Learners with
Autism Spectrum
Disorders
Lagutan, Loberanes, Rivera, Serabia
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Historical Context:
Kanner’s and Asperger’s Papers
1 2 3 4
Conclusion
Terminology Kanner’s Asperger’s
of Kanner’s
Paper Paper
Paper
Autistic Autism
a label that has been coined earlier in
refer to the the 20th century (Bleuler,
children they were 1916/1951).
observing. used to refer to individuals who had
extremely narrow range of personal
relationships and restricted
interactions with their environment
Greek word autos meaning "self": a
withdrawal from the fabric of social
life into the self.
Kanner’s Paper
11 children from the Child Psychiatric Unit in John Hopkins
University.
Major Characteristics to Distinguish the Children
(Scheuermann & Weber, 2002, p2)
an inability to relate to other in an ordinary manner
an extreme autistic aloneness that seemingly isolated
the child from the outside world.
an apparent resistance to being picked up or held by the
parents
deficit in language including echolalia
Kanner’s Paper
11 children from the Child Psychiatric Unit in John Hopkins
University.
extreme fear reactions to loud noises
obsessive desire for repetition and maintenance of
sameness
Few spontaneous activities such as typical play behavior
Bizarre and repetitive physical movement such as
spinning or perpetual rocking
Conclusion on Kanner’s Paper
Kanner reached a conclusion that children with autism could be
distinguished from children with schizophrenia in at least three ways:
1. The children with schizophrenia tended to withdraw from the
world, whereas the children with autism never seemed to have
made any social connections to begin with.
Conclusion on Kanner’s Paper
Kanner reached a conclusion that children with autism could be
distinguished from children with schizophrenia in at least three ways:
2. The children with autism exhibited some unique language
patterns, such as pronoun reversals (e.g., I for it, he for she)
and echolalia, the repetition of words or phrases.
Conclusion on Kanner’s Paper
Kanner reached a conclusion that children with autism could be
distinguished from children with schizophrenia in at least three ways:
3. The children with autism did not appear to deteriorate in their
functioning over time, as did some children with schizophrenia.
Asperger’s Paper
referred to his cases as having "autistic
psychopathy"
observed 4 children in a summer camp who
preferred to play alone and not interact with
other children.
two distinct similarities to Kenner's case:
they have average intelligence
their language was perceived as normal.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
According to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
(DSM-V), autism spectrum disorder is characterized
by persistent deficits in social communication and
social interaction across multiple contexts, including
deficits in social reciprocity, nonverbal
communicative behaviors used for social interaction,
and skills in developing, maintaining and
understanding relationships.
Prevalence
In 1960s, the prevalence for ASD is 0.04% which affects 1 out of
2500 individuals. SImilar rate were found in the 1970s and 1980s.
Dramatically higher rates in the 2000s, were prevalence rise from 1
in 333 to 1 in 91 (Kogan at al, 2009).
According to US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP),
the "official" rate of is 1 in 110
From 2002 to 2006, ASD increased by 57%.
With the data that exist, majority of these cases are autism rather
than Asperger syndrome.
Causes (theories)
Early Causal Theories Today’s Causal Theories
Biological and Neurological Basis of
hereditary Autism Spectrum
Caused by parents Disorders
(especially mothers) Genetic Basis of Autism
Spectrum Disorders
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early Signs and Symptoms
6 Months
• No big smiles or other warm, joyful expressions
9 Months
• No back-and-forth sharing of sounds, smiles, or other
facial expressions
early Signs and Symptoms
12 Months
• No consistent response to own name
• No babbling
• No back-and-forth gestures, such as pointing,
showing, reaching, waving, or three-pronged gaze (e.g.,
child looks at adult, looks at toy to indicate interest in
it, looks back at adult to communicate something about
the toy)
early Signs and Symptoms
16 Months
• No words
24 Months
• No two-word meaningful phrases (without
imitating or repeating)
Any loss of speech or babbling or social skills at any
age
Signs and Symptoms of autism
Impaired Social Interaction
Many of the social interaction problems that individuals with
autism exhibit involve deficits in social responsiveness.
Parents of children with autism often notice that their babies
or toddlers don't respond normally to being picked up or
cuddled.
Signs and Symptoms of autism
Impaired Communication
Most children with autism lact communicative intent, or the
desire to communicate for social purposes. Those who develop
speech typically show abnormalities in intonation, rate,
volume and content of their oral language.
Signs and Symptoms of autism
Repetitive and Stereotyped Patterns of Behavior
Stereotypical verbal or motor activities are frequently seen in
individuals with autism. These repetitive, ritualistic motor actions,
which resemble those seen in certain blind persons, include
flapping the hands, spinning items, twirling, and rocking. Extreme
object fixation or obsession and a narrow range of interests are
other traits that are commonly observed in autism and similar
disorders.
Signs and Symptoms of autism
Repetitive and Stereotyped Patterns of Behavior
Some autistic people possess such remarkable abilities that, at first
glance, one would mistake them for geniuses. We refer to these
people as autistic savants. Individuals suffering from this ailment
also exhibit exceptional aptitude or seeming expertise in specific
splinter skills—skills that seem to exist independently of the
individual's overall talents. A savant on the autism spectrum may
be exceptionally gifted in math, art, or music performance.
Example of an Autistic Savant
YOUNG FILIPINO MUSICAL GENIUS WITH AUTISM
In 2009, Tum Tum Mendoza, who is
just 19 years old, won several national
and international accolades for his
extraordinary marimba skills.
Example of an Autistic Savant
YOUNG FILIPINO MUSICAL GENIUS WITH AUTISM
He was dubbed the first and only gifted child prodigy and the
only exceptional kid among the honorees by the President's
Committee on Culture and the Arts at the University of the
Philippines. Ever since Tum Tum appeared on CNN, Nickelodeon,
and NHK Japan, the world press has taken a keen interest in the
character.
Signs and Symptoms of autism
Impaired Cognition
It is believed that children with autism have trouble
classifying and coding information depending just on
literal translations, and they appear to remember
information based more on where it is located in space
than on understanding concepts.
Signs and Symptoms of autism
Impaired Cognition
It is possible that autistic savants have relatively severe
autism because of their profound developmental delays in
general intellectual and social functioning.
Signs and Symptoms of autism
Abnormal Sensory Perception
Some people with autism are either hyperresponsive or
hyporesponsive to particular stimuli in their environment.
Some people with autism experience a neurological mixing of
the senses, or synesthesia. Synesthesia occurs when the
stimulation of one sensory or cognitive system results in the
stimulation of another sensory cognitive system.
Asperger Syndrome
People with Asperger syndrome are likely to display
impairment or abnormalities in the same areas as those who
have autism, but to a milder degree. Research suggests that
social interaction is the biggest challenge of those with
Asperger syndrome and because problems in communicating
contribute to their social ineptitude.
Signs and Symptoms of asperger
Impaired Social Interaction
People with Asperger aren't adept at reading social cues. They
can appear clueless about what constitutes appropriate social
behavior. As they can be highly verbal and intelligent, others
may get the impression that they are willfully disregarding
social etiquette.
Signs and Symptoms of asperger
Impaired Social Interaction
Individuals with Asperger syndrome often struggle with
understanding and navigating the unwritten rules of social
interaction known as the hidden curriculum. This concept
refers to the implicit "dos and don'ts" of everyday life that
most people pick up naturally or with minimal instruction.
Signs and Symptoms of Asperger
Impaired Communication Skills
People with Asperger syndrome may be able to express
themselves using age-appropriate vocabulary and grammar,
but they often exhibit numerous idiosyncratic language and
language-related behaviors. They often have problems with
pragmatics, the social uses of language.
Attempts to Construct a Unifying
Theory of Autism Spectrum
Disorders
Executive Function
self-regulation of emotions, working memory and
planning ahead are among the self-directed
behavior.
Attempts to Construct a Unifying
Theory of Autism Spectrum
Disorders
Central Coherence
refers to the natural tendency of most individuals to
organize and interpret information in their environment as
a coherent whole rather than focusing on individual
details.
Attempts to Construct a Unifying
Theory of Autism Spectrum
Disorders
Theory of Mind
a cognitive ability that involves understanding and
interpreting the perspectives, intentions, feelings, beliefs,
and desires of other people.
criteria in order to be diagnosed
Based on the recommendation of The American
Psychiatric Association (APA), an individual must meet
three criteria in order to be diagnosed with autism
spectrum disorder:
criteria in order to be diagnosed
1. Clinically significant, persistent deficits in social communication and
interactions, as manifest by all of the following:
Marked deficits in nonverbal and verbal communication
used for social interaction;
Lack of social reciprocity [give-and-take];
Failure to develop and maintain peer relationships
appropriate to developmental level
criteria in order to be diagnosed
2. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities,
as manifested by at least TWO of the following:
Stereotyped motor or verbal behaviors, or unusual
sensory behaviors
Excessive adherence to routines and ritualized patterns of
behavior
Restricted, fixated interests
criteria in order to be diagnosed
3. Symptoms must be present in early childhood (but may not become
fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities)
(American Psychiatric Association: DSM-V Development, 2010)
criteria in order to be diagnosed
Treatment and Medication
Educational Examples of Educational
Considerations Programs for Students with ASD
Educational Programming Picture Exchange
Principles Communication System
1. Direct Instruction of (PECS)
Skills Social Stories for
2. Instruction in Natural Adolescents
Settings Pivotal Response
3. Behavior Management Teaching
Treatment and Medication
ASSESSMENT OF PROGRESS
Monitoring Progress in Language Development
MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory-Second
Edition (CDI-II): For very young children (8-30 months), also
validated for children with disabilities.
Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-4 (CELF-4): For older
children (5-21 years), measuring receptive, expressive, grammatical,
and semantic skills.
Treatment and Medication
ASSESSMENT OF PROGRESS
Monitoring Progress in Social/Adaptive Behavior
PDD Behavior Inventory (PDDBI): For children 2-12 years, assessing
maladaptive and adaptive behaviors.
Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS): For children 4-18 years, evaluating the
severity of social impairment.
Autism Social Skills Profile (ASSP): Standardized outcome measure for social
skills.
Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS): Used for screening, diagnosis, and
evaluating intervention effectiveness for children over 2 years old.
Treatment and Medication
Early Intervention
Primarily targets children with more severe ASD.
Effective intervention must be early, intensive, highly
structured, and involve families.
Treatment and Medication
Transition to Adulthood
Despite improved outcomes, many adults with autism do not live
independently.
Transition planning for autism follows principles similar to those for
intellectual disabilities.
Planning starts early and becomes more intensive throughout elementary,
middle, and secondary school.
Person-centered planning encourages autonomy and decision-making.
Increasing integration into community living and employment settings is
emphasized.
Treatment and Medication
Transition Program for People with Asperger
Focuses heavily on social interaction issues, which tend to worsen in
adolescence and adulthood.
Social interaction difficulties hinder employment success, often due to
inappropriate social interactions.
The approach ranges from social survival skills to social competence,
prioritizing essential skills for independence.
Employers and educators must understand the nature of Asperger syndrome to
prevent misunderstandings.
Thank
you!
Lagutan, Loberanes, Rivera, Serabia
