1.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION (EMI) :
The phenomena in which emf is induced by varying magnetic field is called EMI.
2. MAGNETIC FLUX ( ) :
= NB.A NBA cos
SI unit : weber (Wb) or T-m2
Magnetic flux is scalar quantity.
3. FARADAY'S LAW :
It states that the magnitude of induced emf in a circuit is equal to the time rate of change of
magnetic flux through the circuit.
®
d
Induced emf N
dt
4. Lenz's LAW :
It states that the direction of current induced in the loop is such that it opposes the cause due to
which it get induced.
It is in accordance with law of conservation of energy.
d
Induced emf = –N , here negative sign is due to Lenz law
dt
N
Charge flown due to induced emf, Q
R
5. MOTIONAL EMF :
When a rod moves perpendicular to its length and perpendicular to magnetic field then emf
induced in the rod is called motional emf.
(v B)
Motional induced emf e B V
When a conducting disc or conducting rod is rotated about its axis to magnetic field then emf
B 2
induced between its centre and periphery is given by emf
2
B
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6. INDUCTANCE :
It is the ratio of flux linkage to current. It is equal to N / I.
It is scalar qty. SI unit henry (H)
It depends on geometry of the conductor & intrinsic magnetic properties.
6.1 Self induction :
Phenomena in which emf get induced due to change in its own current is called self induction.
Ldi
N = Li, emf = –
dt
Self inductance (L) : Self inductance is numerically equal to the magnetic flux linked with coil
when a unit current flows through it.
Self inductance (L) for a solenoid :
N2 A
®
L 0
0 n2 A
N = total number of turns; n = number of turns/length
Combination of inductors
1 1 1
Series L = L1+ L2 Parallel
L L1 L 2
6.2 Mutual induction :
Phenomena of inducing emf in a coil due to change in current in another coil is known as mutual
induction.
di
N = Mi emf = –M
dt
Mutual inductance (M) : Mutual inductance is numerically equal to the magnetic flux linked
with one coil when a unit current flows through the other coil.
Mutual inductance between 2 solenoids
0 N1N2 A
M
Mutual inductance of the pair of coils, solenoids depends on their separation as well as their
relative orientation.
Relation between self inductance and mutal inductance :
L2
M k L1 L 2 M L 1L 2
L1
k = coupling coefficient
air gap soft iron
0<k<1 k = 1 (for ideal coil)
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7. ENERGY STORED IN INDUCTOR :
1 2
U Li
2
B2
Energy density =
2µ0
8. AC GENERATOR :
AC generator works on the principle of EMI
Coil Axle
®
Slip
rings
Alternating emf
Carbon
brushes
e NBA sin t
e e 0 sin t
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