UNIT 7: EDUCATION OPTIONS FOR SCHOOL-LEAVERS

Perfect gerund and Perfect Participle

1. Perfect gerund
a. Form: Having + V3/_ed
Eg: She remembered having turned off the lights.
b. Uses: - Khi động từ (cần thêm –ING) chỉ hành động đã xảy ra
trước hành động kia, dùng Perfect gerund diễn tả hành động
trước.
- Làm chủ ngữ trong câu: Having completed the project was a
great relief.
- Bổ ngữ của động từ “be” trong câu: My biggest regret is
having missed the concert.
- Là tân ngữ của giới từ: She left without having said goodbye.
- Là tân ngữ của động từ: He denied having taken the money.
2. Perfect participle
a. Form: Having + V3/_ed
Eg: Having finished their homework, the children went out to
play. (hđ diễn ra trước:finished homework, hđ diễn ra sau: went
out to play.)
b. Uses: - Khi hai hành động của cùng chủ từ xảy ra trước sau
trong quá khứ, dùng Having + V3/ed diễn tả hành động trước
- Được dùng trong mệnh đề phân từ chỉ thời gian:
Eg: Having done the house work, I decided to watch a movie.
- Được dùng trong mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân:
Eg: Having watched this movie before, I knew who the
winner was.
Perfect Gerund Perfect Participle
Hình having + past participle (V3/-ed)
thức
Ý Nhấn mạnh một hoạt động diễn ra trước một hoạt động khác
nghĩ
a
Chức Đóng vai trò là danh từ Là thành phần của mệnh đề phân từ
năng  Chủ ngữ của câu  Mệnh đề phân từ chỉ thời gian
 Bổ ngữ của liên động từ “be”  Mệnh đề phân từ chỉ nguyên nhân
 Tân ngữ của giới từ
 Tân ngữ của động từ
Ví dụ Having reviewed the lessons carefully made Having reviewed the lessons carefully, I felt
me feel confident in the exam room. confident in the exam room.
(Việc đã ôn bài cẩn thận giúp tôi tự tin (Vì đã ôn bài cẩn thận, tôi cảm thấy tự tin
trong phòng thi.) trong phòng thi.)

EXERCISE
I. Phân biệt perfect gerund và perfect participle trong các câu sau.
1. Having studied all night was exhausting.
2. Having studied all night, I felt exhausted.
3. Having practised the piano for years is an unforgettable experience.
4. Having practised the piano for years, she won the first prize in a music
competition last year.
5. He felt guilty about having forgotten her birthday.
6. I regret having eaten so much.
7. Having cooked dinner, she set the table.
8. Having been praised by her teacher, she felt proud of her work.
9. Her greatest accomplishment is having travelled around the world.
10. Having cleaned the house, they sat down to relax.
II. Use the words in the box to complete the sentences. Change the word
form if necessary.
undergraduate skill qualification professional scholarship academic
1. One of the reasons for Vietnamese students' studying abroad is the quality of the
________ programmes in higher education.
2. Most of these students are interested in pursuing________ studies for bachelor's degrees.
3. Some students decide to study in the United States or the United Kingdom to improve
their language________ , which can help them to get a better job.
4. Some universities in the United States offer different________ to international students to
help to cover tuition fees and living costs.
5. The higher education ________ gained at UK universities and colleges are recognized
worldwide.
 6. Universities must better prepare students for their ________ careers.
III. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.
1. At most institutions in the UK, the ____ starts in September or October and runs until
June or July.
A. leap year B. gap year C. new year D. academic
year
2. Further and higher education colleges offer courses and qualification wide range of
vocational and academic subjects at many ____.
A. levels B. positions C. standards D. qualities
3. Depending on your nationality, you may be ____ for a loan or financial support from the
UK government.
A. keen B. eligible C. legal D. capable
4. The UK offers a wide range of work-based ____ for students seeking to build careers in
specific industries.
A. exercising B. practicing C. learning D. training
5. University ____ in Vietnam can decide their own criteria for enrolling international
students.
A. bosses B. leaders C. principals D. rectors
6. A Bachelor's degree is also known as the ____ university degree or an undergraduate
degree.
A. main B. ordinary C. first D. major
7. The teachers at Edinburgh College encourage students to ____ with others, experiment
with arts and find their own ideas.
A. solve B. collaborate C. support D. improve
8. With thousands of UK further education courses on offer, you can choose a course that
____ your goals and interests.
A. watches B. appoints C. fixes D. matches

IV. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form the word
that fits in the gap in the same line.
1. Can you explain what types of _______________________ are available for international
students? (FUND)
2. Are _________________________ students allowed to work part-time? (NATIONAL)
3. I'd like to consult you about the __________________________ differences (that) I
should be aware of. (CULTURE)
4. What __________________________ me most is the high cost of living in London as an
international student. (WORRY)
5. One of the reasons for Vietnamese students' studying abroad is the quality of the
_______________________ programmes in higher education. (ACADEMY)
6. Most of these students are interested in pursuing ___________________________
studies for bachelor's degrees. (GRADUATE)
 7. Some students decide to study in the United States or the United Kingdom to improve
their language __________________________, which can help them to get a better job.
(SKILLFUL)
8. Some universities in the United States offer different _________________________ to
international students to help to cover tuition fees and living costs. (SCHOOL)
9. The higher education __________________________ gained at UK universities and
colleges are recognised worldwide. (QUALIFY)
10. Universities must better prepare students for their __________________________
careers. (PROFESSION)
V. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank in the
following passage.
British further education qualifications are respected by employers and (1) ____
worldwide. There are two main types: academic courses, and vocational and professional
courses. Academic courses help you (2) ____ for higher education at a university or college.
They aim to develop your analytical skills, critical thinking and knowledge. (3) ____ and
professional courses give you the skills and qualification you need to enter and succeed in
your chosen career. They offer technical (4) ____ and skills for the workplace.
British (5) ____ education providers invest heavily in facilities - from libraries, computer
centres and science laboratories to sports centres, theatres and arts studios. Class sizes are (6)
____ to ensure that you have access to equipment and enough time to talk to your tutors and
lectures. British qualifications are a great boost to your CV and to your earnings. Employers
are increasingly looking for (7) ____ with multicultural experience. Moreover, British
colleges and universities have strong links with industry - many courses are designed in
partnership with, and taught by, industry professional. Many include the option of a year in
industry or a work placement, giving you real professional (8) ____.
English is widely regarded as the language of business. Studying in the UK helps you
learn language quickly, through your studies, friends and everyday life. If you need any
additional support, (9) ____ are lots of English language classes across the UK.
The UK is a truly multicultural society, with a wonderful mix of people from many
different backgrounds. As a student, you'll get to know people from all over the world and be
inspired by many cultures. Many colleges have international offices and advisers to ensure
you feel welcome and are supported (10) ____ your time in British further education.

1. A. academics B. academy C. academical D. academically

2. A. get B. prepare C. make D. support
3. A. Occasional B. Vocational C. Optional D. Various
4. A. growing B. changing C. adding D. training
5. A. further B. each C. both D. every
6. A. bored B. restricted C. expensive D. attracted
7. A. joins B. enters C. arrives D. graduates
 8. A. experiment B. factor C. experience D. problem
9. A. there B. that C. which D. they
10. A. in B. over C. throughout D. cross

VI. Read the text below and answer the following questions.
Higher Education in Germany
There are currently 397 universities in Germany with a combined student population of
approximately 2.8 million. Of these, 115 are universities or similar institutions; 217 are
universities of applied sciences; 57 are colleges of art or music; and 8 do not belong to any of
these three categories.
Higher Education Institutions are either state or state-recognized institutions. In their
operations, including the organization of studies and the designation and award of degrees, they
are both subject to higher education legislation.
Universities including various specialized institutions, offer the whole range of academic
disciplines. In the German tradition, universities focus in particular on basic research so that
advanced stages of study have mainly theoretical orientation and research-oriented components.
Universities have the right to confer doctoral degrees and cater for the education and training of
the next generation of academics.
Universities of applied sciences concentrate their study programmes in engineering and other
technical disciplines, business-related studies, social work, and design areas. The common
mission of applied research and development implies a distinct application-oriented focus and
professional character of studies, which include integrated and supervised work assignments in
industry, enterprises or other relevant institutions. Almost a third of students attend universities
of applied sciences.
The third major group comprises the colleges of art and colleges of music offering studies for
artistic careers in fine arts, performing arts and music; in such fields as directing, production,
writing in theatre, film, and other media; and in a variety of design areas, architecture, media and
communication.
A central characteristic is the uniting of arts teaching, artistic practice and research. There is a
clear difference between teaching of arts subjects, and teaching at universities and universities of
applied sciences. Their core objective is to allow students to develop as artistic individuals. Two
per cent of all students attend a college of arts or music. Almost all colleges of art and music
have the right to confer doctoral degrees and the post-doctoral qualification for the title of
‘professor’.
In total, there are approximately 10,500 different undergraduate programmes and a further
9,500 postgraduate degree programmes on offer at higher education institutions throughout
Germany; There are essentially two university-level academic qualifications, a Bachelor's degree
and a Master's degree. In addition, there are some subject areas in which courses lead to state-
certified exams, for example, medicine, law and the training of teachers. Finally, there are still
some remaining degree programmes that lead to a ‘Diploma’ qualification.

a) Answer the questions.

1. What is the population of university students in Germany?
→ __________________________________________________________________________
2. What study programmes do universities of applied sciences offer?
→ __________________________________________________________________________
3. Name some fields that the colleges of art and colleges of music offer studies for artistic
careers?
→ __________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the main objective of colleges of arts and music?
→ __________________________________________________________________________
5. How many programmes do higher education institutions throughout Germany offer?
→ __________________________________________________________________________
6. What is the percentage of German students who attend a college of arts or music?
→ __________________________________________________________________________
7. What qualifications can be granted at higher education institutions throughout Germany?
→ __________________________________________________________________________
8. In what subject areas do courses lead to state-certified examinations?
→ __________________________________________________________________________
b) Read the text again and decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
1. At a fundamental level, German universities particularly focus on basic and theoretical
research. ________
2. German Universities are entitled to confer doctoral degrees. ________
3. A majority of students attend universities of applied sciences. ________
4. Uniting arts teaching, artistic practice and research is the central characteristic of colleges
of arts and music. ________
5. All universities and colleges in Germany have the same objective to enable students to
develop as creative individuals. ________
VII. Read the passage and choose the best answer.
It's called 42 - the name taken from the answer to the meaning of life, from the science
fiction series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. 42 was founded by French technology
billionaire Xavier Niel, whose backing means there are no tuition fees and accommodation is
free. Mr Niel and his co-founders come from the world of technology and start-ups, and they are
trying to do to education what Facebook did to communication and Airbus to accommodation.
Students at 42 are given a choice of projects that they might be set in a job as a software
engineer - perhaps to design a website or a computer game. They complete a project using
resources freely available on the Internet and by seeking help from their fellow students, who
work alongside them in a large open-plan room full of computers. Another student will then be
randomly assigned to mark their work.
The founders claim this method of learning makes up for shortcomings in the traditional
education system, which they say encourages students to be passive recipients of knowledge.
“Peer-to-peer learning develops students with the confidence to search for solutions by
themselves, often in quite creative and ingenious ways."
Like in computer games, the students are asked to design and they go up a level by
completing a project. They graduate when they reach level 21, which usually takes three to five
years. And at the end, there is a certificate but no formal degree. Recent graduates are now
working at companies including IBM, Amazon, and Tesla, as well as starting their own firms.
"The feedback we have had from employers is that our graduates are more apt to go off and
find out information for themselves, rather than asking their supervisors what to do next," says
Brittany Bir, chief operating officer of 42 in California and a graduate of its sister school in Paris.
Ms Bir says 42's graduates will be better able to work with others and discuss and defend their
ideas - an important skill in the "real world” of work. “This is particularly important in computer
programming, where individuals are notorious for lacking certain human skills," she says.
But could 42's model of teacherless learning work in mainstream universities? Brittany Bir
admits 42's methods do not suit all students. "It suits individuals who are very disciplined and
self-motivated, and who are not scared by having the freedom to work at their own pace," she
says.
1. According to the passage, 42 is ____.
A. a kind of school B. a type of accommodation
C. an innovation in technology D. a tool of virtual communication
2. The word "them" in paragraph 2 refers to ____.
A. students at 42 B. projects C. resources D. software engineers
3. The author mentions “to design a website or a computer game” in paragraph 2 to
illustrate ____.
A. a job that a French software engineer always does
 B. a choice of assignment that students at 42 have to complete
C. a free resource available on the Internet
D. a help that students at 42 get for their work
4. What do 42's graduates receive on completion of their course?
A. a certificate B. a degree C. a project D. a design
5. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The founders of 42 share the idea of providing free service on Facebook.
B. It normally takes 42's students at least five years to complete their course.
C. The students of 42 are required to play computer games during their course.
D. 42's peer-to-peer approach promotes active learning and working.
6. According to Ms. Bir, 42's graduates will be able to improve ____.
A. the skills of giving feedback B. the skills of searching for information
C. the skills of teamwork and debating D. the skills of software programming
7. The word "notorious" in paragraph 5 can be best replaced by ____.
A. respectable B. incompetent C. infamous D. memorable
8. It can be inferred from the passage that ____.
A. 42 is a good choice for people of all ages and nationalities
B. all 42's graduates are employed by world leading technology companies
C. 42's students have to handle the task assigned without any assistance
D. 42 adopts project-based and problem-solving learning methods.

VIII. Rewrite the sentences, using perfect gerunds.

1. David did his homework and they went to bed.
2. After Ha had read some documents about Green Earth, she decided to join the
organization.
3. Since Mai had refused Nam's offer of a lift in his car, she had to walk home.
4. Tony had rescued the kids from the fire. People admired him for that.
5. You had saved the lives of hundreds of wild animals. Thank you for that.
6. Thanh had forgotten to turn off the gas cooker before he left his house. He admitted that.
IX. Rewrite the following sentences using Perfect Participle.
1. Zoe had practiced a lot, so she was sure of her winning in the competition.
2. As he had drunk too much, he didn't drive home himself.
3. We have done two tests today, so we are exhausted.
4. She had been to disco the night before and she overslept in the morning.
5. I had not ridden a horse for a long time and I found it very difficult to sit on the saddle.
6. Since I had not seen him for ages, I didn’t recognize him.