Republic of the Philippines

Eulogio "Amang" Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology

Nagtahan Sampaloc Manila

Introduction to
Governance
(Group 1)

Group Members:

Jordan Fulguerinas Ma. Bernadette Tiradez

Mark Angelo De Guzman Jennifer Camata
Jazer Trinidad Ron Gatdula
John Agustin Shelly Allyson Velasquez
Lyrra Trizza Rutor Krystyle Bolotaulo
 Introduction to Governance

Reporter: Ron Gatdula

Government is the system or group of people governing an organized community,

typically a state. It is responsible for creating and enforcing laws, maintaining order,
providing public services, and protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens.

Governance refers to the processes and structures through which organizations or

societies make decisions, manage resources, and implement policies. It encompasses
the ways in which power is exercised, accountability is maintained, and stakeholders are
engaged.

The Eight (8) Principle of Governance

Reporter: Harold John Agustin

The eight principles of governance are commonly referenced as guidelines to ensure

good governance, especially in the context of corporate and public governance. Here’s

the outline of the principles:

1. Accountability: Ensuring that individuals and organizations are held responsible

for their actions and decisions.

2. Transaparency: Providing clear and open access to information about decision-

making processes and policies.

3. Participation: Encouraging stakeholder involvement in decision-making to reflect

diverse perspectives and needs.

 4. Equity and Inclusiveness: Promoting fairness and equal opportunities for all

members of the community.

5. Effectiveness and Efficiency: This is the produce of the mandated rules and

structures to ensure adherence are in best use and produce effective and

efficient results.

6. Rule of Law: Upholding laws that apply equally to all individuals and institutions,

ensuring fairness and justice.

7. Consensus Orientation: This is the intervention of the differing groups of people

to address differing interests and reach broad concensus of the group and

organization.

8. Responsiveness: Institutions and organizations should serve all stakeholders

within a reasonable time frame. Responsiveness means addressing concerns,

adapting to changing needs, and offering solutions promptly.

These principles are adaptable across different types of organizations, such as

corporations, non-profits, or governments, and provide a foundation for ethical and

effective management.

Theories of Governance

Reporters: Jazer Trinidad & Jordan Fulguerinas

 Theories of governance explore how power is distributed and exercised within a

society, particularly focusing on the relationships between government and other

societal actors.

Traditional Theories

Such as the social contract theory, which explores the legitimacy of authority.

Public Choice Theory

Analyzes decision-making in the public sector using economic principles.

Principal-Agent Theory

Focuses on the relationship between those who delegate authority and those who

exercise it.

Network Governance

Examines how collaborative networks and partnerships shape policy outcomes.

New Public Management

Advocates for efficiency and effectiveness in public sector governance.

Collaborative Governance

Emphasizes the role of cooperation among various stakeholders in decision-making.

The Actors of Governance

Reporters: Shelly Allyson Velasquez, Jennifer Camata, Ma. Bernadette Tiradez &

Mark Angelo De Guzman

Governance involves a variety of actors, each with different roles, responsibilities, and

levels of influence.
Government Institutions

Government institutions are the official organizations and bodies through which a

government exercises its authority. These institutions ensure that governance processes

operate within legal and constitutional frameworks. They are responsible for policy-

making, administration, regulation, and enforcement of laws that impact society.

Political Parties

A political party is an organized group of people who share similar political views and

work together to influence public policy and governance. The main goal of political

parties is to win elections, control government institutions, and implement their political

agenda or manifesto.

Political Sector

it is refers to the institution, processes and activities that related to governance, public

policy and political power within a society. this includes government bodies, political

parties, advocacy groups and the legal framework that governs political behavior.

International Organization

A formal organization with members from three or more states that pursue specific

goals. it can be a intergovermental organization, international non-govermental

organization and hybrid organizations.

Civil Society

refers to the array of non-governmental organizations, community groups, and other

organizations that operate independently from the government and represent various

interests and values. In the context of governance, civil plays several important roles:

Advocacy, Service Delivery and Public Engagement.

Citizens

Citizens play a fundamental role in governance by participating in the democratic

process through voting, which allows them to influence leadership and policy decisions.

Citizens also hold government accountable by monitoring actions, demanding

transparency, and voicing concerns about public issues.

Regular Agencies

Are vital actors in governance, responsible for enforcing laws and regulations that

ensure public safety, environmental protection, and economic stability. They develop

and implement rules that govern various sectors, such as finance, health, and

transportation, thereby providing a framework for compliance. These agencies also

monitor and evaluate industry practices, conducting inspections and investigations to

ensure adherence to regulations. By facilitating communication between the government

and regulated entities, they help foster a cooperative approach to compliance and

enforcement.

Media
The media serves as a crucial actor in governance by informing the public about

government actions, policies, and societal issues, fostering transparency and

accountability. It acts as a watchdog, investigating and reporting on corruption, abuse of

power, and other malpractices, thereby holding authorities accountable. Additionally, the

media facilitates public discourse, allowing diverse voices and opinions to be heard,

which enhances democratic engagement and informed citizen participation.

The New Public Management

Reporters: Lyrra Trizza Rutor & Krystyle Bolotaulo

An approach in public administration that applies knowledge and experience gained in the world

of management and other disciplines to improve the efficiency and affectiveness of

public service performance in modern bureaucracies.

Continuous Improvement

The cyclical nature of performance measurement encourages a culture of continuous

improvement within public organizations.

Inform Decision-Making

Performance indicators provide decision-makers with valuable insights into the outcomes

and impact of policies and programs.

Decentralization

This type of public management refers power given to those lower governance such as

local or regional entities. This means that they are responsible in making an approach on

enhancing responsiveness, improve service delivery and promote innovation by bringing

decision making closer to citizens.

These are the types of decentralization:

·Political Decentralization refers to the transfer of decision- making powers and political

authority from central governments to local or regional levels of government

Administrative Decentralization involves the redistribution of authority, responsibility, and

financial resources for providing public services across different levels of government.

Fiscal decentralization refers to the transfer of financial powers and responsibilities, including

revenue generation (like taxation) and expenditure decisions, from central governments to

subnational levels.

Performance Measurement

This is the type mechanism use by the government through assessing performancedelivery among

local administrators. This can based on their knowledge and skills applied that reflect the

organization’s result of the effectiveness of the performance delivered. This can be done utilizing

key performance indicators or (KPI) that reflect the goals and objective being followed and also

the benchmarking can help address the area that needed for improvement.

Example would be the healthcare, education and social services.

- Governance is one of these dynamic concepts that have evolved and are

influenced by diverse actors and theoretical frameworks. Governance expanded

beyond the state to an increasingly heterogeneous network of participants, thus

reflecting the character of modern complex societies more accurately. Theories of

governance explain how such interactions occur, and New Public Management

represents a significant shift toward more decentralized and market-based

approaches in the management of public affairs. But one result of that is that

governance today requires collaboration, transparency, and accountability if

these issues are ever going to be addressed effectively for desirable policy

outcomes.