Internal Heat Gains
Equipment
People
Lights
Appliances
Internal Heat Gains
• Internal Heat Gains
• The next component of the space cooling load is
the heat that originates within the space. Typical
sources of internal heat gain are people, lights,
cooking processes, and other heat-generating
equipment, such as motors, appliances, and
office equipment.
• While all of these sources contribute sensible
heat to the space, people, cooking processes,
and some appliances (such as a coffee maker)
also contribute latent heat to the space.
Internal Loads
Calculation
Lecture aim
calculate the people thermal loads.
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INTERIOR Loads Calculations
Latent Heat
It is the heat required to changes in phase between liquids, gases, and solids.
Load Calculations
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INTERIOR Loads Calculations
Sensible Heat
It related to changes in temperature of gas or object with no changes in phase.
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70 °C -10 °C
30 °C -20 °C
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
People sensible heat vs
latent heat
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Human heat due to Human produced heat
his body temperature due to his physical work
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
People sensible heat vs latent heat
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Qs < QL Qs > QL
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
𝑞𝑞𝑠𝑠 𝑞𝑞𝐿𝐿
Qs = x N. (persons) x CLF QL = x N. (persons)
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
Load Calculations
Load Calculations
Qs = Thermal Load (BTU/hr) QL = Thermal Load (BTU/hr)
𝑞𝑞𝑠𝑠 𝑞𝑞𝐿𝐿
= person sensible heat (BTU/hr) = person latent heat (BTU/hr)
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
N. (persons) = Number of persons N. (persons) = Number of persons
CLF = Cooling Load Factor
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
A = 9.1 x 5.8 x (3.28)2
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= 567.82 Ft2
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
1. Calculating (sensible &
latent) load / person. Place q q
s L
Office
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qs = 230 > qL = 190
Factory (example)
qs = 565
< qL =
1035
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
2. Calculating number of
persons.
N.(Persons) = A x Estimated persons / 1000
= 567 x 20/1000
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= 11 person.
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3. Calculating CLF
Detected by Ratio between the number of working hours to the total hours in
the day (recommended to be 1 for working hours > 16)
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ON for 10 hours OFF for 14 hours
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
3. Calculating CLF
2. Detect the working hours
CLF = 0.83
10 hours
2. Designing time
16 If office start at 9.00, so hours after entry into space is = 7,
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So CLF = 0.83
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
𝑞𝑞𝑠𝑠 𝑞𝑞𝐿𝐿
Qs = x N. (persons) x CLF QL = x N. (persons)
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
Load Calculations
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= 230 x 11 x 0.83 = 190 x 11
= 2,100 BTU/hr = 2090 BTU/hr
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
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Qs =230 btu/hr / person QL = 190 btu/hr / person
Qs = N x Qs x CLF QL = N x QL
CLF 1400 = 5hr = 0.76 ; Qs1400 = 6x230x0.76 = 1048btu/hr QL = 190 x 6 = 1140btu/hr
CLF 2000 = 0.25; Qs2000 = 6X230X0.25 = 345
Heat Generated by People
• Metabolism of the human body normally
generates more heat than it needs
• 60% heat is transferred by convection and
radiation to the surrounding environment.
• 40% is released by perspiration and
respiration.
Heat Generated by People (Chart)
Level Of Activity Sensible Heat Latent Heat
Gain Gain
Moderately active work 250 BTU/hr (75W) 200 BTU/hr
(Office) (55W)
Standing, light work, 250 BTU/hr (75W) 200 BTU/hr
walking (Store) (55W)
Light bench work (Factory) 275 BTU/hr (80W) 475BTU/hr
(140W)
Heavy work (Factory) 580BTU/hr(170W) 870BTU/hr
(255W)
Exercise (Gymnasium) 710BTU/hr 1090BTU/hr
(210W) (315W)
CLF Factors for People
• Similar to the use of the CLTD for conduction heat gain and
SCL for solar heat gain, the cooling load factor (CLF) is
used to account for the capacity of the space to absorb and
store heat.
• Some of the sensible heat generated by people is absorbed
and stored by the walls, floor, ceiling, and furnishings of the
space, and released at a later time. Similar to heat transfer by
conduction through an external wall, the space can therefore
experience a time lag between the time that the sensible heat
is originally generated and the time that it actually contributes
to the space cooling load.
• For heat gain from people, the value of CLF depends on
the construction of the interior partition walls in the space,
the type of floor covering,
the total number of hours that the space is occupied, and
the number of hours since the people entered the space.
Internal Loads
Calculation
Lecture aim
calculate the lighting thermal loads.
1/2/2025 141
Heat Gain from Lighting
• Heat generated by lights in the space is a significant
contribution to the cooling load.
• For example, a 120-watt light generates 410 Btu/hr [120
W] of heat–approximately the same amount of heat gain
from an average office worker.
• Additionally, when estimating the heat gain generated by
fluorescent lights, approximately 20% is added to the
lighting heat gain to account for the additional heat
generated by the ballast.
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
Lighting Load
Load Calculations
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Light Heat
Thermal Load
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
Lighting Load
Q = qi x 3.41 x Fa x Fs x CLF
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Q = Thermal Load (BTU/hr)
qi = Lamp Power (Watt)
3.41 = to convert
Fa = Fraction of in use power (watt)
from watt to BTU
Fs = Fluorescent lamp ballast factor because we need
the answer in
CLF = Cooling Load Factor
BTU/H, not in watt
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
1. Calculating qi
4 x 18 Watt T8 Recessed
Method A Modular Fitting
qi = 9 x (4 x 18) (with CAT 2 Louvre)
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= 648 watt
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1. Calculating qi
Method B
LPD = 1.1 watt/Ft2
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A = 9.1 x 5.8 x (3.28)2
= 567.82 Ft2
qi = 1.1 x 567.8
= 624 watt
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
Lighting Load
Q = qi x 3.41 x Fa x Fs x CLF
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Fa
Fraction of in use
power (watt)
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
2. Calculating Fa
Ratio between the working lamps to the total lamps (recommended to be 1).
7
Fa =
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= 0.78
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Lighting Load
Q = qi x 3.41 x Fa x Fs x CLF
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Fs
Fluorescent lamp
ballast factor
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
3. Calculating Fs
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Fs = 1.3
4 x 18 Watt T8 Recessed
Modular Fitting (with CAT 2 Louvre)
Radiates
heat
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
Lighting Load
Q = qi x 3.41 x Fa x Fs x CLF
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CLF
Cooling Load Factor
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
4. Calculating CLF
Detected by Ratio between the number of working hours to the total hours in
the day (recommended to be 1 for working hours > 16)
Load Calculations
Load Calculations
ON for 10 hours OFF for 14 hours
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
4. Calculating CLF
1. Detect the a classification
a = 0.55
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INTERIOR Loads Calculations
4. Calculating CLF
2. Detect the working hours
CLF = 0.77
10 hours
2. Designing time If office start at 9.00, so number of hours after lights are turned on is = 7,
16
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So CLF = 0.77
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INTERIOR Loads Calculations
Q = qi x 3.41 x Fa x Fs x CLF
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= 648 x 3.41 x 1 x 1.3 x 0.77
= 2212 BTU/hr
Cooling load at 1200, 1400, 1600 due to lighting within space
Q = qi x 3.41 x Fa x Fs x CLF
qi = (2x40W)x12 = 960W
Fa = 9/12 = 0.75
Fs = 1.2
Load Calculations
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CLF =
A classification = 0.55
B classification = C
Lampu on for 10hr
CLF at 1200 = 4hr = 0.72
CLF at 1400 = 6hr = 0.75
CLF at 1600 = 8hr = 0.78
Q1200 = 3.41 x 960 x 0.75 x 1.2 x 0.72 = 2121.3
Q1400 = 3.41 x 960 x 0.75 x 1.2 x 0.75 = 2200
Q1600 = 3.41 x 960 x 0.75 x 1.2 x 0.78 = 2290
A room has 8 40W fluorescent lighting fixtures in use. The cooling system operates
only during occupied hours. What is the cooling load from the lighting?
Fs = 1.25
Q = qi x 3.41 x Fa x Fs x CLF
qi = 320 (8 x 40W)
Load Calculations
Load Calculations
Fa = 1
Fs = 1.25
CLF = 1
Q = 1364 Btu/hr
Heat Gain from Lighting
• Next, determine the heat gain from lighting in our
example space.
• Internal heat gain from lighting:
– Amount of lighting in space = 2 W/ft2 [21.5 W/m2]
– Floor area = 45 ft x 60 ft = 2,700 ft2 [13.7 m x 18.3 m
= 250.7 m2]
– Total lighting energy = 2 W/ft2 x 2,700 ft2 = 5,400 W
[21.5 W/m2 x 250.7 m2 = 5,400 W ]
– Ballast factor = 1.2 (fluorescent lights)
– CLF = 1.0 (because the space temperature set point
is increased at night)
–[Q = 5,400 x 1.2 x 1.0 = 6,480 W]
Contoh
• Andaikan sebuah pejabat mempunyai 20 tiub
pendarflour yang setiap satunya 40 watt.
Hitung beban haba disebabkan oleh lampu?
• Q = watts x ballast factor x CLF
• Q = 20 x 40W x 1.2 x 1 = 960 W
Internal Loads
Calculation
Lecture aim
calculate the miscellaneous thermal
loads.
1/2/2025 171
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
Miscellaneous loads
Kitchen Living room Bath room
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1. Cooker 1. TV 1. Washing
2. Boiler 2. Computer machine.
3. Refrigerator 3. Hair drier
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
Miscellaneous loads
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7 Computer
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
Miscellaneous loads
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2 Cookers
1 Water boiler
1 Refrigerator
1 Microwave
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
Qs = qs x CLF QL = qL
Load Calculations
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Qs = Thermal Load (BTU/hr) QL = Thermal Load (BTU/hr)
CLF = Cooling Load Factor
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
1. Calculating (sensible & latent) load for each device.
Load Calculations
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
1. Calculating (sensible & latent)
load for each device.
Load Calculations
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
2. Calculating CLF
Detected by Ratio between the number of working hours to the total hours in
the day (recommended to be 1 for working hours > 16)
Load Calculations
Load Calculations
ON for 10 hours
OFF for 14 hours
INTERIOR Loads Calculations
2. Calculating CLF
A. For hooded appliances
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INTERIOR Loads Calculations
2. Calculating CLF
B. For unhooded appliances
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Heat generated by equipment
Equipment Sensible Heat Gain Latent Heat Gain
Coffee maker 3580 BTU/hr 1540 BTU/hr
(1050W) (450W)
Printer 1000 BTU/hr
(292W)
Typewriter 230 BTU/hr
(67W)
• Andaikan sebuah
pejabat mempunyai
sebuah penelus
kopi yang besar,
sebuah peti sejuk
300watt, mesin kira
elektronik dan
sebagainya
berjumlah 400watt
dan sebuah
pemanas makanan
yang kecil dengan
luas permukaan
atasnya 0.2m2.
Hitung beban
perkakas daripada
jumlah haba
tersebut?
PERKAKAS HABA RASA HABA
(HR) PENDAM
(HP)
Penelus kopi yang besar 1900 600
Peti Sejuk 300 -
Alat elektronik 400 -
Pemanas makanan, 200 200
(0.2 x 1000 W/m2)
Jumlah 2800 800
