Changes Around Us

Give reasons for the following

1. Wood cannot be formed from sawdust.
 Wood cannot be formed directly from sawdust. Sawdust is a byproduct of
cutting, sanding, or grinding wood, and it consists of small wood particles or
fibers. Sawdust to wood is an irreversible change.
2. Cutting down of trees cannot be considered as a reversible change.
 Yes, Cutting down of trees (Deforestation) cannot be considered as a reversible
change. Deforestation is considered an irreversible change because once the
trees are cut, the same tree cannot be planted.
3. Making of a paper boat can be considered as a reversible change.
 Yes, you can easily unfold the boat to get the sheet of paper back. This is a
reversible change.
4. A candle reduces in its size after burning.
 On heating, candle wax melts, then turns into vapour which reacts with air to
produce two new substances, carbon-dioxide and water. Therefore a candle on
burning becomes smaller and smaller and the part of wax which has undergone
chemical change cannot be recovered.
5. Baking a loaf of bread is different from needing a dough of bread.
 It involves mixing the ingredients - flour, water, yeast, and other additives - and
then working the mixture with your hands or a dough mixer. The purpose of
kneading is to develop the gluten in the flour, which gives the bread its structure
and texture. On the other hand, baking a loaf of bread is the process of cooking
the dough in an oven.
Answer the following questions briefly.
1. How can we judge that a change has occurred?
 Any substance that is undergoing or has undergone a change will exhibit one or
more of these characteristics. Change in size, shape, state, properties, position,
or color. Yeah
2. Distinguish between physical and chemical changes.
Physical Change Chemical Change
physical changes are the changes in Chemical changes are the changes in
which no new substances are formed. which new substances are formed.
Physical change is a temporary of the medical change is a permanent
change change.
A physical change affects only Chemical change both physical and
physical properties, i.e. shape, size, chemical properties of this substance,
etc. including its composition.
Some example of physical change are Few example of chemical change are
freezing of water melting of wax digestion of food, burning of wood,
boiling of water. rusting etc
physical change is easily reversible Chemical changes are irreversible.
3. How are the following changes different from each other?
a. Changing of milk into cud.
b. Hot milk becoming cold milk?
 Setting of curd is a chemical change brought about by adding a little quantity of
curd to warm milk, the milk is then stayed and kept undisturbed for a few hours.
Soon the milk changes into curd, whereas If hot milk is kept in a refrigerator for
few hours, it changes to cold milk, which is a physical change.

4. What is expansion?
 Substances can increase in size on heating. During heating the particles
(molecules) of the substances move apart(expand), and become loosely
arranged. This kind of change is called expansion. For example, railway tracks are
laid with gaps in between them in order to allow expansion during hot weather.
If the railway tracks are fixed without any gap, then during summer, due to
expansion, they will expand and bend and may cause accidents.
5. Give 2 examples of physical changes that are irreversible.
 Tearing of paper is a physical change as the tone pieces are the same as the
original paper and it is irreversible.
 Dissolving sugar in water is a physical change as there is no formation of any new
substance and it is irreversible.
6. Explain different ways to bring about changes.
 The following are the different ways to bring about changes:
 Change in temperature: The change in temperature can be caused by raising the
temperature or reducing the temperature. When the temperature of the water
is reduced then water will transform into ice whereas when the temperature of
the water is increased the liquid water can changed into vapor form.
 Application of force: A shape of an object can be changed by applying a certain
degree of force on it. For example a force applied with the help of hammer on
the rock can cause rock to break apart.
 Chemical mixing: When one or more chemicals are mix together they will result
in development of new product or chemical. This is a kind of chemical change in
the reactant chemicals.

Answer the following questions.

1. Distinguish between reversible and irreversible changes. Give examples.

Reversible change Irreversible change
A reversible change is a change that can A change is called irreversible if it cannot
be reversed. be changed back again.
For example, melted chocolate can be For example, you cannot change a cake
 changed back into solid chocolate by back into its ingredients again.
cooling.
Reversible changes are not permanent. Irreversible changes are permanent. They
They can be undone. cannot be undone.
For example, we can freeze orange juice For example, combustion cannot be
to make ice lollies. The ice lollies can be undone.
changed back into orange juice by
heating.
In reversible reactions, as the reactants In an irreversible reaction, the reactants
react with other reactants to form react to form the products, which cannot
products, the products are reacting with revert into reactants
other products to form reactants.

2. How is contraction different from expansion? Explain with an example.

 The substance can increase in size on heating. During heating, the particles of
the substances move apart and become loosely arranged. This kind of change is
known as expansion. The substances can decrease in size on cooling. During
cooling, the particles of the substances move closer and become tightly packed.
This kind of change is known as contraction. An example is metal rims on the
wheels of a wooden cart can be fitted using the principle of contraction and
expansion. On heating, the metal ring expands and easily slips onto the wheel.
On cooling, the metal rim contracts and tightly fits onto the cartwheel.

3. List any three real-life applications of expansion and contraction of substances.

a. Two parallel metal rails are linked to form railroad tracks: Small gaps, sometimes
known as expansion gaps, are intentionally left between the rails because hot
weather causes the rails to expand.
b. A highly heated glass tumbler will break if we hold it under cold water: This
occurs when the outer surface of the glass contracts more than the interior
surface as a result of direct contact with cold water.
c. Blacksmiths make iron tools by heating iron as it becomes soft on heating and
can be hammered into desirable shapes.
d. Tightly jammed metal leads of food jars can be opened easily by pouring hot
water over the lead or by dipping only the lead portion of the jar into the hot
water. As a result, the metal leads expands and opens easily.
4. Explain how an iron blade is fixed into a wooden handle to be used as a tool for digging
soil.
 The iron blade of tools has a ring in which the wooden handle is fixed. Normally,
the ring is slightly smaller in size than the wooden handle. To fix the handle, the
ring is heated and it becomes slightly larger in size (expands). Now, the handle
easily fits into the ring.
Critical Thinking
1. When you light a candle, the wick burns and the wax melts. Are these two changes
similar? Explain.
 When a candle burns, wax in the candle melts and is then vaporised as it is
drawn up the wick. Melting and vaporization are physical changes. The wax
vapours then burn at the wick to leave behind soot and water vapour, while
emitting heat and light. The burning of wax vapours is a chemical change.
2. Most of the chemical changes are irreversible, explained with a few examples.
 A change in which new substance is formed, whose composition and properties
are different from those of the original substance is known as a chemical change.
The change is permanent and cannot be reversed. So, chemical changes are
mostly irreversible and physical changes are reversible.