Classified AP Questions

By haneen Al ashqar

HANEEN ASHQAR 1
Separation methods
FRQ
2015
Use the following reactions that involve Fe and Al compounds to answer part (c).
In distilled water
Reaction 1: Fe2O3(s) + 3 H2O(l) ➔ 2 Fe(OH)3(s)
Reaction 2: Al2O3(s) + 3 H2O(l) ➔ 2 Al(OH)3(s)

In base
Reaction 3: Fe(OH)3(s) + NaOH(aq) ➔ no reaction
Reaction 4: Al(OH)3(s) + NaOH(aq) ➔ NaAl(OH)4(aq)

In acid
Reaction 5: Fe(OH)3(s) + 3 HCl(aq) ➔ FeCl3(aq) + 3 H2O(l)
Reaction 6: Al(OH)3(s) + 3 HCl(aq) ➔ AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2O(l)
Reaction 7: NaAl(OH)4(aq) + HCl(aq) ➔ Al(OH)3(s) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

When heated
heat
Reaction 8: 2 Fe(OH)3(s) Fe2O3(s) + 3 H2O(g)
Reaction 9: 2 Al(OH)3(s) heat Al2O3(s) + 3 H2O(g)
2 (c) (ii) A second student organizes a plan using a table. The first two steps have already
been entered in the table, as shown below. Complete the plan by listing the additional
steps that are needed to recover the Al2Ois). List the steps in the correct order and refer
to the appropriate reaction by number, if applicable.
Step Description Reaction(s)

1 Add NaOH(aq) to convert Al2O3(s) to Al(OH)3((s) and then to 2 and4

NaAl(OH)4(aq).
2. Filter out the solid Fe(OH)3 from the mixture and save the filtrate -
3
4
5

HANEEN ASHQAR 2
Atomic structure
MCQ
2015

3. The mass spectrum of element X is presented in the diagram above. Based on the
spectrum, which of the following can be concluded about element X?
(A) X is a transition metal, and each peak represents an oxidation state of the metal.
(B) X contains five electron sublevels.
(C) The atomic mass of X is 90.
(D) The atomic mass of X is between 90 and 92.

FRQ
2014
6. A student places a mixture of plastic beads consisting of polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) in a 1.0 L beaker containing distilled water. After stirring the contents of
the beaker vigorously, the student observes that the beads of one type of plastic sink to the
bottom of the beaker and the beads of the other type of plastic float on the water. The
chemical structures of PP and PVC are represented by the diagrams below, which show
segments of each polymer.

(a) Given that the spacing between polymer chains in PP and PVC is similar, the beads
that sink are made of which polymer? Explain.

PP is synthesized from propene, C3H6, and PVC is synthesized from vinyl chloride,
C2H3Cl. The structures of the molecules are shown below.
HANEEN ASHQAR 3
 Propene Vinyl chloride (chloroethene)

(b) The boiling point of liquid propene (226 K) is lower than the boiling point of liquid
vinyl chloride (260 K). Account for this difference in terms of the types and strengths
of intermolecular forces present in each liquid.
2015 b
1 (e) The only common oxide of zinc has the formula ZnO.
(i) Write the electron configuration for a Z atom in the ground state.
(ii) From which sublevel are electrons removed when a Z atom in the ground state is
oxidized?

X(g) ➔ X+(g) + e- IE1 = 740 kJ/mol

X+(g) ➔ X2+(g) + e- IE2 = 1450 kJ/mol
X2+(g) ➔ X3+(g) + e- IE3 = 7730 kJ/mol
8. For element X represented above, which of the following is the most likely explanation
for the large difference between the second and third ionization energies?
(A) The effective nuclear charge decreases with successive ionizations.
(B) The shielding of outer electrons increases with successive ionizations.
(C) The electron removed during the third ionization is, on average, much closer to the
nucleus than the first two electrons removed were.
(D) The ionic radius increases with successive ionizations.

HANEEN ASHQAR 4
Periodic table
MCQ
2014
3. Which of the following correctly identifies which has the higher first-ionization energy, Cl
or Ar, and supplies the best justification?
(A) Cl, because of its higher electronegativity
(B) Cl, because of its higher electron affinity
(C) Ar, because of its completely filled valence shell
(D) Ar, because of its higher effective nuclear charge

First
Atomic
Ionization
Element Radius
Energy
(pm)
(kJ/mol)
B 801 85
C 1086 77
N 1400 75
O 1314 73
F 1680 72
Ne 2080 70
12. The table above shows the first ionization energy and atomic radius of several elements.
Which of the following best helps to explain the deviation of the first ionization energy
of oxygen from the overall trend?
(A) The atomic radius of oxygen is greater than the atomic radius of fluorine.
(B) The atomic radius of oxygen is less than the atomic radius of nitrogen.
(C) There is repulsion between paired electrons in oxygen's 2p orbitals.
(D) There is attraction between paired electrons in oxygen's 2p orbitals.

HANEEN ASHQAR 5
31. A sample containing atoms of C and F was analyzed using x-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy. The portion of the spectrum showing the ls peaks for atoms of the two
elements is shown above. Which of the following correctly identifies the ls peak for the
F atoms and provides an appropriate explanation?
(A) Peak X, because F has a smaller first ionization energy than C has.
(B) Peak X, because F has a greater nuclear charge than C has.
(C) Peak Y, because F is more electronegative than C is.
(D) Peak Y, because F has a smaller atomic radius than C has.

2015
Ionization Energy
(kJ/mol)
First 801

Second 2,430

Third 3,660

Fourth 25,000

Fifth 32,820
12. The first five ionization energies of a second-period element are listed in the table above.
Which of the following correctly identifies the element and best explains the data in the
table?
(A) B, because it has five core electrons
(B) B, because it has three valence electrons
(C) N, because it has five valence electrons
(D) N, because it has three electrons in the p sublevel
HANEEN ASHQAR 6
FRQ
2015

Peak 1 Peak2 Peak3

6.72 x 10 kJ/mol 3.88 x 10 kJ/mol 1.68 x 103 kJ/mol
4 3

6. The complete photoelectron spectrum of an unknown element is shown above. The

frequency ranges of different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are given in the
table below.
Region of Electromagnetic Spectrum Frequency Range (s-1)
Infrared (IR) 1 x 1012 to 4 x 1014
Ultraviolet/visible (UV /vis) 4 x 1014 to 5 x 1016
X-rays 5 x 1016 to 1 x 1019
Gamma rays >1 x 1019
(a) To generate the spectrum above, a source capable of producing electromagnetic
radiation with an energy of 7 x 104 kJ per mole of photons was used. Such radiation
is from which region of the electromagnetic spectrum? Justify your answer with a
calculation.
(b) A student examines the spectrum and proposes that the second ionization energy of
the element is 3.88 x 103 kJ/mol. To refute the proposed interpretation of the
spectrum, identify the following.
(i) The subshell from which an electron is removed in the second ionization of an
atom of the element
(ii) The subshell that corresponds to the second peak of the photoelectron spectrum
above

HANEEN ASHQAR 7
Bonding
MCQ
Ionic bond
2014
2. Which of the following could be the identity of a white crystalline solid that exhibits the
following properties?
• It melts at 320°C.
• It does not conduct electricity as a solid.
• It conducts electricity in an aqueous solution.
(A) C6H12O6(s) (B) NaOH(s) (C) SiO2(s) (D) Cu(s)

47. Which of the following diagrams best illustrates how a displacement in an ionic crystal
results in cleavage and brittleness?

HANEEN ASHQAR 8
2015
2. The lattice energy of a salt is related to the energy required to separate the ions. For which
of the following pairs of ions is the energy that is required to separate the ions largest?
(Assume that the distance between the ions in each pair is equal to the sum of the ionic
radii.)
(A) Na+(g) and Cl-(g) (C) Mg2+(g) and O2-(g)
(B) Cs+(g) and Br-(g) (D) Ca2+(g) and O2-(g)

2016
3. A sample of a hard, solid binary compound at room temperature did not conduct
electricity as a pure solid but became highly conductive when dissolved in water. Which
of the following types of interactions is most likely found between the particles in the
substance?
(A) Ionic bonds (C) Covalent bonds
(B) Metallic bonds (D) Hydrogen bonds

Ion Ionic Radius(pm)

Li+ 60
Na+ 95
Ca2+ 99
1n3+ 81
6. Based on Coulomb's law and the information in the table above, which of the following
cations is most likely to have the weakest interaction with an adjacent water molecule in
an aqueous solution?
(A) Li+ (B) Na+ (C) Ca2+ (D) In3+

Metallic bond
2014
42. Steel is an alloy consisting of Fe with a small amount of C. Elemental Cr can be added to
steel to make the steel less likely to rust; Cr atoms react with oxygen in the air to form a
nonreactive layer of chromium oxide on the surface of the steel, preventing the oxidation
of underlying Fe atoms. A sample of steel-chromium alloy contains 15 percent Cr by
mass. Which of the following diagrams best shows a particle-level view of a surface
section and an interior section of the alloy represented below at the left? (The atomic
radii of the atoms involved are given in the table below at the right.)

HANEEN ASHQAR 9
HANEEN ASHQAR 10
2015
4. Which of the following diagrams best depicts an alloy of Ni and B?

Covalent bond
2014

17. The potential energy as a function of internuclear distance for three diatomic molecules,
X2, Y2, and Z2, is shown in the graph above. Based on the data in the graph, which of the
following correctly identifies the diatomic molecules, X2, Y2, and Z2?
X2 Y2 Z2
(A) H2 N2 O2
(B) H2 O2 N2
(C) N2 O2 H2
(D) O2 H2 N2

HANEEN ASHQAR 11
30. Thymine and adenine form a base pair in the DNA molecule. These two bases can form a
connection between two strands of DNA via two hydrogen bonds. Which of the allowing
diagrams shows the correct representation of the hydrogen bonding (denoted by dashed
lines) between thymine and adenine base pairs? (In each diagram, thymine is shown at
the left and adenine is shown at the right. The bases are attached to the backbone portion
of the DNA strands.)

35. The BF3 molecule is nonpolar, whereas the NF3 molecule is polar. Which of the
following statements accounts for the difference in polarity of the two molecules?
(A) In NF3, each F is joined to N with multiple bonds, whereas in BF3, each F is joined
to B with single bonds.
(B) N - F bonds are polar, whereas B -F bonds are nonpolar.
(C) NF3 is an ionic compound, whereas BF3 is a molecular compound.
(D) Unlike BF3, NF3 has a nonplanar geometry due to an unshared pair of electrons on
the N atom.

HANEEN ASHQAR 12
49. The table above shows the structural formulas and molar masses for three different
compounds. Which of the following is a list of the compounds in order of increasing
boiling points?
(A) Butane < 1-propanol < acetone
(B) Butane < acetone < 1-propanol
(C) 1-propanol < acetone < butane
(D) Acetone = butane < 1-propanol

2015

5. Which of the following is the strongest type of interaction that occurs between the atoms
within the circled areas of the two molecules represented above?
(A) Polar covalent bond (C) Hydrogen bond
(B) Nonpolar covalent bond (D) London dispersion forces
HANEEN ASHQAR 13
 Molecular Molar Mass
Name
Formula (g/mol)

Ethane C2H6 30

Butane C4H10 58
11. The molecular formula and molar mass of two straight-chain hydrocarbons are listed in
the table above. Based on the information in the table, which compound has the higher
boiling point, and why is that compound's boiling point higher?
(A) C4H10, because it has more hydrogen atoms, resulting in more hydrogen bonding
(B) C4H10, because it has more electrons, resulting in greater polarizability and stronger
dispersion forces
(C) C2H6, because its molecules are smaller and they can get closer to one another,
resulting in stronger dispersion forces
(D) C2H6, because its molecules are more polar, resulting in stronger dipole-dipole
attractions

21. Benzene, C6H6, has the structure shown above. Considering the observation that benzene
is only sparingly soluble in water, which of the following best describes the
intermolecular forces of attraction between water and benzene?
(A) Benzene is nonpolar, therefore there are no forces between water and benzene.
(B) The H atoms in benzene form hydrogen bonds with the O atoms in water.
(C) Benzene is hydrophobic, therefore there is a net repulsion between water and
benzene.
(D) There are dipole-induced dipole and London dispersion interactions between water
and benzene.

HANEEN ASHQAR 14
 C2H2(g) + Cl2(g) ➔ C2H2Cl2(g)
36. When the reaction occurs, does the hybridization of the carbon atoms change?
(A) Yes; it changes from sp to sp2 .
(B) Yes; it changes from sp to sp3.
(C) Yes; it changes from sp2 to sp3 .
(D) No; it does not change.

47. The potential energy of a system of two atoms as a function of their internuclear distance
is shown in the diagram above. Which of the following is true regarding the forces
between the atoms when their internuclear distance is x ?
(A) The attractive and repulsive forces are balanced, so the atoms will maintain an
average internuclear distance x.
(B) There is a net repulsive force pushing the atoms apart, so the atoms will move
further apart.
(C) There is a net attractive force pulling the atoms together, so the atoms will move
closer together.
(D) It cannot be determined whether the forces between atoms are balanced, attractive,
or repulsive, because the diagram shows only the potential energy.

HANEEN ASHQAR 15
49. In a paper chromatography experiment, a sample of a pigment is separated into two
components, X and Y, as shown in the figure above. The surface of the paper is
moderately polar. What can be concluded about X and Y based on the experimental
results?
(A) X has a larger molar mass than Y does.
(B) Y has a larger molar mass than X does.
(C) X is more polar than Y.
(D) Y is more polar than X.

2016
1. In which of the following liquids do the intermolecular forces include dipole-dipole
forces?
(A) F2(l) (B) CH4(l) (C) CF4(l) (D) CH2F2(l)

5. Which of the following arranges the molecules N2, O2, and F2 in order of their bond
enthalpies, from least to greatest?
(A) F2 < O2 < N2 (C) N2 < O2 < F2
(B) O2 < N2 < F2 (D) N2 < F2 < O2

Element Electronegativity
H 2.1
C 2.5
S 2.5
F 4.0
Cl 3.0
Si 1.8
7. On the basis of the information above, which of the following arranges the binary
compounds in order of increasing bond polarity?
(A) CH4 < SiCl4 < SF4 (C) SF 4 < CH4 < SiCl4
(B) CH4 < SF4 < SiCl4 (D) SiCl4 < SF4 < CH4

HANEEN ASHQAR 16
18. At room temperature I2(s) is a molecular solid. Which of the following provides a
characteristic of I2(s) with a correct explanation?
(A) It has a high melting point because it has weak intermolecular forces.
(B) It is hard because it forms a three dimensional covalent network.
(C) It is not a good conductor of electricity because its valence electrons are localized in
bonding and nonbonding pairs.
(D) It is very soluble in water because its molecules are polar.

FRQ
2014
Nonmetal C N O Ne Si P S Ar
Formula of No No
CF4 NF3 OF2 SiF4 PF3 SF2
Compound compound compound

5. Some binary compounds that form between fluorine and various nonmetals are listed in
the table above. A student examines the data in the table and poses the following
hypothesis: the number of F atoms that will bond to a nonmetal is always equal to 8 minus
the number of valence electrons in the nonmetal atom.
(a) Based on the student's hypothesis, what should be the formula of the compound that
forms between chlorine and fluorine?
(b) In an attempt to verify the hypothesis, the student researches the fluoride compounds
of the other halogens and finds the formula ClF3. In the box below, draw a complete
Lewis electron-dot diagram for a molecule of ClF3.

(c) Two possible geometric shapes for the ClF3 molecule are trigonal planar and T-
shaped. The student does some research and learns that the molecule has a dipole
moment. Which of the two shapes is consistent with the fact that the ClF3 molecule
has a dipole moment? Justify your answer in terms of bond polarity and molecular
structure.

HANEEN ASHQAR 17
 In an attempt to resolve the existence of the ClF3 molecule with the hypothesis stated
above, the student researches the compounds that form between halogens and fluorine,
and assembles the following list.
Halogen Formula(s)
F F2
Cl
Br BrF, BrF3, BrF5
I IF, IF3, IF5, IF7

(d) Based on concepts of atomic structure and periodicity, propose a modification to

the student's previous hypothesis to account for the compounds that form between
halogens and fluorine.

2015
2 Answer the following questions about Fe and Al compounds.
(a) Fe2O3 and Al2O3 have similar chemical properties; some similarities are due to the
oxides having similar lattice energies. Give two reasons why the lattice energies of the
oxides are similar.

Boiling Point of Compound Dipole Moment Polarizability

Molecule
(K) (debyes) (10-24 cm3)

HCl 188 1.05 2.63

HBr 207 0.80 3.61

HI 238 0.38 5.44

4. The boiling points, dipole moments, and polarizabilities of three hydrogen halides are
given in the table above.
(a) Based on the data in the table, what type of intermolecular force among the molecules
HCl(l), HBr(l), and HI(l) is able to account for the trend in boiling points? Justify your
answer.
(b) Based on the data in the table, a student predicts that the boiling point of HF should be
174 K. The observed boiling point of HF is 293 K. Explain the failure of the student's

HANEEN ASHQAR 18
 prediction in terms of the types and strengths of the intermolecular forces that exist
among HF molecules.
(c) A representation of five molecules of HBr in the liquid state is shown in box 1 below.
In box 2, draw a representation of the five molecules of HBr after complete
vaporization has occurred.

5. Answer the following questions about two isomers, methyl methanoate and ethanoic acid.
The molecular formula of the compounds is C2H4O2.
(a) Complete the Lewis electron-dot diagram of methyl methanoate in the box below.
Show all valence electrons.

2015 b
2 (d) The Lewis electron-dot diagram for C2H4 is shown below in the box on the left. In the
box on the right, complete the Lewis electron-dot diagram for C2H5OH by drawing in
all of the electron pairs.

HANEEN ASHQAR 19
 (e) What is the approximate value of the C-O-H bond angle in the ethanol molecule?
(f) During the dehydration experiment, C2H4(g) and unreacted C2H5OH(g) passed through
the tube into the water. The C2H4 was quantitatively collected as a gas but the
unreacted C2H5OH was not. Explain this observation in terms of the intermolecular
forces between water and each of the two gases.

Types of reactions
MCQ
2015
31. To gravimetrically analyze the silver content of a piece of jewelry made from an alloy of
Ag and Cu, a student dissolves a small preweighed sample in HNO3(aq). Ag+(aq) and
Cu2+(aq) ions form in the solution. Which of the following should be the next step in the
analytical process?
(A) Centrifuging the solution to isolate the heavier ions
(B) Evaporating the solution to recover the dissolved nitrates
(C) Adding enough base solution to bring the pH up to 7.0
(D) Adding a solution containing an anion that forms an insoluble salt with only one of
the metal ions

HANEEN ASHQAR 20
Stoichiometry
MCQ
2014
Molar Mass
Compound
(grams)
N2O 62.0
MgO 40.3
K2O 94.2
CaO 56.1
1. According to the information in the table above, a 1.00 g sample of which of the following
contains the greatest mass of oxygen?
(A) N2O (B) MgO (C) K2O (D) CaO

M+ is an unknown metal cation with a +1 charge. A student dissolves the chloride of the
unknown metal, MCl, in enough water to make 100.0 mL of solution. The student then
mixes the solution with excess AgNO3 solution, causing AgCl to precipitate.
The student collects the precipitate by filtration, dries it, and records the data shown below.
(The molar mass of AgCl is 143 g/mol.)
Mass of unknown chloride, MCl 0.74g
Mass of filter paper 0.80 g
Mass of filter paper plus AgCl precipitate 2.23 g
8. What is the identity of the metal chloride?
(A) NaCl (B) KCl (C) CuCl (D) LiCl

9. During the course of the experiment, which of the following happens to the NO3- ions?
(A) They are oxidized by Cl- ions.
(B) They are reduced to NO2- ions.
(C) They are decomposed by reacting with M+ ions.
(D) They remain dissolved in the filtrate solution.

HANEEN ASHQAR 21
10. Which of the following diagrams best represents the AgNO3 solution before the reaction
occurs?
Note: water molecules are represented by the symbol

MnO4- + 5 Fe2+ + 8 H+ ➔ Mn2+ + 5 Fe3+ + 4 H2O

26. In the reaction represented above, the number of MnO4- ions that react must be equal to
which of the following?
(A) One-fifth the number of Fe2+ ions that are consumed
(B) Eight times the number of H+ ions that are consumed
(C) Five times the number of Fe3+ ions that are produced
(D) One-half the number of H2O molecules that are produced

C3H8(g) + 4Cl2(g) ➔ C3H4Cl4(g) + 4HCl

48. A 6.0 mol sample of C3H8(g) and a 20. mol sample of Cl2(g) are placed in a previously
evacuated vessel, where they react according to the equation above. After one of the
reactants has been totally consumed, how many moles of HCl(g) have been produced?
(A) 4.0 mol (B) 8.0 mol (C) 20. mol (D) 24 mol
HANEEN ASHQAR 22
2015
A 0.35 g sample of Li(s) is placed in an Erlenmeyer flask containing 100 mL of water at
25°C. A balloon is placed over the mouth of the flask to collect the hydrogen gas that is
generated.
18. What will be the effect on the amount of gas produced if the experiment is repeated using
0.35 g of K(s) instead of 0.35 g of Li(s)?
(A) No gas will be produced when K(s) is used.
(B) Some gas will be produced but less than the amount of gas produced with Li(s).
(C) Equal quantities of gas will be produced with the two metals.
(D) More gas will be produced with K(s) than with Li(s).

20. Which of the following is the balanced net-ionic equation for the reaction between Li(s)
and water?
(A) 2 Li(s) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq) ➔ 2 Li+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq) + H2(g)
(B) 2 Li(s) + 2 H2O(l) ➔ 2 Li+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq) + H2(g)
(C) 2 Li(s) + 2 H2O(l) ➔ 2 LiOH(s) + H2(g)
(D) 2 Li(s) + 2 H2O(l) ➔ 2 LiH(s) + H2(g)

32. A sample of a compound that contains only the elements C, H, and N is completely
burned in O2 to produce 44.0 g of CO2, 45.0 g of H2O, and some NO2. A possible
empirical formula of the compound is
(A) CH2N (B) CH5N (C) C2H5N (D) C3H3N2

NaOCl(aq) + 2 HCl(aq) ➔ Cl2(g) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

35. the Reaction occurs when an excess of 6 M HCl(aq) solution is added to 100. mL of
NaOCl(aq) of unknown concentration. If the reaction goes to completion and 0.010 mol
of Cl2(g) is produced, then what was the molarity of the NaOCl(aq) solution?
(A) 0.0010M (B) 0.010M (C) 0.10M (D) 1.0M

39. If equal masses of the following compounds undergo complete combustion, which will
yield the greatest mass of CO2?
(A) Benzene, C6H6 (C) Glucose, C6H12O6
(B) Cyclohexane, C6H12 (D) Methane, CH4

2016
11. A 23.0 g sample of a compound contains 12.0 g of C, 3.0 g of H, and 8.0 g of 0. Which
of the following is the empirical formula of the compound?
HANEEN ASHQAR 23
 (A) CH3O (C) C3H9O2
(B) C2H60 (D) C4H12O2

AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) ➔ AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

21. A student performed an analysis to determine the amount of AgNO3(aq) in a solution.
Excess NaCl(aq) was added to the solution, and the Ag+(aq) precipitated as AgCl(s). The
precipitate was collected by gravity filtration and dried in an oven. Three trials were
performed, and in each case, according to the instructor, the mass of precipitate
recovered was 5 percent higher than the actual mass of AgCl(s) that should have formed.
Which of the following could account for the error?
(A) The pores in the filter paper were too large.
(B) Not all of the precipitate was transferred to the filter paper.
(C) The NaCl(aq) solution was too concentrated.
(D) The precipitate was not rinsed with deionized water before drying.

FRQ
2014
Mass of KI tablet 0.425 g

Mass of thoroughly dried filter paper 1.462 g

Mass of filter paper + precipitate after first drying 1.775 g

Mass of filter paper + precipitate after second drying 1.699 g

Mass of filter paper+ precipitate after third drying 1.698 g

1. A student is given the task of determining the I- content of tablets that contain KI and an
inert, water-soluble sugar as a filler. A tablet is dissolved in 50.0 mL of distilled water, and
an excess of 0.20 M Pb(NO3)2(aq) is added to the solution. A yellow precipitate forms,
which is then filtered, washed, and dried. The data from the experiment are shown in the
table above.
(a) For the chemical reaction that occurs when the precipitate forms,
(i) write a balanced, net-ionic equation for the reaction, and
(ii) explain why the reaction is best represented by a net-ionic equation.

HANEEN ASHQAR 24
 (b) Explain the purpose of drying and weighing the filter paper with the precipitate three
times.
(c) In the filtrate solution, is [K+] greater than, less than, or equal to [NO3]-1? Justify your
answer.
(d) Calculate the number of moles of precipitate that is produced in the experiment.
(e) Calculate the mass percent of I- in the tablet.
(f) In another trial, the student dissolves a tablet in 55.0 mL of water instead of 50.0 mL of
water. Predict whether the experimentally determined mass percent of I- will be greater
than, less than, or equal to the amount calculated in part (e). Justify your answer.
(g) A student in another lab also wants to determine the I- content of a KI tablet but does
not have access to Pb(NO3)2. However, the student does have access to 0.20 M
AgNO3, which reacts with I-(aq) to produce Agl(s). The value of Ksp for Agl is
8.5x10-17.
(i) Will the substitution of AgNO3 for Pb(NO3)2 result in the precipitation of the I- ion
from solution? Justify your answer.
(ii) The student only has access to one KI tablet and a balance that can measure to the
nearest 0.01 g. Will the student be able to determine the mass of Agl produced to
three significant figures? Justify your answer.
2015
2 (c) (iii) The second student recovers 5.5 g of Al2O3(s) from a 10.0 g sample of the mixture
of Al2O3 and Fe2O3. Calculate the percent of Al by mass in the mixture of the two
powdered oxides. (The molar mass of Al2O3 is 101.96 g/mol, and the molar mass
of Fe2O3 is 159.70 g/mol.)
2015b

2. Ethene, C2H4(g) (molar mass 28.1 g/mol), may be prepared by the dehydration of ethanol,
C2H5OH(g) (molar mass 46.1 g/mol) , using a solid catalyst. A setup for the lab synthesis
is shown in the diagram above. The equation for the dehydration reaction is given below.
C2H5OH(g) catalyst C2H4(g) + H2O(g) ΔH°298= 45.5 kJ/molrxn; ΔS°298=126J/(K.molrxn)
ethanol ethene water

HANEEN ASHQAR 25
 A student added a 0.200g sample of C2H5OH(l) to a test tube using the setup shown above.
The student heated the test tube gently with a Bunsen burner until all of the C2H5OH(l)
evaporated and gas generation stopped. When the reaction stopped, the volume of
collected gas was 0.0854 L at 0.822 atm and 305 K. (The vapor pressure of water at 305 K
is 35.7 torr.)
(a) Calculate the number of moles of C2H4(g)
(i) that are actually produced in the experiment and measured in the gas collection
tube.
(ii) that would be produced if the dehydration reaction went to completion.
(b) Calculate the percent yield of C2H4(g) in the experiment.

Gases
MCQ
2014
6. Under which of the following conditions of temperature and pressure will H2 gas be
expected to behave most like an ideal gas?
(A) 50 K and 0.10 atm
(B) 50 K and 5.0 atm
(C) 500 K and 0.10 atm
(D) 500 Kand 50 atm

7. The volume of a sample of air in a cylinder with a movable piston is 2.0 L at a pressure
P1, as shown in the diagram above. The volume is increased to 5.0 Las the temperature is
held constant. The pressure of the air in the cylinder is now P2. What effect do the volume
and pressure changes have on the average kinetic energy of the molecules in the sample?
(A) The average kinetic energy increases.
(B) The average kinetic energy decreases.
(C) The average kinetic energy stays the same.
(D) It cannot be determined how the kinetic energy is affected without knowing P1 and P2.

HANEEN ASHQAR 26
 CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)
23. A mixture of CO(g) and H2(g) is pumped into a previously evacuated 2.0 L reaction
vessel. The total pressure of the reaction system is 1.2 atm at equilibrium. What will be
the total pressure of the system if the volume of the reaction vessel is reduced to 1.0 Lat
constant temperature?
(A) Less than 1.2 atm
(B) Greater than 1.2 atm but less than 2.4 atm
(C) 2.4 atm
(D) Greater than 2.4 atm

2015
1. A 0.5 mol sample of He(g) and a 0.5 mol sample of Ne(g) are placed separately in two
10.0 L rigid containers at 25°C. Each container has a pinhole opening. Which of the gases,
He(g) or Ne(g), will escape faster through the pinhole and why?
(A) He(g) will escape faster because the He(g) atoms are moving at a higher average
speed than the Ne(g) atoms.
(B) Ne(g) will escape faster because its initial pressure in the container is higher.
(C) Ne(g) will escape faster because the Ne(g) atoms have a higher average kinetic energy
than the He(g) atoms.
(D) Both gases will escape at the same rate because the atoms of both gases have the same
average kinetic energy.

Questions 7-9 ref er to the following information.

At 27°C, five identical rigid 2.0 L vessels are filled with N2(g) and sealed. Four of the five
vessels also contain a 0.050 mol sample of NaHCO3(g), NaBr(s), Cu(s), or I2 (s), as shown in
the diagram above. The volume taken up by the solids is negligible, and the initial pressure
of N2(g) in each vessel is 720 mm Hg. All four vessels are heated to 127°C and allowed to
reach a constant pressure.

HANEEN ASHQAR 27
7. At 127°C, the pressure in vessel 1 is found to be higher than that in vessel 2. Which of the
following reactions best accounts for the observation?
(A) NaHCO3(s) ➔ Na(s) + HCO3(s)
(B) NaHCO3(s) ➔ NaH(s) + CO3(s)
(C) 2NaHCO3(s) ➔ Na2CO3(s) + CO2 (g) + H2O(g)
(D) 2 NaHCO3(s) + N2 (g) ➔ 2 NaNO3(s) + C2H2 (g)

8. At 127°C, the entire sample of I2 is observed to have vaporized. How does the mass of
vessel 5 at 127°C compare to its mass at 27°C?
(A) The mass is less, since the I2 is in the vapor phase.
(B) The mass is the same, since the number of each type of atom in the vessel is constant.
(C) The mass is greater, since the I2 will react with N2 to form NI3 , which has a greater
molar mass.
(D) The mass is greater, since the pressure is greater and the particles have a higher
average kinetic energy.

2H2O2(aq) 2H2O + O2 ΔH°=-196 kJmol-1

The decomposition of H2O2(aq) is represented by the equation above. A student monitored
the decomposition of a 1.0 L sample of H2O2(aq) at a constant temperature of 300. K and
recorded the concentration of H2O2 as a function of time. The results are given in the table
below.
Time (s) [H2O2]
0 2.7
200. 2.1
400. 1.7
600. 1.4

26. The O2(g) produced from the decomposition of the 1.0 L sample of H2O2(aq) is collected
in a previously evacuated 10.0 L flask at 300. K. What is the approximate pressure in the
flask after 400. s? (For estimation purposes, assume that 1.0 mole of gas in 1.0 L exerts a
pressure of 24 atm at 300. K.)
(A) 1.2 atm (B) 2.4 atm (C) 12 atm (D) 24 atm

HANEEN ASHQAR 28
9. The gas particles in vessel 3 at 27°C are represented in the diagram above. The lengths of
the arrows represent the speeds of the particles. Which of the following diagrams best
represents the particles when vessel 3 is heated to 127°C?

24. The reaction between NO(g) and Oi(g) to produce NO2(g) in a rigid reaction vessel is
represented in the diagram above. The pressure inside the container is recorded using
a pressure gauge. Which of the following statements correctly predicts the change in
pressure as the reaction goes to completion at constant temperature, and provides the
correct explanation?
(A) The pressure will increase because the product molecules have a greater mass than
either of the reactant molecules.
(B) The pressure will decrease because there are fewer molecules of product than of
reactants.
(C) The pressure will decrease because the product molecules have a lower average
speed than the reactant molecules.

HANEEN ASHQAR 29
 (D) The pressure will not change because the total mass of the product molecules is
the same as the total mass of the reactant molecules.

2016

13. The distribution of speeds of H2(g) molecules at 273 K and 1 atm is shown in the
diagram above. Which of the following best shows the speed distribution of He(g) atoms
under the same conditions of temperature and pressure?

HANEEN ASHQAR 30
Thermochemistry
MCQ
2014
2 BaO2(s) 2 BaO(s) + O2(g)
ΔH° = 162 kJ/molrxn
4. A sealed rigid vessel contains BaO2(s) in equilibrium with BaO(s) and O2(g) as
represented by the equation above. Which of the following changes will increase the
amount of BaO2(s) in the vessel?
(A) Removing a small amount of O2(g)
(B) Removing a small amount of BaO(s)
(C) Adding He gas to the vessel
(D) Lowering the temperature

5. Which of the following best helps to explain why the value of ΔH° for the dissolving of
CaF2 in water is positive?
(A) CaF2(s) is insoluble in water.
(B) CaF2(s) dissolves in water to form CaF2(aq) particles.
(C) Ca2+ ions have very strong ion-ion interactions with F- ions in the crystal lattice.
(D) Ca2+ ions have very strong ion-dipole interactions with water molecules in the
solution.
13. Which of the following equations represents a reaction for which the standard entropy
change is positive (ΔS > 0) ?
(A) 3 O2(g) ➔ 2 O3(g)
(B) 2 H2(g) + O2(g) ➔ 2 H2O(l)
(C) CaCO3(s) ➔ CaO(s) + CO2(g)
(D) I2(g) + 2 K(s) ➔ 2 KI(s)

18. A 10. g cube of copper at a temperature T1 is placed in an insulated cup containing 10. g
of water at a temperature T2. If T1 > T2. which of the following is true of the system
when it has attained thermal equilibrium? (The specific heat of copper is 0.385 J/(g- 0 C)
and the specific heat of water is 4.18 J/(g-°C).)
(A) The temperature of the copper changed more than the temperature of the water.
(B) The temperature of the water changed more than the temperature of the copper.
(C) The temperature of the water and the copper changed by the same amount.
(D) The relative temperature changes of the copper and the water cannot be determined
without knowing T1 and T2.

HANEEN ASHQAR 31
 CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) ΔH< 0
24. Which of the following statements is true about bond energies in this reaction?
(A) The energy absorbed as the bonds in the reactants are broken is greater than the
energy released as the bonds in the product are formed.
(B) The energy released as the bonds in the reactants are broken is greater than the
energy absorbed as the bonds in the product are formed.
(C) The energy absorbed as the bonds in the reactants are broken is less than the energy
released as the bonds in the product are formed.
(D) The energy released as the bonds in the reactants are broken is less than the energy
absorbed as the bonds in the product are formed.

N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3g)

ΔH°298 = -92 kJ/molrxn; ΔG298 = -33 kJ/molrxn
37. Consider the reaction represented above at 298 K. When equal volumes of N2(g) and
H2(g), each at 1 atm, are mixed in a closed container at 298 K, no formation of NH3(g) is
observed. Which of the following best explains the observation?
(A) The N2(g) and the H2(g) must be mixed in a 1:3 ratio for a reaction to occur.
(B) A high activation energy makes the forward reaction extremely slow at 298 K.
(C) The reaction has an extremely small equilibrium constant, thus almost no product
will form.
(D) The reverse reaction has a lower activation energy than the forward reaction, so the
forward reaction does not occur.

HANEEN ASHQAR 32
39. How much energy is required to melt 64 g of methane at 90 K? (The molar mass of
methane is 16 g/mol.)
(A) 0.24 kJ (B) 3.8 kJ (C) 33 kJ (D) 60. kJ

40. Which of the following best explains why more energy is required for the process
occurring at 110 K than for the process occurring at 90 K ?
(A) Intermolecular attractions are completely overcome during vaporization.
(B) Intermolecular attractions in the solid phase are weaker than in the liquid phase.
(C) Electron clouds of methane molecules are less polarizable at lower temperatures.
(D) Vaporization involves a large increase in temperature.

41. The enthalpy of vaporization of water is 40.7 kJ/mol. Which of the following best
explains why the enthalpy of vaporization of methane is less than that of water?
(A) Methane does not exhibit hydrogen bonding, but water does.
(B) Methane has weaker dispersion forces.
(C) Methane has a smaller molar mass.
(D) Methane has a much lower density.

HANEEN ASHQAR 33
 XY2 ➔ X + Y2
The equation above represents the decomposition of a compound XY2. The diagram below
shows two reaction profiles (path one and path two) for the decomposition of XY2.

44. Which of the following most likely accounts for the difference between reaction path one
and reaction path two?
(A) A higher temperature in path one
(B) A higher temperature in path two
(C) The presence of a catalyst in path one
(D) The presence of a catalyst in path two

45. Which of the following best describes the flow of heat when 1.0 mol of XY2
decomposes?
(A) 50 kJ of heat is transferred to the surroundings.
(B) 50 kJ of heat is transferred from the surroundings.
(C) 100 kJ of heat is transferred to the surroundings.
(D) 100 kJ of heat is transferred from the surroundings.

46. The reaction is thermodynamically favorable under standard conditions at 298 K.

Therefore, the value of /1S0 for the reaction must be
(A) equal to zero (C) greater than M/0/298 K
(B) equal to M/0/298 K (D) less than M/0/298 K

2015
6. A hot iron ball is dropped into a 200. g sample of water initially at 50. ° C. If 8.4 kJ of heat
is transferred from the ball to the water, what is the final temperature of the water? (The
specific heat of water is 4.2 J/(g· 0 C).)
(A) 40.°C (B) 51°C (C) 60.°C (D) 70.°C
HANEEN ASHQAR 34
14. The heating curve for a sample of pure ethanol is provided above. The temperature was
recorded as a 50.0 g sample of solid ethanol was heated at a constant rate. Which of the
following explains why the slope of segment T is greater than the slope of segment R ?
(A) The specific heat capacity of the gaseous ethanol is less than the specific heat
capacity of liquid ethanol.
(B) The specific heat capacity of the gaseous ethanol is greater than the specific heat
capacity of liquid ethanol.
(C) The heat of vaporization of ethanol is less than the heat of fusion of ethanol.
(D) The heat of vaporization of ethanol is greater than the heat of fusion of ethanol.

23. A 1.0 g sample of a cashew was burned in a calorimeter containing 1000. g of water, and
the temperature of the water changed from 20.0°C to 25.0°C. In another experiment, a
3.0 g sample of a marshmallow was burned in a calorimeter containing 2000. g of water,
and the temperature of the water changed from 25.0°C to 30.0°C. Based on the data,
which of the following can be concluded about the energy content for 1.0 g of each of
the two substances? (The specific heat of water is 4.2 J/(g· 0 C).)
(A) The combustion of 1.0 g of cashew releases less energy than the combustion of 1.0 g
of marshmallow.
(B) The combustion of 1.0 g of cashew releases the same amount of energy as the
combustion of 1.0 g of marshmallow.
(C) The combustion of 1.0 g of cashew releases more energy than the combustion of 1.0
g of marshmallow.
(D) No comparison can be made because the two systems started with different masses
of food, different masses of water, and different initial temperatures.

2H2O2(aq) H2O(l) + O2(g) ΔH° = -196 kJ/molrxn

HANEEN ASHQAR 35
 2H2O2(aq) 2H2O + O2 ΔH°=-196 kJmol-1
The decomposition of H2O2(aq) is represented by the equation above. A student monitored
the decomposition of a 1.0 L sample of H2O2(aq) at a constant temperature of 300. K and
recorded the concentration of H2O2 as a function of time. The results are given in the table
below.
Time (s) [H2O2]
0 2.7
200. 2.1
400. 1.7
600. 1.4

28. The reaction is thermodynamically favorable. The signs of ΔG° and ΔS° for the reaction
are which of the following?
ΔG° ΔS°
(A) Positive Positive
(B) Negative Positive
(C) Positive Negative
(D) Negative Negative

29. Assume that the bond enthalpies of the oxygen hydrogen bonds in H2O are not
significantly different from those in H2O2. Based on the value of /),J/0 of the reaction,
which of the following could be the bond enthalpies (in kJ/mol) for the bonds broken and
formed in the reaction?
O-O in O=O in
O-H
H2O2 O2
(A) 300 500 500
(B) 150 500 500
(C) 500 300 150
(D) 250 300 150

2016
Amount
Volume of volume of
Trial of Heat
0.10 M HCl 0.10 M NaOH
Released
1 50.mL 50.mL X
2 100.mL 50.mL Y

HANEEN ASHQAR 36
24. A student conducted an experiment to determine ΔH°rxn for the reaction between HCl(aq)
and NaOH(aq). The student ran two trials using the volumes of HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq)
indicated in the table above, and determined the amount of heat released. Which of the
following best explains the relationship between X and Y?
(A) Y = 2X, because the volume of HCl(aq) used in trial 2 is twice the volume used in
trial 1.
(B) Y = X, because the number of moles of acid and base reacting with each other is the
same in both trials.
(C) Y = 2/3X; because the heat is distributed over more particles in trial 2 than in trial 1.
(D) The relationship between X and Y cannot be predicted.

25. A student mixes a 10.0 mL sample of 1.0 M NaOH(aq) with a 10.0 mL sample of 1.0 M
HCl(aq) in a polystyrene container. The temperature of the solutions before mixing was
20.0°C. If the final temperature of the mixture is 26.0°C, what is the experimental value
of ΔH°rxn? (Assume that the solution mixture has a specific heat of 4.2 J/(g·K) and a
density of 1.0 g/mL.)
(A) -50. kJ/molrxn (C) -5.0 X 104 kJ/molrxn
(B) -25 kJ/molrxn (D) -5.0 X 102 kJ/molrxn

FRQ
2014
6. In a separate experiment, the student measures the enthalpies of combustion of propene
and vinyl chloride. The student determines that the combustion of 2.00 mol of vinyl
chloride releases 2300 kJ of energy, according to the equation below.
2C2H3Cl(g) + 5O2(g) ➔ 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + 2HCl(g) ΔH° = - 2300 kJ/molrxn
(c) Using the table of standard enthalpies of formation below, determine whether the
combustion of 2.00 mol of propene releases more, less, or the same amount of energy
that 2.00 mol of vinyl chloride releases. Justify your answer with a calculation. The
balanced equation for the combustion of 2.00 mol of propene is
2C3H6(g) + 9O2(g) ➔ 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g).
Substance C2H3Cl(g) C3H6(g) CO2(g) H2O(g) HCl(g) O2(g)
Standard Enthalpy of
37 21 -394 -242 -92 0
Formation (kJ/mol)

2015

HANEEN ASHQAR 37
2(a) Fe2O3(s) and Al2O3(s) have similar chemical properties; some similarities are due to the
oxides having similar lattice energies. Give two reasons why the lattice energies of the
oxides are similar.

3. The structures of two compounds commonly found in food, lauric acid, C12H24O2, and
sucrose, C12H22O11, are shown above.
(a) Which compound, lauric acid or sucrose, is more soluble in water? Justify your answer
in terms of the intermolecular forces present between water and each of the
compounds.
(b) Assume that a 1.5 g sample of lauric acid is combusted and all of the heat energy
released is transferred to a 325 g sample of water initially at 25°C. Calculate the final
temperature of the water if ΔHcombustion of lauric acid is -37 kJ/g and the specific heat
of water is 4.18 J/(g· K).
(c) In an attempt to determine ΔHcombustion of lauric acid experimentally, a student places a
1.5 g sample of lauric acid in a ceramic dish underneath a can made of Al containing
325 g of water at 25°C. The student ignites the sample of lauric acid with a match and
records the highest temperature reached by the water in the can.
(i) The experiment is repeated using a can of the same mass, but this time the can is
made of Cu. The specific heat of Cu is 0.39 J/(g·K), and the specific heat of Al is
0.90 J/(g·K). Will the final temperature of the water in the can made of Cu be
greater than, less than, or equal to the final temperature of the water in the can
made of Al? Justify your answer.

(ii) In both experiments it was observed that the measured final temperature of the
water was less than the final temperature calculated in part (b). Identify one source
HANEEN ASHQAR 38
 of experimental error that might account for this discrepancy and explain why the
error would make the measured final temperature of the water lower than
predicted.
(d) The experiment described above is repeated using a 1.5 g sample of sucrose. The
combustion reaction for sucrose in air is represented below.
C12H22O11(s) + 12 O2(g) ➔ 12 CO2(g) + 11 H2O(g)
(i) Even though ΔG° for the combustion of sucrose in air has a value of -5837
kJ/molrxn, the combustion reaction does not take place unless it is ignited.
Explain.
(ii) Predict the sign of /1S0 for the reaction and justify your prediction.
2015 b
7. Aluminum metal can be recycled from scrap metal by melting the metal to evaporate
impurities.
(a) Calculate the amount of heat needed to purify 1.00 mole of A originally at 298 K by
melting it. The melting point of Al is 933 K. The molar heat capacity of Al is 24
J/(mol⋅K), and the heat of fusion of Al is 10.7 kJ/mol.
(b) The equation for the overall process of extracting Al from Al2O3 is shown below.
Which requires less energy, recycling existing Al or extracting Al from Al2O3? Justify
your answer with a calculation.
Al2O3(s) 2Al(s) + 3/2O2(g) ΔH° =1675kJ/molrxn

HANEEN ASHQAR 39