Name: _______________________________ Date: ________________
Unit 3a (Atomic Structure & Subatomic Particles)
Chemistry Study Guide
Unit 3.1: Atomic Theory/Models of the Atom
1. John DALTON was the first to have experimental evidence to create a theory which
states that:
- atoms are ________________ and indestructible;
- all atoms of the same element are identical (and atoms of different elements are
different from each other),
- atoms combine in simple, whole-number ratios, and
- atoms simply rearrange, separate, or join together during chemical reactions
(as opposed to being created or destroyed).
a) Dalton’s model of the atom is commonly known as the ______________ ________
model.
b) We now know that Dalton’s model was incorrect due to:
i) Atoms are NOT ________________ and indestructible because
_______________ particles (protons, neutrons, electrons) have been discovered.
ii) Atoms of the same element are NOT identical due to the discovery of
_________________ which are atoms of the same element with different
amounts of neutrons.
2. J.J. THOMSON discovered the _______________ by
experimenting with cathode rays and determined that they
had a _________________ charge
- His model showed electrons spread throughout a
sphere of positive charge.
(Plum-Pudding Model)
3. Ernest RUTHERFORD conducted his __________-__________ experiments to
discover that all atoms have a small, dense, positively charged _____________ and
negative electrons surround it
a. He determined that the _______________ contains nearly all of the MASS in
an atom, but nearly all of an atom’s VOLUME is ______________
_____________ (occupied by moving electrons).
- Results of his experiments. Circle/highlight correct response in parentheses: (MOST / SOME) alpha
particles went through the gold foil but (MOST / SOME) deflected at large angles due to hitting a
positively charged mass).
-
4. The BOHR model showed that electrons can have different energy values.
- Showed electrons RESTRICTED to orbits (or energy levels) around the nucleus.
- Electrons in Bohr’s model could NOT be found either in the nucleus or in between
_______________ __________________
- The maximum number of electrons in each level is:
1st energy level = max of ____ electrons
2nd energy level = max of ____ electrons
3rd energy level = max of ____ electrons
- Draw the Bohr Model for the following atoms and ions
a) A neutral atom of carbon b) The ion of sulfur (S2-) c) The ion of sodium (Na1+)
Also, be able to view a drawn Bohr model and analyze if it is correct or not.
5. QUANTUM MECHANICAL (QM or Schrodinger’s) model improved upon the
Bohr model by depicting the electrons in an
_______________ _______________.
- Electrons still can have different energy values, but
they can be found ANYWHERE around the nucleus
(not restricted to orbits).
- The cloud is denser in regions where it is more likely
to find an electron.
Unit 3.2: Subatomic Particles and Average Atomic Mass
1. Determining and counting subatomic particles
13
a) In the symbol 𝐶, which number is the atomic number and which is the mass number?
6
13 is the _____________________ and 6 is the ______________________
13
b) Now, identify the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in 𝐶
6
p= e= n=
13
c) *How is 𝐶 written in hyphen notation? ___________________
6
d) *How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are in an atom of iodine-128?
*hyphen notation does not show up on the quiz, but it is still good practice
2. IONS are atoms that gained or lost __________________________
a) If an atom were to GAIN 2 electrons what would its net charge be? ______
b) If an atom with 75 protons and 75 electrons were to LOSE 2 electrons, what
would its net charge be? __________
c) Examples for ions: How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are in:
133 1+ 32 2−
55
𝐶𝑠 16
𝑆
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
3. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with a different number of
___________________. They also have different ________________
because of this. Can use the example below to help fill in the blanks.
Example of isotopes: These atoms are all atoms of neon because they have 10
20 21 22
protons, but something else is different about them:
10
𝑁𝑒 10
𝑁𝑒 10
𝑁𝑒
4. Average Atomic Mass
The average atomic mass (decimal number shown on the bottom of elements
found on periodic table) is found by taking into account ALL of that element’s
naturally occurring isotopes.
It is a weighted average that includes the MASS of each isotope and each isotope’s
PERCENT ABUNDANCE.
Avg. Atomic Mass problems
Ex 1. Use the periodic table to assist. Which isotope of iron (Fe) do you think would
occur more often in nature: Iron-55 or iron-56? Explain how you know.
Ex 2. Calculate the average atomic mass for a mysterious element X if 75.00% of its
atoms have a mass of 68.90 amu, 15.00% have a mass of 70.92 amu, and 10.00%
have a mass of 72.95 amu. (Always remember: you can check your answer by realizing your
final answer must be BETWEEN the masses provided AND should be closer to the mass with the
higher natural abundance
