Des, Expression Chapter 2 DATA TYPES, EXPRE SIONS, STATEMENTS 2.1 PYTHON INTERPRETER AND INTERACTIVE MODE jon has two basic modes: interpreter and interactive modes. The interpreter mode is the mode where the scripted and finished .py files» are run in the Python interpreter. : The interactive mode is a command line shell which gives immediate feedback for each statement, fed in the active memory. As new lines are fed into the interpreter, the fed program is evaluated bot fh in part and in whole. 2.1.1 Python Interpreter mode | _ The Python interpreter is a program that reads-and executes Python code, in which Python ‘statements c: on statements can be stored in a file. The Python system reads and executes the commands from the file, rather than from the console. Such a file is termed as ‘Python program. — Depending on the « it, start the interpreter by clicking on an icon, or by typing python on a command line, When it starts, the output will be shown in Fig. 2.1. [LB Preen 5 Shc ae os |[ Fie _Eat_Shel_Debug “Options Window Help [[eyenon 3.6.0 (v3.6-0:41427 jail, Dec 23 2016, 07:18:10) (HSC v.1900 32 bit (In ~ vel)} on wins2 Type "copyright", "credits" or “license()" for more information. >>> |m [> Eares Qa not Sy Fig. 2.1 Python Interpreter Window ° The first three lines contain information about the interpreter and. the operating system it is running on. ° They on number is 3.6.0. It begins with 3, if the version is Python 3.1 _ begins with 2, if the version is Python 2.tex that the interprey ode and bits Enter Pro ny th ompt (chevro F a a tine of coe isa pr he uset type’ code, ft Jays the resull ©) The last lin ready to enter interpreter disp (script) is written in a te . python preter oF script mo — rate python script 18 executed by the Pry din the Python installation fo) In the inter where file name has extension “PY ~ erenasve hon scripts are * : . ee d again and again without retyping interpreter. By default, 0 Once the script is created, it can be execute Scripts are editable. des program To execute a script, Type the file name along with the path at the prompt. example, if the name of the file is sum.py, WE type >>>python sum.py Enter 2 numbers é y a ? The sum is 9 2.1.2 Python Interactive M ode work in an inte sommands fro! ractive mode. It is a way of using Python allows the user to m the command line with Python interpreter by executing Pytho: script. This, allows the user to type an expression, and immediately the expression executed and the result is printed. To start an interactive mode, we will see that the Python command line wind appears as shown in Fig. 2.2. (ec ea BF Python 3.6 (32-bit)Data Types, Expressions, Statements = The “>>” is the prompt used in the Python interactive mode which indicates'that the Prompt is waiting for the Python command and produces the output _ immediately. example: >>>S+7 12 >>>print(“Hello world !") Hello world ! >>>num=10 >>>num=num/2 >>>print(num) 5.0 ee nes . Working in the interactive mode is convenient for testing a single line code for instant execution. But in the interactive mode, we cannot save the statements for _ future use and we have to retype the statements to run them again. Writing Multiline Code in Python Command Line To write multiline code in Python interactive mode, hit Enter key for continuatior lines, this prompts by default three dots (...). The continuation lines are needet only in the case of procedures, branching, loop constructs. When it happens, press _ tab for indentation. _ Example: >>>flag=1 , >>>if flag: * print(“WELCOME TO PYTHON.”) WELCOME TO PYTHON. \ >>>| 88 Problem Solving and Python Programming 2.2 DEBUGGING A programmer can make mistakes while writing a program, and hence, the yyy may not execute or may generate wrong output The process of identityiy, Iso known as bugs or errors, fom a program jy ¢," al, removing such mistakes, debu; Errors occurring in programs can be categorized as: i) Syntax errors ii) Logical errors iii) Runtime errors 2.2.1 Syntax Errors Like other programming languages, Python has its own rules that determing syntax. The interpreter interprets the statements only if it is syntactically (as Per rules of Python) correct. If any syntax error is present, the interpreter shows en message(s) and stops the execution there. Example{Parentheses must be in pairs, so the expression (20 + 22) is syntactica correct, whereas (17 + 35 is not due to absence of right parenthesis. Such errors need to be removed before the execution of the program) D 2.2.2 Logical Errors A logical error is a bug in the program that causes it to behave incorrectly. A logi error produces an undesired output but without abrupt termination of the execut of the program. Since the program interprets successfully even when logical err are present in it, it is sometimes difficult to identify these errors. The only evidence to the existence of logical errors is the wrong output. WI working backwards from the output of the program, one can identify what w wrong. Example: To find the average of two numbers 10 and 12 and we write the code 10 + 12/2, it would run successfully and produce the result 16. Surely, 16 is not average of 10 and 12. The correct code to find the average should have been (1 12)/2 to give the correct output as 11.sgical errors are also called se, Log called semantic errors as they oceur when the meaning of the program (its semantics) is not correct 3 Runtime runtime error causes 2 | i. time error when apo termination of program while it is executing. Foot execute it, Runti Ne statement is correct syntactically, but the interpreter car . ‘ime errors do r . as Not appea a nram starts running oF executing, ppear until after the program start example: In a stater i ae Ea a ont ea wins division operation in the program, by mistake, if the Cred is zero then it will give a runtime error like “division by zero”. ps'roKENS n breaks each logical line i Pytho h logical line into a sequence of elementary lexical components known as tokens. A token is the smallest unit of the program, Each token corresponds to a substring of the logical line. The tokens in Python are given in Python Literals Delimiter Operators Fig. 2.3 Tokens in Python Fig. 2.3. f J Keywords Identifiers — or. Variables 2.4 KEYWORDS >>1.5e200 * 2.0e210 inf iis result in the special value inf (“infinity”) rather than the arithmetically correct sult 3.0e410, indicating that arithmetic overflow has occurred. ithmetic underflow: Arithmetic underflow occurs when a calculated result is too all in magnitude to be represented. a 2p92 Problem Solving and Python Programming 1 Example: >>>1,0¢e2300/1.0¢100 ' 0.0 correct result 1002400, indie, iy " This results in 0.0 rather than the arithmetically that arithmetic underflow has occurred. 2.7.2 String Literals String literals or strings represent a sequence of characters surrounded by quotes, Example: YJovita, Jesvita! "231, Carmel Nagar, 629004" ‘Hello! A character literal is a single character surrounded by single or dojible: quotes, 7, value with triple-quote "" is used to give multiline string literal. Example: 0 >>>print('Welcome to Python!') Welcome to Python! 2.8 DELIMITERS Delimiters are symbols that perform three special roles in Python like grouping punctuation, and assignment/ binding of objects to names. Table 2.3 presents all 24 of Python’s delimiters. Table 2.3 Delimiters of Python Delimiters Classification Cfo) [ffi][t] Grouping ~t>ot:fs | @ Punctuation = ‘= | =| %= | **= | Arithmetic assignment/ binding = >= Bit wise assignment/ binding ofvaturs Values are the basic units of data, like a number or a string that a program manipulates.gxamples: 2, 42.0 and ‘Hetlo, Wort ) - / - o> .,o 7 + AD these values belong to differ, i ‘ i ii i number, and ‘Hello, World!’ isa | aah nal a string. pi'ryres - Rory es ery value belongs to i Pata values a ae eee type in Python. Data type identifies the type . hold and the operati data. Data type is a category of valuce operations that can be performed on that built in dat The mn we 'ypes are, Numbers (Integer type, Floating Point type, and Comp » Siting, List, Tuple, Set, Boolean and None types. mber data types st 5 . Nu! YP! lore numeric values, Python has three number types: integer numbers, floating point numbers, and complex numbers. O-9 maar taweertye CY (2) 9. $55 ieger represents An integer type (int) represents signed whole numbers, An i 147,483,648 to both positive and negative numbers. The range is at least 2,147,483,647. To write an int constant») c pele oO: oO oo ¢ A zero is written as just 3 O's e To write an integer in decimal (base 10), the first digit must not be zero. Example:23000 — ¢ To write an integer in octal (base 8), precede it with “Oo” and use the digits 0 to 7, plus, B, @; D,B,F. — @, D —_ Example: 00177 Oroaq. Wo o e To write an integer in hexadecimal (base 16), precede it with :0x” or “OX”. Example: 0x77 lé Ox e To write an integer in binary (base 2), precede it with “Ob” or “OB”. Example: 0b101 eo Ob of 2.10.2 Floating Point Type A floating point (float) type represents numbers with fractional part. A floating point number has a decimal point and a fractional part. , ae ——_——_ on 2 WTS Of, L/Problem Solving and Python Programm tuple: 3.0 oF 3.17 oF ~28,72. Python cannot represent very large or very small numbei 5. Phe floating point also repres limited to only about {4-dig I is stored with three parts. © Asign + or— d © A maniiss > w_* 1 in exponent 5 ands for 1.6.x10°, ie., itis the same a6 1600.0.) Lpbxio" le_type that holds a pair of floats, , Example: 2.10.3 Complex Type The complex data type is an immutab representing the real part and the other representing the imaginary part of a comp number, Complex numbers are written with the real and imaginary parts joined, ++ or — sign, and with the imaginary part followed by aj Example: de ‘ Exampl _ Atal eg 4 vf OVveP 5 +14) & ~ bs © Python displays complex numbers in parentheses when they have a nonzero part. . e Cc ) a Example: >>>z.imag 14.0 >>>print(z) _— /\G-o (+14) rea: NY >>>prim((3+3)"4+5)) Gee \) (-7+22)) 13 OS 4 4g) cnProgram 2.1: Mustration of number type (numtype.py) a=0b1010 #Binary Literals. oO \< _ 7 b= 100 #Decimal Literal 2 “ = 00310 #Octal Literal ~ ‘ d=0x12¢ #Hexadecimal LitesaT #Float Type float_l = 10.5 float_2 = 1.5e2 #Complex Type x= 3.14) . , print(a, b,c, d) S+fe print(float_1, float t_2) a print(x, x.imiag, x.real) vO Output: 10 100 200 300 a 10.5 150.0 = pie 3.14) 3.14 0.0 $e . bg 2.10.4 Boolean’ Type ‘ ° A Boolean type represents special values >>Address= [‘231’, ‘Carmel Nagar’, ‘Nagercoil’, ‘629004’] >>>print Address [‘231’, ‘Carmel Nagar’, ‘Nagercoil’, ‘629004’] The built-in Python function type can be used to find out’ the type of « object.Data Type: 97 's, Expressions, Statements Example: ay pecy ST >>>type(2) >>type(“Hello”) —— >>> 7>8 False — 3>>bool(1) True -— >>>bool(0) False p>>type((1,2,3]) - 1.10.7 Tuples C rT) C > ; ; \ tuple is another sequence data type similar to list. A tuple consists of a sequence f items separated by commas and items are enclosed in parenthesis (). . SS ‘he main differences between lists and tuples are: Lists are enclosed in brackets [ ] ad their elements and size canbe changed, while tuples are enclosed in parentheses ) and cannot be changed. . xample: Tuple with string values >>>T=(‘sun','mon','tue’) >>>print T (‘sun', 'mon'’, 'tue') Tuples with single character >>>T=(PY' THON) >>>print T (Ps 'T' 'O'", 'N')| are ene, © duplic,! cL Canny Fy 9 “ Problem Solving and Python Programming, 2.10.8 Sets and items Set is an unordered collection of items separated by commas except that it cannot | clements of a in curly brackets { }. A set is similar to list, entries (every clement is unique). Onee created, changed. J ; {. 4 Example: >>>x=sel("PYTHON PROGRAMMING") >>>print(x} ~ (P', "1, Mi"Y, Th >>>type(x) Program2.3: Illustration of set type (settype.py) a= {5,2,3,1,4} # printing set variable print(a=", a) # data type of variable a _ print(type(a)) _ Output: a= {1,2,3,4,5} a 2.10.9 None Type None is a special data type with a single value. Basically, the None data type me: nonexistent, not known or empty. It is used to signify the absence of value it situation. None supports no special operations, and it is neither False nor 0 (zero). Example: >>>x=None >>>x >>>print x Noneow” Data Types, Expressions, Statements Program 2.42 Mustration of None type (nonetype.py) drink = "Avai' menu(drink menu(food) Output: Available , None xa In the above program, inside the menu function, if the parameter is drink then, it displays Available. If the parameter is food, it displays None. ‘VARIABLES A variable is an identifier, which holds a value. In programming, a value is assigned to a variable. Technically, a variable is the name given to the memory location to store values, so that there is no need to remember the address of the location. Variables hold different kind of data and the same variable might hold different values during the execution of a program. A variable can be used to define a name of an identifier. An identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module or other object. Rules for naming variables e Variable names can be uppercase letters or lower case letters. e Variable names can be at any length.Solving. 1g2 Proble Hustration of arith Prog num = 20 num2 = 30 uum} num2 - ; Sun? ie value of Sum print Output: The value of Sum is: 50 Here, Sum = num! using + operator for two operands num1 nd Python Prop tic expression (arithmetic.py) + num2 is an expression which does a mathematical opera, and num2. Also, num! = 20 , num2 = 30, the assignment statements are called as expressions. 2. Relational/Conditional Expression <=, etc. This expression compares two statements using relational o perators like >, < Program 2.6: Illustration of Relational expression (relational.py) nput(‘Enter first number") a input('Enter first number') b Flag = (a > b) print ‘Is %i greater than %i: %s'% (a, b, Flag) Output: Enter first number 20 Enter first number 31 Is 20 greater than 31: False Here, two values 20 and 31 are compared with a relational operator (>) and stored, result into the variable Flag. 3. Logical Expression The logical expression uses the logical operators like and, or, or not. The logica expression also produces a Boolean result like either True or False.Data Types, Expressions, Statements ue Program 2.7: Illustration of logical expression (logical.py) a=20 b=30 23 d=21 Flag=((a > b) and (c > 4)) print "The logical expression: ((@> b) and (c > d)) returns:", Flag Output: The logical expression: ((a > b) and (e > d)) returns: False Here, the logical expression combines two relational expressions with a logical operator and i.e., the result of (a> b) is False and the result of (c > d) is True. So, the final result is False. 4. Conditional Expression The conditional expression is also called relational expression, This expression is used with branching (if, if-else, etc.) and looping (while) statement. A conditional Eerrersion alWiaiy= pradiires two msils efi True or Palee depending unan the condition. a Program 2.8: Illustration of conditional expression (conditional.py) Age = input (‘Enter your age') if (Age >= 18): print "You can vote," else: print "You can't vote." Output: Enter your age 25 You can vote.= Problem Solving and Python Programming 2.13 STATEMENTS ; i ter can execute. There A Statement is an instruction that the Python ree ara encatlis each 4, : i c Kinds of statements: assignment (=) and print. the result. The assignme command line, Pyth tes it and displays the ™ 7 ent ine, Python execute + at statement is a value. ( Statement do not produce a result. The result of print s' 2.13.1 Assignment Statement i e ‘=" symbol wi An assignment statement associates the name to the left of th yl with y Object denoted by the expression to the right of the ‘=" symbol. Example: >>>Name = ‘Jovita’ >>>Age =9 After an assignment, the values stored in the variables ‘Name and ‘Age ay remembered. >>>Name ‘Jovita’ >>>Age +2 i Simultaneous Assignment Statement Python permits any number of variables to appear on the left side, separated by commas. The same number of expressions must then appear on the right side, again separated by commas. | Example: >>>x=10 >>>y=5 >>>sum,diff,prod=x+y,x-y,x*y >>>sum 15 >>>diffatements, >>>prod 50 ‘The expr ons are evaluated, and each signed (o the corresponding variable. In this case, the effect is same as the three statemen sum =x by diff =x-y prod= x * y This is termed as a ‘simultaneous ignment statement’. 2.13.2 Print Sts lement The print statement takes ; : 4 series of values separated by commas. Each value is converted into a string (by implicitly invoking the str function) and then printed. Example: >>>name=input(“Enter your name: “) Enter your name: Sugitha >>>print(‘Hello’ name,’!”) Hello Sugitha ! The print statement recognizes a few commands, used to format input. These are termed ‘escape characters’, and are written as a character following a backslash. The most common escape character is the newline character, \n. This moves the output to a new line. The tab character, \t, moves the output to the next tab stop. >>>print “one\n two\t three” one two__. three Escape characters can also be used to embed a quote mark within a quoted string. >>>print ‘don\'t do that’ don’t do that106 rs or Li numbers A 2.14 TUPLE «ite, StHlie ic lis vorn vr values 8 Para sa finite ® ene sey P: spined as 4 > sed In Python, a tuple may be de ins iam ple is similar to a list and it €° by integers: Unlike lists, ty etions like max() and . commis, Ct “ in ie ile in vu A sand the The values can be of any PS and os (). T are enclosed within parenthe ' e. stores values in the form of UP! Example: pest =(ta’, ‘b’, “0's “ds ‘e’) >>>max(5,8,9) 9 >>>min(9,99,999) 9 Creating apis i be includ ma is tO led at i) To create a tuple with a single element, 4 com! end. >>tl = ‘a’, Ce ates an empty tuple. i it cre: ii) The built-in function tuple with no argumen' >>>t = tuple() >>>t 0 iii) If the argument is the elements of the sequence: = tuple(‘Jovita’) a sequence (string, list or tuple), the result is a tuple y >>>t >>>t (0, £07, v7, *P, “a”) Operations on tuple The bracket operator indexes an element. >>>t=(‘a’,e’,{7’,'0’,'w’) >>>t[0]Data Type: 107 13] ‘eo rhe slice OPETALOT Selects a range of elements se :3] cei) ‘The elements in tuples cannot be r Modifiable, because t i able. If we ify al . aus uples are immutable. we 0 modify one of the elements o a wy! fthe tuple, it gives an error. >>>t[0]='A” Traceback (most recent call File “” t[O]=*A’ TypeError: last): > line 1, in tuple” object does not Support item assignment ‘The elements in tuple can be replaced with one another. >>>te(‘A’,)Ht[12] >>at CA’, “0°, 4, ‘0° "uy The relational operators work with tuples and other sequences. Python starts by comparing the first element from each sequence. If they are equal, it goes on to the next element, and so on, until it finds the element that differs. >>>(0, 1, 2) < 0, 3, 4) True >>>(0, 1, 2000000) < (0, 3, 4) True Program 2.9: Illustration of Tuple (tuple! .py) T=0 print(T) # tuple having integers T=(1, 2, 3) print(T)# tuple with mixed data types T= (1. Hello", ¥4y prin 1) # nested tuple T = (mouse”, (8. 4. 6), 2.) pant) #Indexing MEVTUON TR: GURVALMY MENG) pronyT]o)) prin(T]5]) # nested tuple n_T =("mouse”, [8. 4, 6]. (1. 2, 3)) print(n_T[0][3]) print(n_T[1][1]) print(T[-1]) print(T[-6]) #Slicing # elements 2nd to 4th print(T[1:4]) #elements 8th to end print(T[7:]) # elements beginning to end print(T[:]) Output: 0 (1, 2, 3) (1, ‘Hello’, 3.4) (‘mouse'’, [8, 4, 6], (1, 2, 3)) P N s 4Datatypes 109 Xpressions, Statements pifference between lists and tuples «Lists are enclosed i eae in brackets [ ] and their elements and size can be changed, wi piss are enclosed in () and cannot be updated. Tuples can be tho ° oan enclose the vy, oe of as read only lists, Like list, to initialize a tuple, one ‘alues in parentheses and separates them by commas. 245 TUPLE ASSIGNMENT a ignment i i ‘ Tuple assignment is an assignment with a sequence on the right side and a tuple of i th ight side i variables on the left. The right side is evaluated and then its elements are assigned to the variables on the left. pxample: >>>T1=(10,20,30) >>>T2=(100,200,300,400) >>>print Tl (10, 20, 30) >>>print T2 (100, 200, 300, 400) >>>T1,T2=12,T1 # swap T1 and T2 >>>print T1 (100, 200, 300, 400) >>>print T2 (10, 20, 30) The left side is a tuple of variables; the right side is a tuple of expressions. Each value is assigned to its respective variable. All the expressions on the right side are evaluated before any of the assignments. The number of variables on the left and the number of values on the right have to be the same.viny Ho Proble Example: >>>T1=(10,20,30) P2=( 100,200,300) mmrts= (1006 SSSTLT291 Traceback (most recent call las): File "", line 1, in T1,T2=T2,T1,3 ValucError: too many values to unpack Here, two tuples are in the left side and three tuples are in right side. So it yi, ber of tuples in both sides to ge, errors. Thus, it is required to have same num! correct result. Example: >>>T1,T2,t3=t3,T1,T2 >>>print T1 (1000, 2000, 3000) >>>print T2 (10, 20, 30) >>>print t3 (100, 200, 300) @/dpREcEDENCE OF OPERATORS (ORDER OF OPERATORS) Evaluation of expression is based on precedence of operators. When an expressic contains different kinds of operators, precedence determines which operator shoul be applied first. Higher precedence operator is evaluated before the low precedence operator. For mathematical operators, Python follows mathematical convention. The acrony: PEMDAS is a useful way to remember the rules: Parentheses have the highest precedence and can be used to force a ° expression to evaluate in the order. Example: 5*(9 — 3) = 30 Since expressions in parentheses are evaluated first.2 Export has the next highest Precedence x cr 1+ 283 og Example: | 3© 9, not 27 ana 2% 3482 TR. not 36, aoe Mt Pivision have higher precedence than Addition and Subtraction, Example: 2*3-1 = 5, not 4 and 6+4/2 = 8, nots, ¢ Operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left to right (except exponentiation). ne following Table 2.4 lists operator precedence in Python. \ Table 2.4 Operator Precedence in Python Operator Description ae Exponentiation (raised to the power) ~+- Complement, unary plus and minus *1% II Multiply, divide, modulus and floor division += Addition and subtraction >> << Right and left bitwise shift & Bitwise ‘AND’ “1 Bitwise exclusive ‘OR’ and regular ‘OR’ Comparison operators <> == I= Equality operators += = %= I= *= | Assignment operators is, is not Identity operators in, not in Membership operators not, or, and Logical operatorsand Python Programming 112 Problem 2.17 COM * A comment statement contains information for persons reading the py, 1, Comments make the program casily r ible and understandab|e by ' programmer and non-programmer who are secing the code. e Comment statements are non-exccutable statements so they are itn during program execution. ° In Python, a comment starts with # (hash sign). Everything following 4, Ul the end of that line is treated as a comment and the interpreter Sinn ignores it while executing the statement. They have no effect on the Pros results, Example: l# swap.py ) # Swapping the values of a two variable program # written by G. Sugitha, April 2018 2.18 MUTABLE AND IMMUTABLE TYPES Sometimes we may require changing or updating the values of certain Variabh used in a program. However, for certain data types, Python does not allow Us | change the values, once a variable of that type has been created and assigned valu Python data types can be classified into two types. They are, 1. Mutable type or 2. Immutable type. Mutable (changeable) type Variables whose values can be changed after they are created and assigned ar called mutable or an object whose state or value can be changed in place is said t be mutable type. Lists and Dictionaries are mutable, that means user ca del/add/edit any value inside the lists and dictionaries. Immutable (unchangeable) type Variables whose values cannot be changed after they are created and assigned ax called immutable or an object whose state or value cannot be changed in place issaid to be ble type. When an attempt is made to update the value of an immutable variable, the old value is destroyed and a new variable is created by the same name in memory, Integers, Float, Boolean, Complex, Strings, T ‘uples and » ¢ immutable data types, ar 2.19 INDENTATION whitespace et the beginning of the line is called indentation. These whitespaces or the indentation are very important in Python. whitespace including Spaces and tabs at the begi the indentation level of that logical line. In a Python program, the leading inning of the logical line determines The are a paoeration Sroups statements to form a block of statements. This means tha ‘ a ae in a block must have the same indentation level. Python ve ‘Dstrictly checks the indentation level and gives an error if indentation is not correct. Program 2.13: Illustration of indentation (voting.py) oO age = int(input("Enter ag if (age>18): print(Eligible for voting’) )) else: print(‘Not Eligible for voting’) Like other programming languages, Python does not use curly braces ({ .. .} ) to indicate blocks of code. It uses only indentation to form a block. All statements inside a block should be at the same indentation level. 2.20 INPUT FUNCTION 2.20.1 inputQ Function The purpose of input() function is to read input from the standard input (the keyboard, by default). Using this function, we can extract integer or numeric values. Syntax: = input([prompt})Python Programming 1 solving and tg Here, © The prompt is an optional parameter. © = The prompt is an expr on that serves to prompt the user for inpy, 1 almost always a string literal which is enclosed within quotes (yj, \ double) with parentheses. © The result of input() function is returned a numeric value, and assip,, variable. I © When the input() function executes, it evaluates the prompt and display result of the prompt on the screen. . Example: >>>num1 = input("Enter first number: Enter first number: 20 >>>num2 = input("Enter second number: Enter second number: 40 >>>print "Sum is:", num1+num2 Sum is: 60 2.20.2 raw_input0 The purpose of raw_input() function is to read input from the standard input stre, (the keyboard, by default). Using this function, we can extract string of charact (both alphanumeric and special). Syntax: = raw_input([‘prompt']) Here, the user) and returns a string This function reads a line from input stripping a trailing newline. It always returns a string.Data es, E: ata Types, Expressions, statements ms example: Name = raw_input("Enter name:") Address = raw_input(‘Enter addre: act an integer value usi: F . To get ae Sg raw_input() function, you have to convert the input string int into respective data types using int(), float(), etc. program 2.10: Illustration of raw input function Num1 = int(raw_input("Enter fist number") nee int(raw_input("Enter second number:")) print 'The sum of, Num1,' and’, Num2, is, Num1+Num2 Output: Enter first number: 24 Enter second number: 67 The sum of 24 and 67 is 91 ILLUSTRATIVE PROGRAMS 1. Exchange the values of two variables | def exchange(x,y): #Function Definition XYHYX # swapping using tuple assignment print(""After exchange of x,y") print("x =",x) print("Y= ",y) x=input("Enter value of X") #Main Function y=input("Enter value of Y ") print("Before exchange of x,y") print("x =",x) print("Y= ",y) exchange(x,y) # Function callni0) Problem Solving and Python Programming Exchange the values of two variables using temporary variables input(‘Enter value of ut(’Enter value of Y: c hange of xy") x print(""After exchange of x,y") print("x =",x) print("Y="\y) Output: Enter value of X: 67 Enter value of Y: 56 Before exchange of x,y 7 Y= 56 After exchange of x,y x=56 Y= 67 2. Circulate the values of n variables without using slicing technique. def circulate(A,N): for i in range(1,N+1): B=A.pop(0) A.append(B) print("Circulation ",i,"=" return A=[91,92,93,94,95] N=int(input("Enter n:")) circulate(A,N)[[circulate the values of [cireulal u¢s of'n variables using slicing technique def cireulate(A.N): for i in range(I,N+1); B=A[i:}+A[:i] print("Circulation ", return A=[91,92,93,94,95] N=int(input("Enter n:")) circulate(A,N) Output: Enter n:5 Cireulation 1 = [92, 93, 94, 95, 91] Circulation 93, 94, 95, 91, 92] Circulation 94, 95, 91, 92, 93] Circulation 4 =[95, 91, 92, 93, 94) LT Circulation 5 =[91, 92, 93, 94, 95] — N w 3. Finding distance between two points () import math = int(input("Enter a x1: ")) int(input("Enter a y1: ")) int(input("Enter a x2: ")) int(input("Enter a y2: ")) yi x! ¥ distance = math.sqrt(((x2-x1)**2)+((y2-y1)**2)) print(""Distance = ",distance) Output: Enter a x1: 3 Enter a yl: 2 Enter a x2: 7 Enter a y: Distance = 7.2111025509279786 Data Types, Expressions, Statements [[Girentate the values of n variables using slicing technique ef eireulate(A.N): for i in range(1,N+1): B=A[i:}+AL:i] print("Circulation "i return AA(91,92,93,94,95] N=int(input("Enter n:")) circulate(A,N) ‘Output: Enter n:5 Circulation 1 = [92, 93, 94,95, 91] Circulation 2 =[93, 94, 95, 91, 92] Circulation 3 =[94, 95, 91, 92, 93} Circulation 4=[95,91,92,93, 94) __ Circulation 5=[91, 92, 93, 94, 95] = |: Finding distance between bvo points) GD a import math x1 = int(input("Enter a x int(input("Enter a y = int(input("Enter a x2: ")) y2 = int(input("Enter a y2: ")) distance = math.sqrt(((x2-x1)**2)+((y2-y1)**2)) print("Distance = ",distance) Output: Enter a x1:3 Enter a yl: 2 inter a x2: 7 fer a y2: 8 Distance = 7.211102550927978yy and Python Programming Problem Solviny PUTATIONAL PROGRAMS 118 1 SIMPLE COM 1, Average of three numbers mum num2 = int(input("Enter a number num3 = int(input("Enter a number: ")) sum = num|+num2+num3 avg=sun/3 print(‘The average of {0}, {1} and {2} is {3}'.format (num1, num2,num3,avg)) Output: Enter a number: 67 Enter a number: 34 Enter a number: 84 The average of 67, 34 and 84 is 61.666666666666664 2. Area of circle PI=3.14 r= float(input("Enter Radius: ")) area=PI*r*r print(The area = ', area) . Output: Enter Radius: 2 The area = 12.56 3. Area of square a = int(input("Enter a side: ")) area= a*a print('The area = ', area) Output: Enter a side: 4 The area = 16A Arca of triangle whoye ties arene a= Hoar input(Enter first side: yy y= Hloattinput(’Bater second side: yy Aoat input’ Enter thid side: 9) qatbeey/2 (s*(s-ay*(s—by © Rca se) ** 0,5 prin The area of the triangle is 90.26" Saareny Output: Enter first side: 4 Enter second side: 4 Enter third siele: 7 The area of the triangle is 6.78 5. Finding surface area and volume of sphere radius = float(input(‘Enter the Radius of'a Sphere: )) = 4*PI*radius*radius Volume = (4/3)*PI*radius*radius*radius print("\n The Surface area of a Sphere = %.26" Ysa) print("\n The Volume of a Sphere = %.2P" %Volume) Output: Enter the Radius of a Sphere: 4 The Surface area of a Sphere = 200.96 The Volume of a Sphere = 267.95 6. Converting Centigrade to Fahrenheit 2 C= float(input("Enter celsius: ")) F=(C* 1.8) +32 print('%0.1f degree Celsius is equal to %0.1f degree Fahrenheit’ %(C,F)) Output: Enter celsius: 30 30.0 degree Celsius is equal to 86.0 degree Fahrenheitproblem Solvay 7, Converting Fahrenhelt (0 F = Moatinput(" Enter Fahrenheit: ")) 7 =F -32)* 619) ago. urdegree Colsis (PC) 0.1 degree Fahrenheit js equal 10 %0- print(% ‘Output Fahrenheit: 45 gree Celsius E 45.0 degree Fahrenhe' %. Calculating simple interest nt: ") P= int(input("Enter Principal Amou! t(input("Enter rate of interest: ")) N= int(input("Enter number of years * ") si=(N*P*R)/100 print(' Simple Interest “.si) it is equal to 7.2 de! Output: Enter Principal Amount: 101 Enter rate of interest: 7 Enter number of years : 10 Simple Interest : 7000.0 000 9. Calculating compound interest int(input("Enter Principal Amount: ") int(input("Enter rate of interest: ")) int(input("Enter number of years :")) t(input("Enter time : ") ci=P*(1+R/N)*N*t print(' Compound Interest :',ci) Output: Enter Principal Amount: 10000 Enter rate of interest: 8 Enter number of years : 15 Enter time : 10 Compound Interest : 2299999.9999999995Data Types, Expressions, Statens = = temp rint(‘The value of x after swapping: 'x) print(The value of y after swapping: "y) ‘Output: gnter value of x: 34 Enter value of y: 67 The value of x after swapping: 67The value of y after swapping: 34 11. Swapping two numbers without using temporary variable pl = int(input(‘Enter value of nl: ) Q n2= int(input(Enter value of n2: ')) n2=nl+n2 nl=n2-nl n2=n2-nl print("The value of nl after swappin, ‘nl) print(‘The value of n2 after swapping: 'n2) Output: Enter value of nl: 78 Enter value of n2: 34 The value of nl after swapping: 34 The value of n2 after swapping: 78 12. Computing the distance between the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) @) import math x1 = int(input("Enter a number: ")) yl = int(input("Enter a number: x2 = int(input("Enter a number: y2 = int(input("Enter a number: ")) pl=[xl, yl] p2 = [x2, y2] distance = math.sqrt( ((p1[0]—p2[0])**2)+((p1[1]-p2[1])**2) ) print(distance)Problem Solving and Python Pr Outpag Enter a number: 4 F i 13. Finding square root of a number num= inpul("Enter a number: ") number = float(num) squareroot = number ** 0.5 print("Square Root of %0.2f is %0.2f" %(number, squareroot)) Output: Enter a number: 10 Square Root of 10.00 is 3.16 14. Exponentiation of a number import math num = int(input("Enter a number: ")) ex=math.exp(num) print (‘Exponentiation =',ex) Output: Enter a number: 50 Exponentiation = 5.184705528587072c+21 15. If I leave my house at 6:52 am and run 1 mile at an easy pace permile), then 3 miles at tempo (7:12 per mile) and 1 mile at eas: again, what time do I get home for breakfast? start = (6*60+52)*60 easy = (8*60+15)*2 fast = (7*60+12)*3 finish_hour = (start + easy + fast)/(60*60.0) finish_floored = (start + easy + fast)//(60*60) finish_minute = (finish_hour - finish_floored)*60 print(‘Finish time was %d:%d',finish_hour,finish_minute)re Data Types, Pes, Expressions, Statements a time WAS 7.501666066066067 ri jgo0n000000016 FA Simple calculator Sarl 9)! return x +Y gubtract(x, y): return X~ ¥ get multiply, yy return x * y got divides y= return x/ ¥ def Select operation,") 1.Add") jnt("2.Subtract") ue prea Multiply") print" Divide") choice = input("Enter choice( 1/2/3/4):") num! = intGnput("Enter first number: ")) num2 = int(input("Enter second number: ")) ifchoice = '1': print(num1,"+",num2,"=", add(num! num2)) elif choice = '2': print(num1,"—";num2,"=" elif choice == print(num1,"*",num2," elif choice print(num! rint(’ re 7 » Subtract(numlnum2)) , multiply(numl num2)) , divide(numt num2)) else: print("Invalid input") Output: Select operation. 1. Add 2. Subtract 3. Multiply 4. Dividecr Vay first number: 48 second number: 7 $2 ANNA UNIVERSITY 2 MARK QUE ANSWERS PIONS WITH — ' , rogram? ° 1, Are comments executable statements in a Python program? How COMM, My \ are included in a python program? Refer Page No.: 112 (AU Nov/Dec 2021, 1249! f 2. Identify the operand (s) and operator (s) in the following expression: sum=a+b. sum, a, b are operands =, + are the operators (AU Nov/Dec 2021, Raqp, } 3. Compare interpreter and compiler. What type of Translator is used fo, Python? Python uses interpreter as a translator. (AU Nov/Dec 2019, R291, whole program at one go. oe Compiler Interpreter no 1, | The compiler takes a program as a Interpreter translates a program “| whole and translates it. statement by statement. 9, | intermediate code or target code is Interpreter doesn’t create intermediate “| generated in case of a compiler. code. A compiler is comparatively faster than . . E parauyey Interpreters compile each line of code 3. | Interpreter as the compiler take the after the other. In compiler when an error occurs in the program, it stops its translation and after removing error whole program is translated again When an error takes place in the interpreter, it prevents its translation and after removing the error, translation resumes.Data Ty Pes, Expressions, Statements in a compiler, the process requl steps in which firstly source nN? translated to target code executed . is Program then which Sot executed at the sa The compiler is used in languages like C, Cur, cy eoeramming | Tnterprete » Scala, ete. | like PHP, Ruby, Python, etc. t K ? Gi GP nat are Keywords? Give Examples. (AU Dee/San 2019, R2017) Keywords are reserved words that cannot be used as ordina have predefined meanings in python. They ry identifie: Siten python3 has 33 keyworg sie" 80d must be spelled exactly as they are Keywords of Python False class finally is return None continue | for lambda try al awe act from nonlocal _| while global not with as elif if or yield assort else import pass break except in Taise 5, State the reasons to divide Programs into functions. (AU Dec/Jan 2019, R2017) e The length of the source program can be reduced by dividing it into smaller functions. e By using functions it is very easy to locate and debug an error. e The user-defined function can be used in many other source programs whenever necessary. e Functions avoid coding of repeated programming of the similar instructions. 4, Name the four types of scalar objects Python has. (AU Jan 2018, R2017) The commonly used scalar types in Python are: Integers (type int), floating point numbers (type float), strings (type str), Booleans (type bool) and lists are a set of scalar objects in Python.Problem Solving and Python Programming 126 example, ENWhat is 0 Tuple? How literals of type tuple are written? Give (AU Jan 2018, Ray), A tuple may be defined as a finite, atic list of numbers or string. It Conta, immutable sequence of values separated by commas, The values can be of y, type, and they are indexed by integers. Literals of type tuple are enclosed wiy, parentheses (). Example: Sp t= (‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘a’, ‘e’) >>>max(5,8,9) 9 G2What is interpreter mode in Python? The interpreter mode is the mode where run in the Python interpreter. QWnat is interactive mode in Python? The interactive mode is a command line shell which gives immediate feedba for each statement, fed statements in active memory. As new lines are fed in the scripted and finished .py files the interpreter, the fed program is evaluated both in part and in whole. 8. Name five primitive data types in Python. Five primitive data types in Python are: Numbers, String, List, Tuple a Dictionary. ). What does ‘immutable’ mean; which data type in python are immutable? An object whose state or value cannot be changed in place is said to immutable type. So, a sequence that is immutable sequence is one that canr change. For example, Strings and Tuples are immutable. 10. What are escape sequences? Write any four escape sequence in Python. Escape sequences are non printable characters. It consists of backslash follow by a character both are enclosed within single quotes.i Se Data Types, 2 ‘Types, Expressions, Statements = Backslash(\) < Single quote(*) " Double quote(") \o ASCII Bell (BEL) 1s, Define Value. A value is the basic units of data, like a number or a string that a program manipulates. 1p, What are the types used in Python? Types is a category of values. Integers (type int), floating point numbers (type float), strings (type str), Booleans (type bool) and lists are a set of predefined data types in python. They are called as built-in-types. 13. What is boolean type in Python? A Boolean type represents special values True and False. The most common way to produce a Boolean value is with a relational operator 14, How can you create a complex literal in Python? Complex literals can be created by using the notation x + yj where x is the real component and y is the imaginary component. For example, >>> 1j * 1j which produces the result as: (-1+0j). 15. What is a variable? A variable is an identifier, which holds a value. In programming, we assign a value to a variable. Technically, a variable is a reference to a computer memory, where the value is stored. 6. List out the rules to be followed in naming variable. e Variable names can be at any length. e They can contain both letters and numbers, but they can’t begin with < number. e Both uppercase letters and lower case letters can be used.and Python Programming, Problem Solving ame. It is often used in na, “he 128 © The underscore (_) character can appear in a.nd with multiple words. © A variable name cannot be any one of the keywords. nkei . aAwn t is expression? ables, and operators. A value, ‘An expression is a combination of values, vari pression. Expressions, most commonly, consist of itself is considered as an ex) combination of operators and operands. Example: 5 + (8 * k) us assignment statements. 18. Give example for simultaneo' Simultaneous Assignment Statement Python permits any number of variables to appear on the left side separated | ber of expressions must then appear on the right sig commas. The same num! again separated by commas. Example: >>>x=10 >>>y=5 >>>sum, diff,prod=xty,x—y,x >>>sum 15 >>>diff 5 >>>pr 50 {o)-What is a tuple? Give example. A tuple is a immutable sequence of values. They are comma separated list values. The value can be any type, and they are indexed by integer. Example: S>>t = ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘a’, fe” >>ot=(‘a', "bY, ‘0’, @’,‘e’)ee EEE? Dat a Types, 9 pe Types, Expressions, Statements $29 create a tuple? a tuple: ea tuple with a single et 7 Pe with a single clement, final comma is to be included >a = a er wa: create i , ii) Another way to create a tuple is the built-in function tuple. With no argument, it creates empty tuple: >>>t = tuple() >>>1 0 iii) If the argument is a sequence (string, list or tuple), the result is a tuple with the elements of the sequence: >>>t= tuple(‘Jovita’) >>Dt CPs ow, “0, a’) 21, How can we declare variables in Python? Python variables do not have to be explicitly declared to reserve memory space. The declaration happens automatically when you assign a value to a variable. The equal sign (=) is used to assign values to variables. 12, How bracket operator used in tuple? The bracket operator indexes an element. >>>t=(‘a’,‘e’,i’,‘0’,w’) >>>t[0] a >>>t[3] 0 The slice operator selects a range of elements. >>>1[1:3] Ce’, i’)on Problem Solving and Python Programming, 23. Give the precedence of operators in py precedence and can be used t0 fore Parentheses have the highest ° expression to evaluate in the order. Example: 5*(9 — 3) = 30 since expressions in parentheses are CV alate first. Exponentiation has the next highest precedence. Example: | + 2**3 = 9, not 27 and 2 * 3**2 = 18, not 36. ¢ Multiplication and Division have higher precedence than Addition an Subtraction. Example: 2*3—1 = 5, not 4 and 6+4/2 = 8, not 5 ANNA UNIVERSITY 16 MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 1. Outline the data types supported by Python with an example. (AU Nov/Dec 2021, R202) Refer Page No.:93 2. Name the types of operators supported by Python and outline any two wit an example. (AU Nov/Dec 2021, R2021 Refer Page No.:137 3. Write a python program to rotate a list by right n times with and witho. slicing technique. (444 (AU Nov/Dec 2019, R2013 Refer Page No.:116 4, Discuss about keyword arguments and default arguments in python wit (444 example. (AU Nov/Dec 2019, R2017 Refer Page No.:170,172uate the follo thon, ing expr NE expressions in py i. 24/6%3 ii, float(4+ini(2, 390, iii, 2regeng OP) (6) (AU Nov/Dec 2019, R2017) answer? D 24/6%3 =4%3 ii) float (4 + int (2.39 a a % =float( 4 + 2% 2) az) =float ( 4) =4.0 iii) 2**2**3 =2 ** (4% (2**3) 4 Pea Precedence of exponentiation (**) is Right to =2**g - = 256 Bicich We structures of interpreter and complier. Detail the differences between them. Explain how python works in interactive mode and script mode with examples. (8) (AU Dee/Jan 2019, R2017) Interpreters and compilers are very similar in structure, The main difference is that an interpreter directly executes the instructions in the source programming language while a compiler translates those instructions into efficient machine code. Compiler: 4 compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is ypically stored in a file. The object code is also refereed as binary code and an be directly executed by the machine after linking. Examples of compiled rogramming languages are C and C++.nz problem Solving and Python Pré Fron Interpret a ? An Interpreter dircetly executes instructions written in @ PYORMMM| scripting, language without previously converting, them £0 an ODjECL Coq, | veal Hanguages are Perl, Python and May, machine code. Examples of interp! ad intery compiler rences betwe Comp The compiler takes a program as @ it whole and translat Intermediate code or target code is generated in case of a compiler. (er Interpreter translates prop, Interpreter statement by statement. Interpreter doesn’t create intermeg code. A compiler is comparatively faster take than Interpreter as the compiler the whole program at one go. Interpreters compile each line of ¢ after the other. When an error takes place in | Tn compiler when an error occurs in 4__| the program, it stops its translation and ~ | after removing error whole program is translated again interpreter, it prevents its translat) and after removing the en translation resumes. Ina compiler, the process requires two steps in which firstly source code is translated to target program then executed The compiler is used in programming languages like C, C++, C#, Scala, etc. Interpreter is a one step process which Source code is compiled executed at the same time. Interpreter is employed in langua, like PHP, Ruby, Python, etc. Python Interpreter mode or Script mode: In the interpreter or script mode, a Python program (script) is written in a f where file name has extension “.py”. The Python script is executed by Python interpreter. By default, the Python scripts are saved in the Pytl installation folder. Once the script is created, it can be executed again and ag without retyping. The Scripts are editable.foe file name t. Por a > prompt example. Me OF the file ig along with the path at the SUM. Dy, we type Pythen sum.py will give the output as, — >>>python sum.py Enter 2 numbers 6 3 The sum is 9 python Interactive Mode: yf = as script. This allows the user ‘0 type an expression, and immediately the expression is executed and the result is printed, gxample: >>>st+7 12 >>>print(“Hello world !”) Hello world ! 5, What is a numeric literal? Give examples. (4) (AU Jan 2018, R2017) Refer Page No.: 91 6. Appraise the arithmetic operators in Python with an example. (12) (AU Jan 2018, R2017) Refer Page No.: 137 7. Outline the operator precedence of arithmetic operators in Python. ©) (AU Jan 2018, R2017 Refer Page No.:110oy ase) Problem Solving and Python Programming 8. Write a Python Program to exchange the value of bo variables. Ss (AU Jan 2018. Ril! * RH) Refer Page No.: 1 a 9. Explain the following with suitable example. i) Tuple assignment. ii) Precedence of operators. Refer Page No.: 109 & 110 10. Write a Python program to test for leap year. Program: year = int(input("Enter a year: ")) if (year % 4) = if (year % 100) = 0: if (year % 400) = 0: print("{0} is a leap year".format(year)) else: print("'{0} is not a leap year".format(year)) else: print("{0} is a leap year".format(year)) else: print("{0} is not a leap year".format(year)) Output: Enter a year: 2000 2000 is a leap year