Aim

To study the phenomenon of

Electromagnetic Induction……
 Introduction
 Electromagnet :
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the
magnetic field is produced by electric current. The
magnetic field disappears when current is switched off.

 Induction:
This process of generating current in a conductor by
placing the conductor in a changing magnetic field is
called induction.

 Electromagnetic induction:
 Electromagnetic induction is the production of a
potential difference (voltage) across a conductor when
it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.
Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic
field causes molecules in another object to flow.
Induction can produce electricity (in coils), heat (in
ferrous metals), or waves (in a radio transmitter).
 Magnetic Flux:
 Magnetic flux is defined as the product of the magnetic
flux density and the area normal to the field through
which the field is passing. It is a scalar quantity and its
S.I. unit is the weber (Wb).
 Principle

 Electromagnetic induction (or

sometimes just induction) is a
process where a conductor placed in
a changing magnetic field (or a
conductor moving through a
stationary magnetic field) causes the
production of a voltage across the
conductor. This process of
electromagnetic induction, in turn,
causes an electrical current, it is said
to induce the current.
 Theory
 INVENSION:
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery
of induction in 1831 though it may have been
anticipated by the work of Francesco Zantedeschi in
1829. Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph Henry made a
similar discovery, but did not publish his findings until
later.

 Induced e.m.f :
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an e.m.f.
will be generated in the coil. This effect was first
observed and explained by Ampere and Faraday
between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered that an
e.m.f. could be generated either by,
(a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each
other or
(b) By changing the magnitude of the source of
magnetic flux.
Note that the e.m.f. is only produced while the flux is
changing.
 Working and
Construction
 Current is produced in a conductor when it is
moved through a magnetic field because the
magnetic lines of force are applying a force on the
free electrons in the conductor and causing them to
move. This process of generating current in a
conductor by placing the conductor in a changing
magnetic field is called induction. This is called
induction because there is no physical connection
between the conductor and the magnet. The
current is said to be induced in the conductor by
the magnetic field. One requirement for this
electromagnetic induction to take place is that the
conductor, which is often a piece of wire, must be
perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force in
order to produce the maximum force on the free
electrons. The direction that the induced current
flows is determined by the direction of the lines of
force and by the direction the wire is moving in the
field. In the animation above the ammeter (the
instrument used to measure current) indicates
when there is current in the conductor.
 Lenz’s Law:
 When an emf is generated by a change in
magnetic flux according to Faraday’s Law,
the polarity of the induced emf is such
that it produces a current whose
magnetic field opposes the change which
produces it. The induced magnetic field
inside any loop of wire always acts to
keep the magnetic flux in the loop
constant. In the examples below, if the B
field is increasing, the induced field acts
in opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the
induced field acts in the direction of the
applied field to try to keep it constant.
  Application of
Electromagnetic
Induction
 Electrical Generator:
 The EMF generated by Faraday’s law of
induction due to relative movement of a circuit
and a magnetic field is the phenomenon
underlying electrical generators. When a
permanent magnet is moved relative to a
conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive
force is created. If the wire is connected
through an electrical load, current will flow,
and thus electrical energy is generated,
 converting the mechanical energy of motion to
electrical energy.

 Electrical transformer:

 The EMF predicted by Faraday’s law is

also responsible for electrical
transformers. When the electric current
in a loop of wire changes, the changing
current creates a changing magnetic
field. A second wire in reach of this
magnetic field will experience this change
in magnetic field as a change in its
coupled magnetic flux, dΦB/dt. Therefore,
 an electromotive force is set up in the
second loop called the induced EMF or
transformer EMF. If the two ends of this
loop are connected through an electrical
load, current will flow.

Faraday’s Law
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, also known as
Faraday’s law, is the basic law of electromagnetism which
helps us predict how a magnetic field would interact with
an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force
(EMF). This phenomenon is known as electromagnetic
induction.

Michael Faraday proposed the laws of electromagnetic

induction in the year 1831. Faraday’s law or the law of
electromagnetic induction is the observation or results of
the experiments conducted by Faraday. He performed
three main experiments to discover the phenomenon of
electromagnetic induction.

Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction consists of

two laws. The first law describes the induction of emf in a
conductor and the second law quantifies the emf
produced in the conductor
Faraday’s First Law of Electromagnetic
Induction
The discovery and understanding of electromagnetic
induction are based on a long series of experiments
carried out by Faraday and Henry. From the experimental
observations, Faraday concluded that an emf is induced
when the magnetic flux across the coil changes with time.
Therefore, Faraday’s first law of electromagnetic induction
states the following:

Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic

field, an electromotive force is induced. If the conductor
circuit is closed, a current is induced, which is called

induced current.
Mentioned here are a few ways to change the magnetic
field intensity in a closed loop:
By rotating the coil relative to the magnet.
By moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field.
By changing the area of a coil placed in the magnetic
field.
By moving a magnet towards or away from the coil.
Faraday’s Second Law of
Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday’s second law of electromagnetic induction states
that

The induced emf in a coil is equal to the rate of change of

flux linkage.

The flux linkage is the product of the number of turns in

the coil and the flux associated with the coil. The formula
of Faraday’s law is given below:

Where ε is the electromotive force, Φ is the magnetic flux,

and N is the number of turns.
Materials Required: -

Magnetic bar, a galvanometer, coil and connecting

wires ,Coil, Galvanometer

Procedure: -

I. Take a coil of wire having a large number of turns.

2. Connect the end of the coil to a galvanometer.

3. Take a strong bar magnet and move its north pole into
the coil and observe the changes in the galvanometer
needle.

4. Repeat earlier step with the south pole of the bar

magnet.

5. Now repeat the procedure with the coil having a

different number of turns and the variation in the
deflection of the galvanometer needle.
 Observations:

1. When we move the magnet in or out of the coil, the

needle of galvanometer gets deflected in different
directions.
2. When we insert the north pole (N) of bar magnet into
the coil, the deflection is towards right.
3. When we insert the south pole (S) of bar magnet into
the coil, the deflection is towards left.
4. When we move the bar magnet in or out of the coil with
varying speed, the speed of deflection changes
accordingly.
5. As we increase the number of turns in the coil, the
deflection increases.
6. Relative motion between magnet and coil induced
electric current in the coil.
Result: -

I. The deflection of galvanometer needle indicates the

presence of current in the coil.
2. The direction of deflection gives the direction of flow of
current.
3. The speed of deflection gives the rate at which the
current is induced.
4. The deflection in galvanometer changes with the
change in number of turns in the coil more the number of
turns in the coil greater is the deflection.

 From this experiment, Faraday concluded that

whenever there is relative motion between a
conductor and a magnetic field, the flux linkage with
a coil changes and this change in flux induces a
voltage across a coil.

 BIBLiOGRAPHY

o Physics Ncert book for class XII

o Wikipedia.com

o Google Search Engine

o Seminarsonly.com