. Disputed document C. Graphic designers
D. Reference collection D. Document examiners and attorneys
48. A holographic document refers to _______. 59. What makes a holographic document unique?
A. A digitally scanned document A. It is signed by a witness
B. A document prepared in court B. It is engraved on durable material
C. A document fully written and signed by one C. It is created using advanced technology
person D. It is entirely written and signed by one person
D. A document used for teaching handwriting 60. Which statement best defines a standard
analysis document?
49. What is a reference collection? A. A document under dispute in court
A. A group of questioned documents B. A blank document from a known source
B. A set of disputed documents for legal use C. A document used for instructional purposes
C. An archive of educational materials for students D. A verified authentic document used for
D. A compilation of standard documents or writing comparison
materials or instruments used for comparison 61. In People vs. Moreno, how is a document defined?
50. The French word “docere” means _____. A. A physical embodiment of ideas
A. To write B. A digital file containing private information
B. To teach C. A written record of government proceedings
C. To dispute D. Any written document by which a right is
D. To engrave established or an obligation is extinguished
51. Which of the following is an example of a 62. According to People vs. Nillosquin, a document is
holographic document? ______.
A. Typewritten contract A. A notarized record of private contracts
B. Digitally signed agreement B. A written material stored digitally for commerce
C. Handwritten and signed will C. A material created by the government to prove
D. Printed map with engravings agreements
52. What type of material is part of a reference D. Any instrument proving, evidencing, or setting
collection? forth a disposition or agreement
A. Disputed deeds 63. Which document type is notarized by a public
B. Blank documents official with legal formalities?
C. Questioned visas A. Public document
D. Known handwriting specimens B. Private document
53. What is a primary purpose of maintaining a C. Official document
reference collection? D. Commercial document
A. To preserve official paperwork 64. Which type of document is issued by the
B. To archive historical documents government or its agents?
C. To prove the authenticity of questioned A. Private document
materials B. Official document
D. To assist document examiners in answering C. Electronic document
specific questions D. Commercial document
54. Which of the following is NOT typically included in a 65. What distinguishes a private document from a
reference collection? public document?
A. Inks A. It exists only in electronic form
B. Pencils B. It is notarized by a public official
C. Typewriting specimens C. It contains commercial rights and obligations
D. Photocopies of questioned documents D. It is executed without the intervention of a
55. What is a distinguishing feature of a questioned notary or public official
document? 66. What is a commercial document?
A. It is always handwritten A. A deed related to public rights
B. It contains evidence of teaching B. A digital file stored on a network
C. It originates from legal archives C. A notarized contract for government use
D. Its authenticity or content is in doubt D. A document prepared under Mercantile Law
56. The origin of a standard document must be ____. for commercial rights or obligations
A. Unknown 67. An electronic document can include all EXCEPT:
B. Proven and legally valid A. E-mails
C. Partially visible or marked B. G-mails
D. From a government archive C. Spreadsheets
57. Which of the following could be a questioned D. Handwritten agreements
document? 68. Which of the following is NOT an example of an
A. Sealed envelope official document?
 FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

A. A government-issued passport A. It was less expensive and easier to produce

B. A court order signed by a judge B. It could only be produced in certain climates
C. A private contract notarized by a public official C. It was impervious to ink smudging and
D. A birth certificate issued by a municipal officer weathering
69. A commercial document must adhere to which D. Its fine surface allowed for detailed and precise
law? writing
A. Civil Code 79. While visiting a historical library, Mr. X learns about
B. Best Evidence Rule writing materials made from sheep, calf, or goat
C. Criminal Jurisprudence skin. What is this material called?
D. Code of Commerce or Mercantile Law A. Vellum
70. Which of the following is an example of a public B. Papyrus
document? C. Parchment
A. A business receipt D. Fiberboard
B. A digital animation 80. Mr. X is handed a finely crafted manuscript made
C. A notarized contract from the skin of young calves. What type of material
D. A government employee’s ID is likely used?
71. An electronic document is defined as ______. A. Vellum
A. A document notarized in digital form B. Bamboo
B. A document created by a public official C. Papyrus
C. A document handwritten and stored online D. Parchment
D. A document that exists only in electronic format 81. Mr. X wants to explain to his students how the first
72. Which of the following documents is considered practical paper-making machine was created.
"private"? Which inventor should he mention?
A. A marriage certificate A. Cai Lun
B. A digital calendar stored on a network B. Henry Fourdrinier
C. A tax receipt issued by a government agency C. Sealy Fourdrinier
D. A handwritten agreement without notarization D. Nicholas Louis Robert
73. What is a reference example of a commercial 82. Mr. X is examining a sample of papyrus. Which plant
document? is primarily used to make this material?
A. A sales invoice A. Oak
B. A notarized will B. Bamboo
C. A court subpoena C. Mulberry tree
D. A government-issued permit D. Cyperus papyrus
74. Which document type is primarily used for verifying 83. During a quiz, Mr. X asks students which material
government transactions? was contemporaneous with papyrus but made
A. Public document from animal skin. The correct answer is _____.
B. Official document A. Paper
C. Private document B. Vellum
D. Commercial document C. Bamboo
75. Which term is best associated with notarization? D. Parchment
A. Public document 84. Mr. X asks his students to identify the fibrous material
B. Private document that Cai Lun used to make paper. What is the
C. Electronic document correct answer?
D. Commercial document A. Animal hides
76. Mr. X visits a museum and observes a scroll made B. Metal sheets
from the pith of Cyperus papyrus. What type of C. Vegetable fibers
ancient writing material is he looking at? D. Stone engravings
A. Paper 85. Mr. X visits an archaeological site where a writing
B. Vellum surface retaining pen marks was found. This material
C. Papyrus is most likely called _____.
D. Parchment A. Vellum
77. Mr. John examines a scroll in a museum and notes B. Papyrus
that it is made from the pith of Cyperus papyrus. C. Parchment
Why was this material significant in ancient Egypt? D. Writing materials
A. It was resistant to water and decay 86. Mr. X is explaining the historical progression of
B. It was abundant along the Nile and easy to writing materials. Which sequence correctly traces
process the chronological order of their development?
C. It was more durable than other materials like A. Vellum → Papyrus → Parchment → Paper
parchment B. Papyrus → Parchment → Vellum → Paper
D. It was the first material that could be used in C. Parchment → Papyrus → Vellum → Paper
bound books D. Paper → Papyrus → Vellum → Parchment
78. Mr. John studies an ancient manuscript made from 87. Mr. Sam finds an ancient pen with frayed edges
the skin of young calves. He asks his students to that resembles a brush. Which type of pen is he
analyze why vellum was preferred for important likely examining?
documents over other materials like papyrus or A. Quill Pen
parchment. B. Reed Pen
 FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

C. Fountain Pen paper deeply and resist removal. He emphasizes its

D. Steel Point Pen permanence, making it unsuitable for erasable
88. Mr. Sam reads about a writing tool made from documents. Based on these features, which ink he is
goose and swan feathers that was widely used for describing?
over 1,300 years. What tool is this? A. India Ink
A. Quill Pen B. Secret Ink
B. Reed Pen C. Indelible Ink
C. Fountain Pen D. Copying Ink
D. Fiber Tip Pen 98. During a discussion on covert communication, Mr.
89. Mr. Sam is studying historical records and finds a John asks his students why early secret inks, such as
reference to "brazen pens" in 1465. What material lemon juice or milk, were effective for sending
were these pens made from? hidden messages. What property of these
A. Steel substances made them suitable for use as secret
B. Brass inks?
C. Reed A. They evaporate quickly
D. Bone B. They dry with a dark visible trace
90. Mr. Sam discovers that an insurance agent C. They permanently stain the surface
patented the first practical fountain pen in 1884. D. They are invisible until treated with heat or
Who was this inventor? chemicals
A. John Loud 99. Mr. John finds a written text containing images
B. Yukio Horie combined with sounds. He asks his students why this
C. Ladislao Biro form of writing, pictographic writing, was an
D. Lewis Waterman effective transitional system. What was its primary
91. Mr. Sam is teaching about ballpoint pens. Which strength?
inventor patented the first ballpoint pen in 1888? A. Its permanence on durable materials
A. John Loud B. Its ease of learning for non-literate populations
B. Ladislao Biro C. Its simplicity for recording large amounts of text
C. Bryan Donkin D. Its ability to bridge visual and phonetic
D. Lewis Waterman communication
92. Mr. Sam is discussing writing tools and mentions a 100. Mr. John presents examples of early iconographs,
pen with an ink reservoir that became popular in such as cave paintings and arranged objects. He
the 1920s. What pen is he referring to? asks the class to analyze the primary purpose of
A. Fountain Pen these early symbols. Why were iconographs used?
B. Ballpoint Pen A. To standardize written laws
C. Fiber Tip Pen B. To develop artistic traditions for trade
D. Steel Point Pen C. To communicate messages across long
93. Mr. Sam demonstrates a writing tool with a small distances
rotating ball at the tip. What is the name of this D. To document hunting strategies and important
pen? events
A. Reed Pen 101. Mr. Sam discovered a document with a signature
B. Ballpoint Pen that seemed unusually shaky. Based on questioned
C. Fountain Pen document examination, what could this indicate?
D. Fiber Tip Pen A. It is a holographic will.
94. Mr. John finds an ancient document written with ink B. It might be a traced forgery.
made of lampblack and gum mixed with water. C. It could be a notarized signature.
Which type of ink is this? D. It is a genuine signature written with care.
A. Indian Ink 102. Mr. Sam found a contract with additional lines
B. Indelible Ink squeezed between paragraphs. What term
C. Copying Ink describes this modification?
D. Logwood Ink A. Erasure
95. Mr. John observes a letter written with ink that turns B. Addition
from purple to black on paper and can be C. Obliteration
chemically washed off. Which ink was used? D. Interlineation
A. Secret Ink 103. Mr. Sam needs to identify the origin of a typewritten
B. Indelible Ink document. Which class of questioned documents
C. Copying Ink should he consider?
D. Logwood Ink A. Questioned holographic wills
96. Mr. John examines an old document written in ink B. Documents with fraudulent signatures
made from gall nuts. What type of ink is he C. Documents investigated for typewriting
studying? D. Questioned documents with issues of materials
A. India Ink used
B. Copying Ink 104. If Mr. Sam were to determine the authenticity of a
C. Water-Resistant Ink questioned signature, what branch of handwriting
D. Iron Gallo-Tannate Ink identification is he engaging in?
97. Mr. John presents an ink to his students, explaining A. Erasure detection
that it is characterized by its ability to penetrate B. Age determination
 FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

C. Signature verification 114. Mr. Sam needs to verify the age of a handwritten
D. Typewriting verification note. What kind of examination should he prioritize?
105. Mr. Sam is tasked with examining a notarized will. A. Chemical testing
What is a key characteristic of such a document? B. Photographic study
A. It is signed in front of a notary public with C. Typewriting analysis
witnesses. D. Signature verification
B. It is entirely handwritten by the testator. 115. Mr. Sam observes an erasure using a sharp object.
C. It contains fraudulent alterations. What type of erasure is this?
D. It is never typewritten. A. Chemical eradication
106. What does "obliteration" refer to in questioned B. Mechanical erasure
document examination? C. Interlineation
A. Blotting out or covering writing to make it D. Obliteration
invisible 116. Mr. Sam observes that multiple questioned
B. Addition of new material to a document signatures share identical pen lifts and strokes. What
C. Removal of material using chemicals could this suggest?
D. Scratching out text using an eraser A. It is a traced forgery.
107. What is the professional role of a document B. It is a simulated forgery.
examiner? C. It is a genuine signature.
A. To study documents scientifically to identify their D. It is a holographic signature.
source 117. • A document Mr. Sam examines shows a section
B. To notarize official documents with unusually bright ink under ultraviolet light. What
C. To create legal documents might this indicate?
D. To certify holographic wills A. The ink has been erased.
108. Which type of will is written entirely in the B. The section is a genuine addition.
handwriting of the testator? C. The document is entirely counterfeit.
A. Holographic will D. The ink is of a different composition or age.
B. Simulated will 118. • If Mr. Sam determines that a genuine signature
C. Notarial will was intentionally written in different manner on the
D. Forged will way he write his genuine signature, what might the
109. What does the term "non-identification" mean in writer's intent be?
document examination? A. To simulate forgery
A. The authorship of compared documents is B. To avoid identification
different. C. To create a holographic will
B. The identity of the document is unknown. D. To indicate fraudulent intent
C. The document is verified as authentic. 119. • Mr. Sam compares two documents with identical
D. The document cannot be classified. typewriting anomalies. What conclusion can he
110. Who is allowed to express an opinion regarding draw?
questioned documents in court? A. Both are holographic wills.
A. An expert witness B. Both documents are counterfeit.
B. A handwriting teacher C. Both were forged by the same individual.
C. Any witness present at the trial D. Both were created on the same typewriter.
D. The judge presiding over the case 120. • Mr. Sam finds that a questioned document has
111. Mr. Sam identifies scratches over a name on a been altered chemically to erase part of the text.
document. Which technique should he use to How should he proceed?
determine the original writing? A. Focus on identifying the author.
A. Chemical analysis B. Perform a handwriting comparison.
B. Infrared examination C. Verify the typewriter used for the document.
C. Visual comparison D. Use ultraviolet light to detect remnants of the
D. Typewriter analysis original text.
112. Mr. Sam is asked to testify regarding his findings on a 121. Mr. Sam is looking for the identifying characteristics
disputed will. What must he establish in court to of a signature on a questioned document and
qualify as an expert witness? identifies unique pen pressure patterns. Which stage
A. His professional experience and education in of the ACE-V methodology is he performing?
document examination A. Analysis
B. His familiarity with the parties involved in the B. Evaluation
case C. Verification
C. His personal opinion on the case's outcome D. Comparison
D. His previous involvement in similar cases 122. Mr. Sam compares the ink strokes of a questioned
113. Mr. Sam encounters a document with pages that document to a verified handwriting sample. What
seem to have been replaced. What aspect should step of the ACE-V process is he engaging in?
he investigate? A. Analysis
A. Age of the document B. Evaluation
B. Fraudulent alterations C. Verification
C. Holographic signatures D. Comparison
D. Non-identification of the author 123. While identifying handwriting, Mr. Sam considers
how likely specific similarities are to occur naturally
 FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

on both questionable and standard. What stage is 131. Which method is best suited to identify unnatural
he at in the ACE-V methodology? pen lifts in signature analysis?
A. Analysis A. Photographic examination
B. Evaluation B. Stereoscopic examination
C. Verification C. Infra-red examination
D. Comparison D. Transmitted light examination
124. A second expert examines the same questioned 132. How can you verify whether the information in the
document to confirm Mr. Sam’s findings. What request aligns with the attached document?
process is being conducted? A. Microscopic examination
B. Physical examination
A. Analysis
C. Oblique light examination
B. Evaluation D. Ultraviolet examination
C. Verification 133. If a document contains alterations made with
D. Comparison different writing instruments, which technique is
125. Mr. Sam is tasked with ensuring that the results of a most likely to identify this?
questioned document examination align closely A. Through the paper examination
with the known standards. Which criterion of B. Stereoscopic examination
C. Ultraviolet examination
scientific examination is he fulfilling?
D. Infra-red examination
A. Precision 134. Which examination is best for determining outlines in
B. Accuracy traced forgeries?
C. Evaluation A. Oblique light examination
D. Verification B. Transmitted light examination
126. Mr. Sam finds that two handwriting samples contain C. Physical examination
highly specific and identical patterns that are D. Infra-red examination
135. When analyzing faded handwriting, what type of
unlikely to occur by coincidence. Based on this,
examination is most effective?
what conclusion can he draw? A. Ultraviolet examination
A. The samples must be forgeries. B. Oblique light examination
B. The samples lack significant characteristics. C. Infra-red examination
C. The samples were written by the same person. D. Photographic examination
D. The samples are inconclusive and need further 136. If an examiner needs to photographically record
verification. observations for further study, which technique
127. During document evaluation, Mr. Sam notes slight should they apply?
differences in the slant of letters between the A. Infra-red examination
questioned and known samples. How should he B. Ultraviolet examination
interpret these differences? C. Photographic examination
A. The questioned document is likely a forgery. D. Stereoscopic examination
B. The known standard is invalid for comparison. 137. You suspect fluorescence in a document due to
altered ink. What method would you use?
C. The differences could be natural variations in
A. Transmitted light examination
handwriting. B. Ultraviolet examination
D. The documents are unquestionably from C. Oblique light examination
different sources. D. Infra-red examination
128. Mr. Sam is presented with two documents, one of 138. To identify differences in ink composition that may
which has inconsistent pen pressure and irregular not be visible to the naked eye, which examination
letter shapes. What aspect of the ACE-V process technique would you apply?
A. Infra-red examination
should he revisit?
B. Photographic examination
A. Verification to confirm accuracy C. Oblique light examination
B. Analysis to identify more characteristics D. Through the paper examination
C. Comparison to align properties of the Answer: A
documents 139. How can you confirm embossed impressions or
D. Evaluation to assess the significance of the outlines on a questioned document?
inconsistencies A. Stereoscopic examination
B. Oblique light examination
129. In a handwriting identification case, Mr. Sam
C. physical examination
discovers many similarities but also unexplainable D. Infra-red examination
differences between the samples. What should his 140. Why is ultraviolet examination conducted in a
conclusion be? darkroom?
A. The handwriting samples are unrelated. A. To prevent exposure to visible light
B. The samples indicate intentional forgery. B. To ensure maximum fluorescence visibility
C. The handwriting samples are an exact match. C. To protect the document from damage
D. Further analysis and verification are needed. D. To enhance photographic clarity
130. If a questioned document exhibits high consistency Answer: B
in results across repeated tests, which scientific 141. Which examination method is most critical for
criterion is being met? documenting evidence in questioned document
A. Precision cases?
B. Accuracy A. Physical examination
B. Infra-red examination
C. Evaluation
C. Photographic examination
D. Verification D. Through the paper examination
 FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

142. What is the primary reason for limiting exposure to 154. Which of the following tools is mainly used to
ultraviolet light during examination? detect counterfeit bills?
A. To avoid fading of ink or typewriter ribbon A. Comparison Microscope
B. To prevent fluorescence reactions B. Ultra Violet Lamp
C. To reduce radiation effects on photographic C. Transmitted Light Gadget
emulsions D. Shadowgraph
D. To ensure accurate back-lighting results 155. If a document has overlapping ink lines and
143. What makes stereoscopic examination superior for erasures, which device would provide the most
detecting retouching in signatures? detailed analysis?
A. It uses photographic records
A. Magnifying Lens
B. It provides high magnification with precise
lighting B. Ultra Violet Lamp
C. It reacts to ultraviolet light C. Stereoscopic Binocular Microscope
D. It detects ink fluorescence D. Shadowgraph
144. Which method best evaluates the sequence of 156. A folded document contains an ink line crossing the
entries made with different writing instruments? fold. What tool would help confirm this detail?
A. Oblique light examination A. Comparison Microscope
B. Infra-red examination B. Table Lamps with Adjustable Shades
C. Stereoscopic examination C. Infrared Viewer
D. Photographic examination D. Stereoscopic Binocular Microscope
145. What does "microscopic examination" primarily 157. If a questioned document examiner wants to
involve? analyze watermarks and obliterated text, which
A. Analysis of fluorescence device should they use?
B. Study of physical details using a microscope A. Video Spectral Comparator (VSC)
B. Ultra Violet Lamp
C. Recording observations photographically
C. ESDA
D. Detecting ink composition differences D. Shadowgraph
146. What phenomenon is observed during ultraviolet 158. What examination tool allows for side-by-side
examination? microscopic comparison of two images?
A. Infra-red reflection A. Comparison Microscope
B. Fluorescence B. Video Spectral Comparator
C. Back-lighting effects C. Infrared Viewer
D. Low-angle illumination D. Shadowgraph
159. Which device can reveal indented writing by
147. What type of light is used in transmitted light recording indentations on a document's surface?
examination? A. Electrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA)
A. Light striking from a low angle B. Transmitted Light Gadget
B. Light passing through the document C. Ultra Violet Lamp
C. Light reflected off the surface D. Table Lamp with Adjustable Shade
D. Infra-red radiation 160. What examination technique involves light passing
148. What is the purpose of physical examination in through the document from underneath?
document analysis? A. Oblique Lighting
A. To determine alterations B. Transmitted Light Examination
B. To verify attached documents C. Shadowgraph Analysis
C. To decipher faded handwriting D. Infrared Illumination
D. To detect fluorescence 161. Which device would a forensic expert use to detect
149. What is the primary use of oblique light uneven ink distribution on a typewritten document?
examination? A. Infrared Viewer
A. Determining ink composition B. Stereoscopic Binocular Microscope
B. Detecting embossed impressions C. Ultra Violet Lamp
C. Recording photographic evidence D. ESDA
D Verifying attached documents 162. If fluorescence in ink needs to be analyzed, which
150. What is the primary use of a magnifying lens in device is most appropriate?
currency examination? A. Ultra Violet Lamp
A. To detect watermarks B. Shadowgraph
B. To provide a basic magnification of documents C. Infrared Viewer
D. Table Lamps with Adjustable Shades
C. To identify charred writings
163. What tool helps reveal embossed impressions under
D. To determine the depth of indentations controlled illumination?
151. What is a key feature of the stereoscopic A. Goose Neck Lamp
binocular microscope? B. ESDA
A. Side-by-side image comparison C. Infrared Viewer
B. Three-dimensional (3D) enlargement D. Transmitted Light Gadget
C. Detection of ultraviolet security features 164. Which device helps detect fraudulent additions
D. Examination of indented writing and interlineations in documents?
152. What type of document examination can an A. Comparison Microscope
infrared viewer assist with? B. Infrared Viewer
A. Counterfeit currency detection C. Stereoscopic Binocular Microscope
B. Erasures in ink D. Video Spectral Comparator
C. Charred writings 165. A bank clerk suspects a bill is counterfeit. Which
D. Fluorescence in documents device should they use to verify the bill’s security
153. Which device helps detect indented writings?
features?
A. ESDA
B. Video Spectral Comparator A. Ultra Violet Lamp
C. Infrared Viewer B. Infrared Viewer
D. Goose Neck Lamps
 FORENSIC 4- QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

C. Magnifying Lens
D. ESDA
166. A document with charred edges must be examined
for hidden writings. Which device will help?
A. Infrared Viewer
B. ESDA
C. Ultra Violet Lamp
D. Magnifying Lens
167. If a document has faint pencil outlines of a forged
signature, what tool will reveal it clearly?
A. Stereoscopic Binocular Microscope
B. Infrared Viewer
C. Shadowgraph
D. Comparison Microscope

168. Which device would help identify indentations left

behind on a blank sheet of paper?
A. ESDA
B. Ultra Violet Lamp
C. Transmitted Light Gadget
D. Shadowgraph
Answer: A
169. A forensic expert needs to compare two signatures
side-by-side under magnification. What device is
ideal?
A. Comparison Microscope
B. Table Lamp with Adjustable Shade
C. Video Spectral Comparator
D. Magnifying Lens
170. If a writing is suspected of being overwritten, which
device would confirm this?
A. Stereoscopic Binocular Microscope
B. Shadowgraph
C. Ultra Violet Lamp
D. Infrared Viewer
171. Which device can help expose obliterated or
masked text under special lighting?
A. Video Spectral Comparator
B. Transmitted Light Gadget
C. Goose Neck Lamp
D. Magnifying Lens