Activities

Section A
1. To Assemble The Components of a Given Electrical
Circuit Aim
To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.

Apparatus and material

Apparatus: A voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range, a battery, a rheostat, one way key.

Material: An unknown resistance or resistance coil, connecting wires, a piece of sand paper.

Diagram

Procedure

Connect the components (Resistors, inductors etc.) in series with each other as shown in diagram and
then in series with the battery.

Connect the ammeter in series with the circuit, to measure the current.

Connect the voltmeter in parallel to the resistor, to measure the potential difference.

Connect the switch in series with the battery.

Assembly of the electrical components in electric circuit is complete.

Utility

It is used for measuring an unknown resistance

Activity 2
Aim
To Study The Variation in Potential Drop With Length of a Wire For a Steady
Current.
Apparatus and material
Apparatus. Potentiometer:
Material: A fully charged 4.5 V battery or battery eliminator, a low resistance
rheostat, a voltmeter of range (0-3.0 V), an ammeter (0-3) A, a one way key, a
jockey, a set square, connecting wires and a piece of sand paper.
Theory
For a potentiometer with wire of uniform material density and thickness (cross
sectional area) carrying a steady current, potential drop is proportional to the
length of the wire.

where K is the drop of potential per unit length. It is called the potential gradient
Diagram

Procedure
Draw a circuit diagram showing the scheme of connections as in figure.
Remove the insulation from the ends of the connecting copper wires with a sand
paper.
Connect the positive pole of the battery (eliminator) (a battery of constant e.m.f.)
to the zero end (P) of the potentiometer and the negative pole through a one-way
key, an ammeter and a low resistance rheostat to the other end (Q) of the
potentiometer.
Connect the positive terminal of the voltmeter to the end P of the potentiometer
and the negative terminal to the jockey.
Touch the end of the jockey to the end Q of the potentiometer.
Close the key and set the rheostat such that the voltmeter gives full scale
deflection (3 V).
Touch the jockey at end P at 0 (zero) cm. The voltmeter will give zero deflection.
Touch the jockey at marks separated by 50 cm length of wire. Note the voltmeter
reading in each case.
Record your observations in tabular form as given ahead.
Observations and Calculations
Mean value of k=
Result:

Activity 3
Aim:
To Draw the Diagram of a Given Open Circuit Comprising at Least a Battery,
Resistor/Rheostat, Key, Ammeter and Voltmeter. Mark the Components that are
not Connected in Proper Order and Correct the Circuit and Also the Circuit
Diagram
Apparatus and material
A battery eliminator or a battery (0 to 6 V), rheostat, resistance box (0 to 100 £2),
two or one way key. D.C. ammeter (0-3) A and a D.C. voltmeter (0-3) V.

Theory
An open circuit is the combination of primary components of electric circuit in a
such a manner that on closing the circuit no current is drawn from the battery.
Procedure
Ammeter: It should be connected in series, with the battery eliminator.
Voltmeter: It should be connected in parallel to the resistor.
Rheostat: It should be connected in series (in place of resistance coil) with the
battery eliminator
Resistance coil: It should be connected in parallel (in place of rheostat).
One way key: It should be connected in series to the battery eliminator.

Section B Activity 4:
Aim
To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor from a
mixed collection of such items.
Apparatus and material
Apparatus: Multimeter.
Material: Above mixed collection of items.
Theory
For identification, appearance and working of each item will have to be
considered.

1.A diode is a two terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does not
conduct when reverse biased. It does not emit light while conducting. Hence, it
does not glow.
2.A LED (light emitting diode) is also a two terminal device. It also conducts when
forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits light while
conducting. Hence, it glow.
3.A transistor is a three terminal device. The terminals represent emitter (E), base
(B) and collector (C).
4.An IC (integrated circuit) is a multi-terminal device in form of a chip. [See figure
(UM 3482 IC Tone Generator)]
5.A resistor is a two terminal device. It conducts when either forward biased or
reverse biased. (Infact there is no forward or reverse bias for a resistor). It
conducts even when operated with A.C. voltage.
6.A capacitor is also a two terminal device. It does not conduct when either
forward biased or reverse biased. When a capacitor is connected to a D.C. source,
then multimeter shows full scale current initially but it decay to zero quickly. It is
because that initially a capacitor draw a charge.
The components to be identified are shown in figure
Procedure

If the item has four or more terminals and has form of a chip, it is an IC
(integrated circuit).
If the item has three terminals, it is a transistor.
If the item has two terminals, it may be diode, a LED, a resistor or a capacitor.
To differentiate proceed as ahead.

Put the selector on resistance R of multimeter for checking the continuity. The
probe metal ends are inserted in terminal marked on the multimeter as common
and P (or + ve)
Observation

Activity 5
Aim
To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely
on a glass slab.

Apparatus
Glass slab, drawing board, white paper sheet, drawing pins, office pins,
protractor.
Theory
When a ray of light (PQ) incident on the face AB of glass slab, then it bends
towards the normal since refraction takes place from rarer to denser medium. The
refracted ray (QR) travel along straight line and incident on face DC of slab and
bends away from the normal since refraction takes place from denser to rarer
medium. The ray (RS) out through face DC is called emergent ray.
From the following diagram

The incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray i.e. i = e.

The emergent ray is laterally deviated from its original path (incident ray) by a
distance d = t sec r sin (i – r).
Procedure
Fix a white paper sheet by drawing pins on a drawing board.
Take a glass slab and put it symmetrically in the middle of the paper and mark its
boundary ABCD.
Remove the glass slab. Draw straight line RS through points 3 and 4 to represent
emergent ray. Join QR to represent refracted ray.
Draw normal at point R on face DC and measure angle e. It comes to be equal to
angle i. Produce PQ forward to cut DC at T. Draw TU perpendicular to RS. TU
measures lateral displacement d.
Now take another set for different angle of incident and measure the lateral
displacement.
Conclusions
Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of emergence (e).
The lateral displacement increases with the increase in the thickness of the slab.
The lateral displacement increases with the angle of incidence (i).

Activity 6
Aim
To study the nature and size of the image formed by a convex lens on a screen by
using a candle and a screen (for different distances of the candle from the lens).
Apparatus
An optical bench with three uprights, a convex lens with holder, a burning candle,
a card-board screen
Ray diagram

Procedure
Find rough focal length of the convex lens by usual method.
Mount the convex lens in holder in central upright and keep it in the middle of the
optical bench. Mount the card-board screen on another upright and keep it at
distance equal to rough focal length of the lens, from the central upright.
Mount the burning candle in third upright and keep it on the other side of the
central upright and near the end of the optical bench.
Adjust heights so that the inverted image of erect flame of burning candle is
formed on screen. Move the screen to make the image sharp. The screen will be
nearly at the focus of the convex lens.
The image will be real inverted and much more diminished.
As the burning candle is moved towards the lens on one side, the screen has to be
moved away from the lens on other side, for getting sharp flame image. The
inverted image size increases.
When the position of the candle is at distance 2f from the lens, the screen is also
at same distance on the other side. The image size will be equal to the actual
flame size.
Move the candle further nearer to the lens. The screen has to be moved away for
getting an enlarged inverted real image on screen.
As the candle reaches the focus of the lens, the screen may not be able to get its
image which will be at infinity i.e. beyond the ends of the optical bench.

Conclusion
This change in position, nature and size of the image is according to theoretical
predictions.