\

PERGAMON International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 31 "0888# 1354Ð1370

Mixed convection ~ow in a lid!driven enclosure _lled with a

~uid!saturated porous medium
Khalil M[ Khanafer\ Ali J[ Chamkha
Kuwait University\ College of Engineering and Petroleum\ Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering\
P[O[ Box 4858\ Safat\ Kuwait 02959

Received 01 February 0887^ in _nal form 09 July 0887

Abstract

Volume averaged equations governing unsteady\ laminar\ mixed convection ~ow in an enclosure _lled with a Darcian
~uid!saturated uniform porous medium in the presence of internal heat generation is formulated[ The two vertical walls
of the enclosure are insulated while the horizontal walls are kept at constant temperatures with the top surface is moving
at a constant speed[ The developed equations are nondimensionalized and then solved numerically subject to appropriate
initial and boundary conditions by the _nite!volume approach along with the alternating direct implicit "ADI# procedure[
Comparisons with previously published work are performed and found to be in excellent agreement[ A parametric study
is conducted and a set of graphical results is presented and discussed to elucidate interesting features of the solution[
Þ 0888 Elsevier Science Ltd[ All rights reserved[

Key words] Mixed convection^ Heat generation^ Porous medium

Nomenclature RaE external Rayleigh number\ gbDTH 2:nae

ai\j coe.cient of _nite di}erence equation at point "i\ j# RaI internal Rayleigh number\ gbq1H 4:naeKe
in a grid t time ðsŁ
b right!hand side of _nite di}erence equation T temperature ð>CŁ
cp ~uid speci_c heat ðJ kg−0 K−0Ł u velocity in x!direction
Da Darcy number\ k:H1 U dimensionless x!component of velocity\ u:U9
Da−0 inverse Darcy number "0:Da# Uc dimensionless velocity in x!direction at mid!height
g gravitational acceleration ðm s−1Ł of enclosure
Gr Grashof number\ gbDTH 2:n1 U9 lid velocity
H enclosure length ðmŁ v velocity in y!direction
Ke e}ective thermal conductivity of the porous medium V dimensionless y!component of velocity\ v:U9
ðW m−0 K−0Ł Vc dimensionless velocity in y!direction at mid!width of
M grids number in x!direction enclosure
N grids number in y!direction x\ y Cartesian coordinates
Nu average Nusselt number\ NuÐ90 ð"1u:1Y#−Pr Re X\ Y dimensionless Cartesian coordinates\ "x\ y#:H[
VŁ dX
P ~uid pressure ðPaŁ
Pr Prandtl number\ n:ae Greek symbols
q1 volumetric heat generation ae e}ective thermal di}usivity of porous medium ðm1
Re Reynolds number\ U9H:ne s−0Ł
b coe.cient of thermal expansion of ~uid ðK−0Ł
DT temperature di}erence
u dimensionless temperature\ "T−TC#:"TH−TC#
 Corresponding author[ k permeability of the porous medium ðm1Ł

9906!8209:88:, ! see front matter Þ 0888 Elsevier Science Ltd[ All rights reserved[
PII] S 9 9 0 6 ! 8 2 0 9 " 8 7 # 9 9 1 1 6 ! 9
1355 K[M[ Khanafer\ A[J[ Chamkha:Int[ J[ Heat Mass Transfer 31 "0888# 1354Ð1370

m e}ective dynamic viscosity ðPa s−0Ł results have shown that the ~ow features are similar to
n e}ective kinematic viscosity\ m:r9 those of a conventional driven!cavity of a non!strati_ed
r9 ~uid density at reference temperature TC ~uid for small values of the Richardson number[ Also\ it
t dimensionless time\ tU9:H has been found that when the Richardson number is very
c stream function ðm1 s−0Ł high\ much of the middle and bottom portions of the
c dimensionless stream function\ c:HU9 cavity interior is stagnant[
v dimensionless vorticity\ VH:U9 Flow through a con_ned porous medium has drawn
V dimensional vorticity\ "1v:1x#−"1u:1y#[ considerable attention in the last few years due to the
large number of technological and industrial applications
Subscripts such as geothermal energy systems\ prevention of sub!oil
C cold wall water pollution\ storage of nuclear waste\ etc[ "see\ for
H hot wall instance\ Kakak et al[ ð05Ł and Bejan ð06Ł#[ Free con!
i X location of a grid point vection heat transfer in a porous medium has been
j Y location of a grid point[ studied extensively in the literature[ Cheng ð07Ł provides
an extensive review of the literature on free convection
in ~uid!saturated porous media with regard to appli!
0[ Introduction cations in geothermal systems[ The state of art regarding
porous media models has been summarized in a recent
Mixed convection ~ow and heat transfer in enclosures book by Nield and Bejan ð08Ł[
is of interest in engineering and science[ Its applications Early works on ~ow in porous media have used the
include nuclear reactors ð0Ł\ lakes and reservoirs ð1Ł\ solar Darcy law which is applicable to slow ~ows and does not
collectors ð2Ł\ and crystal growth[ Moreover\ the ~ow and account for inertial and boundary e}ects "termed as non!
heat transfer in a shear driven cavity arises in industrial Darcy e}ects# which become important when the ~ow
processes such as food processing and ~oat glass pro! velocity is relatively high and in the presence of a bound!
duction ð3Ł[ ary[ The condition of high velocity is realized when the
The problem of a lid!driven cavity ~ow in enclosures pressure across the porous medium is a quadratic func!
has been used extensively as a standard test case for tion of the velocity[ Vafai and Tien ð19Ł have reported a
the evaluation of numerical solution procedures for the detailed discussion on these non!Darcian e}ects[ Mixed
NavierÐStokes equations ð4Ð09Ł[ Kose} and Street ð00Ł convection ~ows along vertical plates and other geo!
have studied experimentally as well as numerically the metries embedded in porous media with Darcian and
recirculation ~ow patterns for a wide range of Reynolds non!Darcian e}ects have been reported by many authors
and Grashof numbers[ Their results show that the three! "e[g[ ð10Ð14Ł#[
dimensional features\ such as corner eddies near the end The objective of the present work is to consider the
walls\ and TaylorÐGortler!like longitudinal vortices\ Brinkman!extended Darcy equation of motion with the
have signi_cant e}ects on the ~ow patterns for low Rey! convective terms included and to examine the in~uence of
nolds numbers[ Both thermally stable and unstable lid! the Richardson number\ Darcy number\ and the internal
driven ~ows inside enclosures have been investigated Rayleigh number on mixed convection ~ow inside a
numerically by Torrance et al[ ð01Ł for _xed values of square enclosure _lled with a ~uid!saturated porous
Reynolds and Prandtl numbers[ Their numerical results medium[ Therefore\ a two dimensional numerical model
have indicated that the Richardson number is a con! will be used to solve the vorticity\ stream function and
trolling parameter for the problem[ Recently\ Prasad and energy equations governing buoyancy!driven mixed con!
Kose} ð02Ł have performed an experimental investigation vection ~ow inside a cavity[
of a recirculating mixed convection ~ow in a cavity _lled
with water[ For the range of the governing parameters
studied\ their results indicate that the overall heat transfer 1[ Problem formulation
rate is a very weak function of the Grashof number for
the examined range of the Reynolds number[ The e}ects The physical model considered in this investigation is
of the Prandtl number on laminar mixed convection heat shown in Fig[ 0[ A two!dimensional square enclosure of
transfer in a lid!driven cavity have been considered height H is _lled with a ~uid!saturated porous medium
numerically by Moallemi and Jang ð03Ł[ Their numerical of uniform porosity and permeability which generates
simulations have revealed that the in~uence of the buoy! heat at a uniform rate[ The top surface of the enclosure
ancy on the ~ow and heat transfer inside cavities is pre! is moving from left to right at a constant speed U9[ The
dicted to be more pronounced for higher values of the two vertical walls of the enclosure are insulated while the
Prandtl number[ Later on\ Iwatsu et al[ ð04Ł have studied top lid and the bottom surfaces are maintained at con!
numerically mixed convection heat transfer in a driven stant temperatures\ TH and TC\ respectively such that
cavity with a stable vertical temperature gradient[ Their TH×TC[ The directions of the acceleration due to gravity
 K[M[ Khanafer\ A[J[ Chamkha:Int[ J[ Heat Mass Transfer 31 "0888# 1354Ð1370 1356

Eqs[ "1# and "2# do not include the porous medium inertia
e}ects which have been shown by many investigators
such as Lage ð15Ł and Chan et al[ ð16Ł to have very
little e}ect on heat transfer[ This will be in line with the
problem considered herein when the Reynolds number is
small[
The initial and boundary conditions for the above sys!
tem of equations corresponding to the geometry in Fig[
0 can be written as follows]
J
u  v  9\ T  9 at all x\ y and t³9G
u  v  9 on x  9\ H^ y  9\ H G
Fig[ 0[ Flow con_guration and coordinate system[ G
1T f
9 on x  9\ H "4#
1x F
G
T  TH on y  H G
g and the coordinate axes are also shown in Fig[ 0[ The
porous medium is assumed to be hydrodynamically and T  TC on y  9 for t−9[ G
j
thermally isotropic and saturated with a ~uid that is in
local thermodynamic equilibrium with the solid matrix[ It is convenient to non!dimensionalize Eqs[ "0#Ð"4# using
The ~ow in the above problem is assumed to be unsteady\ the following dimensionless variables]
laminar\ incompressible\ and the ~uid physical properties x J y
are assumed constant except the density variation in the X \ G Y
H G H
body force term of the momentum equation according
u v G
to the Boussinesq approximation[ In addition\ pressure U \ V G
work\ and viscous dissipation are all assumed negligible[ U9 U9 f
"5#
The governing equations of the problem under con! T−TC tU9 F
sideration are based on the balance laws of mass\ linear u \ t G
TH −TC H G
momentum\ and thermal energy[ Taking into account the
VH c G
above mentioned assumptions\ these equations\ ex! v \ C G
pressed in dimensional form\ can be written as U9 HU9j
1u 1v where c and V are the dimensional stream function and
¦ 9 "0# vorticity\ respectively[
1x 1y
De_ning the stream function c and the vorticity V "see
1u 1u 1u 0 1P
¦u ¦v  − the nomenclature section# in the usual way and sub!
1t 1x 1y r9 1x stituting Eqs[ "5# into the previous governing equations
11 u 11 u results in the following dimensionless equations]
0 1
mu
¦n ¦ − "1#
11 C 11 C
0 1
1x 1
1y 1 r9 k
v − ¦ "6#
1X 1 1Y 1
11 v 11 v
0 1
1v 1v 1v 0 1P
¦u ¦v  − ¦n ¦ 1C 1C
1t 1x 1y r9 1y 1x1 1y1 U \ V− "7#
1Y 1X
mv
0 11 v 11 v
0 1
¦`b"T−TC #− "2# 1v 1v 1v
r9 k ¦U ¦V  ¦
1t 1X 1Y Re 1X 1 1Y 1
Ke 11 T 11 T
0 1
1T 1T 1T q1
¦u ¦v  ¦ ¦ "3# Gr 1u v
1t 1x 1y r9 cp 1x1 1y1 r 9 cp ¦ − "8#
1 1X Da Re
Re
where u and v are the pore velocity components in the x!
11 u 11 u
0 1
and y!directions\ respectively[ t is the time\ T is the ~uid 1u 1u 1u 0 RaI 0
¦U ¦V  ¦ ¦ =
temperature\ P is the ~uid pressure\ b is the volumetric 1t 1X 1Y Pr Re 1X 1
1Y 1 RaE Pr Re
thermal expansion coe.cient\ k is the permeability of the
porous medium\ and Ke\ n\ m\ r9\ and cp are the e}ective "09#
thermal conductivity of the porous medium\ e}ective where
kinematic viscosity\ e}ective dynamic viscosity\ ~uid den!
sity\ and the speci_c heat\ respectively[ q1 is the volu! U9 H `bDTH 2
Re  \ Gr  \
metric internal heat generation[ It should be noted that n n1
1357 K[M[ Khanafer\ A[J[ Chamkha:Int[ J[ Heat Mass Transfer 31 "0888# 1354Ð1370

n¦"0:1# n¦"0:1#
−ai−0\j fi−0\j ¦ai\jn¦"0:1# fi\jn¦"0:1# −ai¦0\j
n¦"0:1# n¦"0:1#
fi¦0\j  bn
7
k n
Da  \ Pr  \
H1 ae −an¦0 n¦0 n¦0 n¦0 n¦0 n¦0
i\j−0 fi\j−0 ¦ai\j fi\j −ai\j¦0 fi\j¦0  b
n¦"0:1#

`bq1H 4 `bDTH 2 "04#

RaI  \ and RaE 
nae Ke nae
where the subscripts i and j denote the X and Y locations
are the Reynolds number\ Grashof number\ Prandtl num! of the grid point\ respectively[ The superscripts n\ n¦0:1\
ber\ internal Rayleigh number\ and the external Rayleigh and n¦0 denote old time\ advanced half!time step and
number\ respectively[ advanced full!time step\ respectively[ The coe.cients of
The dimensionless initial and boundary conditions of Eqs[ "04# are given by Patankar ð17Ł[ Therefore\ for brev!
the problem under consideration can be written as ity\ they will not be presented here[
To complete the discretization process\ the ~ow kin!
U  V  C  u  9 for t  9
ematics Eq[ "6# is discretized using central _nite di}erence
U  V  C  9 on all boundaries with successive over!relaxation "SOR# procedure[ The
u  9 at Y  9 _nal form of the equation becomes
u  0 at Y  0 for t×9[ "00# l
Cn¦0
i\j  "Cn¦0 k
i\j # ¦
Eqs[ "8# and "09# governing v and u can be cast in the 1"0¦o1 #
general canonical form "see Patankar ð17Ł# as]
"Cn¦0 k n¦0 k¦0
¦o1 ""Cn¦0 k n¦0 k¦0

$ %
i¦0\j # ¦"Ci−0\j # i\j¦0 # ¦"Ci\j−0 # #

$ % $ %
1f 1 1f 1 1f
¦ Uf−Gf ¦ Vf−Gf  Sf "01# −1"0¦o1 #"Cn¦0 k 1 n¦0
i\j # ¦DX vi\j
1t 1X 1X 1Y 1Y
"05#
where f stands for v or u and Gf and Sf are given by
where o is the ratio of the step sizes\ such that o  DX:DY\
0 RaI 0
Gu  \ Su  = n and k are the time step and the iteration step\ respect!
Pr Re RaE Pr Re
ively\ and l represents the relaxation factor which is given
0 Gr 1u v by
Gv  \ Sv  − [ "02#
Re 1 1X Da Re
Re
7−3z3−d1
The average Nusselt number at a given height of the l \
enclosure may be expressed as d1

01 01
p p
0 d  cos ¦sin "06#
g0 1
1u
Nu  −Pr Re V dX[ "03# M N
9 1Y
where M and N are the total number of grid points along
In the above\ the _rst and second terms denote the con!
the X! and Y!directions\ respectively[ Once cn¦0
i\j is calcu!
tributions from the conductive and the convective heat!
lated from Eq[ "05#\ U n¦0 n¦0
i\j \ V i\j are then computed from
transfer modes\ respectively[
Cn¦0 n¦0 J
i\j¦0 −Ci\j−0
U n¦0
i\j  G
1DY f
2[ Numerical algorithm n¦0 n¦0 F
"07#
C i−0\j −C i¦0\j
V n¦0
i\j  G
In the present work\ the control volume method ð17Ł 1DX j
is used to solve the transient dimensionless governing
Eqs[ "6#Ð"09# subject to their corresponding initial and In addition to the distributions of U and V\ the vorticity
boundary conditions given in Eqs[ "00#[ In this algorithm\ on the boundaries can be computed according to the
the alternating direct implicit "ADI# procedure along following expressions which are obtained from Eq[ "6#]
with the successive grid re_nement scheme are respect! "1Ci\0 −4Ci\1 ¦3Ci\2 −Ci\3 # J
ively implemented in the spatial and temporal environ! vi\0  − G
1
DY G
ments to accelerate the convergence of the solution
towards steady state[ Additionally\ the application of the "1Ci\N−4Ci\N−0 ¦3Ci\N−1 −Ci\N−2 # G
vi\N  − G
ADI procedure enhances the accuracy of the solution DY 1 f
since it allows the power!law scheme to be applied locally "1C0\j −4C1\j ¦3C2\j −C3\j # F
in a one!dimensional sense for each sweep in the coor! v0\j  − G
1
DX G
dinate directions[ The _nite!di}erence formulation of the
general Eq[ "01# in both X! and Y!directions\ respectively "1CM\j −4CM−0\j ¦3CM−1\j −CM−2\j # G
vM\j  − [G
are given by] DX 1 j "08#
 K[M[ Khanafer\ A[J[ Chamkha:Int[ J[ Heat Mass Transfer 31 "0888# 1354Ð1370 1358

3[ Solution procedure performing simulations for isothermal ~ow in a vertical

square cavity with a driving lid for Reynolds number
0[ Use the temperatures of the previous time step as Re  0999 and Grashof number Gr  099[ The results
an initial guess[ For the _rst time step\ the initial were compared with the _nite!di}erence solution of
temperature will be used to initiate the numerical Iwatsu et al[ ð04Ł in the absence of the porous medium
computation[ and heat generation for Prandtl number Pr  9[60 as
1[ Choose the trial values for U n and V n as the _rst shown in Fig[ 2[ This comparison reveals good agreement
approximations of Un¦0 and Vn¦0[ between the two numerical solutions[ Moreover\ Tables
2[ Compute the new values of the temperature at each 0 and 1 clearly show a good agreement of the average
grid point using Eq[ "04# with f playing the role of u[ Nusselt number measured at the top surface wall and the
3[ Use the values of the vorticities of the previous time maximum values of the horizontal and vertical velocity
step as initial guesses[ For the _rst time step\ the components along the mid!sections of the cavity between
vorticities are assumed to be zero everywhere to the present solution and that of Iwatsu et al[ ð04Ł[ Fur!
initiate the solution[ thermore\ Fig[ 3 shows that the pro_les of the horizontal
4[ Use the values of Un¦0\ Vn¦0 and un¦0 to compute the velocity\ temperature\ and the vertical velocity at the mid!
values of vn¦0 from Eq[ "04# at the interior grid sections of the cavity of the present solution compare
points[ well with those reported by Iwatsu et al[ ð04Ł[ As an
5[ Solve the stream function Eq[ "05# using the new additional check on the accuracy of the results\ the con!
values of the vorticities obtained in step "4# above[ vergence of the numerical solution is checked by per!
6[ Determine the new values of Un¦0 and Vn¦0 from the forming an overall heat transfer balance inside the cavity[
values of cn¦0 using the central di}erence formulae All of these favorable comparisons lend con_dence in the
given by Eqs[ "07#[ accuracy of the numerical results of the present work[
7[ Compute the new boundary vorticities using the
values of cn¦0 according to Eqs[ "08#[
8[ Use the new values of Un¦0 and Vn¦0 to repeat steps 5[ Results and discussion
"4# through "7#[ Check the solution convergence of
vn¦0 and un¦0 and if not converged\ repeat steps In this section\ the numerical results for mixed con!
"4#Ð"7#[ vection heat transfer of a heat!generating ~uid in a lid!
09[ Repeat steps "3#Ð"8# for advancing time levels until driven cavity _lled with a uniform porous medium are
steady!state convergence is achieved[ discussed[ The non!dimensional controlling parameters
To test and assess grid independence of the solution for this investigation are the ratio Gr:Re1 "sometimes
scheme\ many numerical experiments were performed[ called the Richardson number Ri#\ the Darcy number
These experiments showed that an equally spaced grid Da\ and the internal Rayleigh number RaI[ Figs[ 4Ð7 show
mesh of 70×70 is adequate to describe the ~ow and typical contour maps of the temperature and streamlines
heat transfer processes correctly[ Further increase in the obtained numerically for various values of the Rich!
number of grid points produced essentially the same ardson and Darcy numbers[ The e}ects of the Darcy
results[ Fig[ 1 shows the grid dependence of the pre! number and the Richardson number are illustrated in
dictions for Re  399 and Da  9[0[ It can be seen from these _gures[ In the absence of the porous medium and
this _gure that by using lower than 70×70 grids the the internal heat generation\ indicated by setting
solutions for the velocity and temperature pro_les are Da  \ and RaI  9\ the value of the Richardson num!
dependent on the mesh size[ However\ for mesh sizes ber provides a measure of the importance of buoyancy!
greater than or equal to 70×70 the same results are driven natural convection relative to the lid!driven forced
produced[ The convergence criterion employed to reach convection[ For very small values of Ri\ Figs[ 4Ð6 indicate
the steady!state solution was the standard relative error that the buoyancy e}ect is overwhelmed by the mech!
which is based on the maximum norm given by anical e}ect of the sliding lid and the ~ow features are
similar to those of a driven cavity viscous ~ow of a non!
>Vn¦0 −Vn > >un¦0 −un >
D ¦ ¾09−5 "19# strati_ed ~uid[ The ~uid ~ow in a two!dimensional lid!
>Vn¦0 > >un¦0 > driven cavity is characterized by a primary recirculating
where the operator >h> indicates the maximum absolute eddy of the size of the cavity generated by the lid and
value of the variable over all the grid points in the com! minor eddies near the bottom corners[ The isotherms are
putational domain[ clustered near the bottom surface of the enclosure "see
Fig[ 6#\ which indicates steep temperature gradients in
4[ Validation tests the vertical direction in this region[ In the remaining area
of the cavity\ the temperature gradients are weak and this
In order to verify the accuracy of the present numerical implies that the temperature di}erences are very small in
study\ the present numerical procedure was validated by the interior region of the cavity due to the vigorous e}ects
1369 K[M[ Khanafer\ A[J[ Chamkha:Int[ J[ Heat Mass Transfer 31 "0888# 1354Ð1370

Fig[ 1[ Velocity and temperature pro_les for various mesh sizes at Re399 and Da9[0[

of the mechanically!driven circulations[ For large values values of the Darcy number\ the permeability of the
of Ri "see Fig[ 7#\ the buoyancy e}ect is dominant and medium approaches zero causing the ~ow eventually to
the streamlines are almost stagnant in the bulk of the cease in the bulk of the cavity[ Also\ Figs[ 4Ð6 indicate
cavity interior except at portions close to the sliding top that as Da:9\ the convection heat transfer mechanism
wall[ is almost suppressed and the isotherms are nearly parallel
It is interesting to note that\ as the Darcy number to the horizontal walls indicating that a quasi!conduction
decreases\ the ~ow circulation is progressively inhibited regime is reached[ Moreover\ the vertical temperature
except at the portion close to the top surface by the ~ow strati_cation is substantially linear in the stagnant bulk
retarding e}ect of the porous medium[ For very small of the interior regions[ This shows that the overall heat
 K[M[ Khanafer\ A[J[ Chamkha:Int[ J[ Heat Mass Transfer 31 "0888# 1354Ð1370 1360

Fig[ 2[ Comparison of the isotherms between the present prediction and Iwatsu et al[ ð04Ł in the absence of porous medium and internal
heat generation for Re092 and Gr091[

Table 0 is transferred by conduction in the middle and bottom

Comparison of the average Nusselt number at the top surface parts of the cavity except in a relatively small region close
between the present solution and that of Iwatsu et al[ ð04Ł for a to the top surface where the induced convective activities
vertical cavity at Gr099
are appreciable[ This means that the top plate velocity is
adjusted in the same proportion to the convective velocity
Parameter Present "Nu# Iwatsu et al[ ð04Ł "Nu#
due to the internal heat generation[
Re099 1[90 0[83 The e}ect of internal heat generation on the ~ow pat!
Re399 2[80 2[73 terns and isotherms for a Darcy number Da  9[0\ Gra!
Re0999 5[22 5[22 shof number Gr  099\ and a Reynolds number
Re  0999 is shown in Fig[ 8[ If the magnitude of the

Table 1
Comparison of the maximum and minimum values of the horizontal and vertical velocities at the
mid!sections of the cavity between the present solution and those of Iwatsu et al[ ð04Ł for a vertical
cavity at Gr099 and Reynolds number of 099 and 399\ respectively

Re099 Re399

Present Iwatsu et al[ ð04Ł Present Iwatsu et al[ ð04Ł

Umin −9[1011 −9[1926 −9[2988 −9[2086

Umax 0[999 0[999 0[999 0[999
Vmin −9[1495 −9[1337 −9[3252 −9[3348
Vmax 9[0654 9[0588 9[1755 9[1844
1361 K[M[ Khanafer\ A[J[ Chamkha:Int[ J[ Heat Mass Transfer 31 "0888# 1354Ð1370

perature "relative to the hot wall temperature# between

the hot and cold surfaces[ It can be seen from this _gure
that the streamlines remain unchanged since they are
controlled by the value of the Richardson number Ri
which is very small[ This means that the top plate velocity
is adjusted in the same proportion to the convective vel!
ocity due to the internal heat generation[
The e}ect of the Darcy number on the temperature
and velocity pro_les in a vertical cavity for various values
of the Richardson number Ri at mid!sections of the cavity
is depicted in Figs[ 09Ð01[ The presence of a porous
medium within the cavity results in a force opposite to
the ~ow direction which tends to resist the ~ow[ This
causes suppression in the thermal currents of the ~ow[
This is clearly noticed from the horizontal and vertical
velocity pro_les at the center of the cavity as depicted in
Fig[ 09[ Also\ it is observed from Fig[ 01 that as the
Richardson number Ri:\ the interior ~uid is at rest
and the corresponding temperature variation is linear
indicating a conduction regime[ On the other hand\ when
the buoyancy e}ect is minor\ i[e[ RiW0\ most of the
temperature variations are concentrated in narrow strips
adjacent to the top and bottom lids[ In the middle regions
of the enclosure\ the temperature variations are very
small[ These regions of almost uniform temperatures cor!
respond to the portions in which the mechanically!
induced activities are appreciable[
Finally\ the e}ects of the inverse Darcy number "0:Da#
and the Richardson number Ri on the average Nusselt
number are shown in Fig[ 02[ As discussed earlier\ for a
small Darcy number the only resistance to the ~ow is due
to the porous medium and the resulting convective heat
transfer is diminished which indicates a pure conduction
regime[ Furthermore\ it is observed from Fig[ 02 that for
a _xed value of the Darcy number\ the average Nusselt
number increases with decreasing values of the Rich!
ardson number[ This implies that the substantial con!
tribution of convective heat transfer in the middle and
upper portions of the cavity is manifest[

6[ A heat transfer correlation

Fig[ 3[ Comparison of the present temperature and velocity
pro_les with Iwatsu et al[ ð04Ł in the absence of porous medium The numerically calculated heat transfer results were
and internal heat generation for Re399 and Gr091[ correlated for mixed convection in a vertical cavity and
in the presence of the porous medium[ It can be shown
that the average Nusselt number is correlated as a func!
tion of both the inverse Darcy number "Da−0  0:Da#
and the Richardson number "Ri  Gr:Re1# according to
the following equation]
internal Rayleigh number RaI is increased\ the boundary
0[5953
layer is well established along the top and the bottom Nu  "Ri # −9[0482
walls of the enclosure indicating sharp drops in the tem! "0¦Da−0 # 9[0548
perature near the horizontal walls[ In addition\ the iso!
therm plot indicates a localized region of high tem! for 09−3 ¾ Da ¾ 09−0 [ "10#
 K[M[ Khanafer\ A[J[ Chamkha:Int[ J[ Heat Mass Transfer 31 "0888# 1354Ð1370 1362

Fig[ 4[ Steady!state ~ow patterns and isotherms for various Darcy numbers at Ri09−1 and RaI9[
1363 K[M[ Khanafer\ A[J[ Chamkha:Int[ J[ Heat Mass Transfer 31 "0888# 1354Ð1370

Fig[ 5[ Steady!state ~ow patterns and isotherms for various Darcy numbers at Ri5[14×09−3 and RaI9[
 K[M[ Khanafer\ A[J[ Chamkha:Int[ J[ Heat Mass Transfer 31 "0888# 1354Ð1370 1364

Fig[ 6[ Steady!state ~ow patterns and isotherms for various Darcy numbers at Ri09−3 and RaI9[
1365 K[M[ Khanafer\ A[J[ Chamkha:Int[ J[ Heat Mass Transfer 31 "0888# 1354Ð1370

Fig[ 7[ Steady!state ~ow patterns and isotherms for various Darcy numbers at Ri09 and RaI9[
 K[M[ Khanafer\ A[J[ Chamkha:Int[ J[ Heat Mass Transfer 31 "0888# 1354Ð1370 1366

Fig[ 8[ Steady!state ~ow patterns and isotherms for various internal Rayleigh numbers at Da9[0 and Ri09−3[
1367 K[M[ Khanafer\ A[J[ Chamkha:Int[ J[ Heat Mass Transfer 31 "0888# 1354Ð1370

Fig[ 09[ Velocity pro_les at mid!sections of the cavity for various Da and Ri at RaI9[
 K[M[ Khanafer\ A[J[ Chamkha:Int[ J[ Heat Mass Transfer 31 "0888# 1354Ð1370 1368

Fig[ 00[ Temperature pro_les at mid!sections of the cavity for various Da and Ri at RaI9[

7[ Conclusions good agreement[ Graphical results for various parametric

conditions were presented and discussed[ It was found that
The problem of unsteady mixed convective ~ow and the heat transfer mechanisms and the ~ow characteristics
heat transfer of a heat!generating ~uid in a driven!lid inside the cavity are strongly dependent on the Richardson
cavity _lled with a ~uid!saturated porous medium was number[ Also\ signi_cant suppression of the convective
formulated and solved numerically[ The _nite!volume currents was obtained by the presence of a porous medium[
approach was employed along with the alternating direc! Moreover\ the presence of the internal heat generation in
tion implicit "ADI# scheme for the present problem[ the model was found to have signi_cant in~uence on the
Comparisons with previously published work on special features of the isotherms and slight e}ects on the stream!
cases of the problem were performed and found to be in lines for small values of the Richardson number[
1379 K[M[ Khanafer\ A[J[ Chamkha:Int[ J[ Heat Mass Transfer 31 "0888# 1354Ð1370

Fig[ 01[ E}ect of Ri on the temperature and velocity pro_les at mid!sections of the cavity for Da9[0 and RaI9[

Fig[ 02[ E}ect of Ri on the average Nusselt number for various Darcy numbers at RaI9[
 K[M[ Khanafer\ A[J[ Chamkha:Int[ J[ Heat Mass Transfer 31 "0888# 1354Ð1370 1370

References nar mixed convection heat transfer in a lid!driven cavity\

Int[ J[ Heat Mass Transfer 24 "0881# 0770Ð0781[
ð0Ł C[K[ Cha\ Y[ Jaluria\ Recirculating mixed convection ~ow ð04Ł R[ Iwatsu\ J[M[ Hyun\ K[ Kuwahara\ Mixed convection in
for energy extraction\ Int[ J[ Heat Mass Transfer 16 "0873# a driven cavity with a stable vertical temperature gradient\
0790Ð0709[ Int[ J[ Heat Mass Transfer 25 "0882# 0590Ð0597[
ð1Ł J[ Imberger\ P[F[ Hamblin\ Dynamics of lakes\ reservoirs\ ð05Ł S[ Kakac\ W[ Aung\ R[ Viskanta\ in] Natural Convection]
and cooling ponds\ A Rev[ Fluid Mech[ 03 "0871# 042Ð076[ Fundamentals and Applications\ Hemisphere\ Wash!
ð2Ł F[J[K[ Ideriah\ Prediction of turbulent cavity ~ow driven ington\ DC\ 0874\ pp[ 364Ð500[
by buoyancy and shear\ J[ Mech[ Engng Sci[ 11 "0879# 176Ð ð06Ł A[ Bejan\ Convective Heat Transfer\ in] 0st ed[\ Chap[ 00\
184[ Wiley\ New York\ 0873[
ð3Ł L[A[B[ Pilkington\ Review Lecture] the ~oat glass process\ ð07Ł P[ Cheng\ Heat Transfer in Geothermal Systems\ Advances
in Heat Transfer 3 "0867# 0Ð094[
Proc[ R[ Soc[ Lond[ IA 203 "0858# 0Ð14[
ð08Ł D[A[ Nield\ A[ Bejan\ Convection in Porous Media\ in]
ð4Ł R[K[ Agarwal\ A third!order!accurate upwind scheme for
Springer\ New York\ 0881[
NavierÐStokes solutions at high Reynolds numbers\ AIAA!
ð19Ł K[ Vafai\ C[L[ Tien\ Boundary and inertia e}ects on ~ow
70!9001\ in] Proc[ 08th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting\
and heat transfer in porous media\ Int[ J[ Heat Mass Trans!
St Louis\ MI\ January\ 0870[
fer 13 "0870# 084Ð192[
ð5Ł D[L[ Young\ J[A[ Liggett\ R[H[ Gallagher\ Unsteady strati!
ð10Ł T[K[ Aldoss\ M[A[ Al!Nimr\ M[A[ Jarrah\ B[J[ Al!Shaer\
_ed circulation in a cavity\ ASCE J[ The Engineering Mech!
Magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection from a plate
anics Division 091 "EM5# "0865# 0998Ð0912[
embedded in a porous medium\ Numerical Heat Transfer
ð6Ł M[ Morzynski\ CzO Popiel\ Laminar heat transfer in a two!
17 "0884# 524Ð534[
dimensional cavity covered by a moving wall\ Numer[ Heat
ð11Ł W[J[ Minkowycz\ P[ Cheng\ C[H[ Cheng\ Mixed convection
Transfer 02 "0877# 154Ð162[ about a nonisothermal cylinder and sphere in a porous
ð7Ł M[C[ Thompson\ J[H[ Ferziger\ An adaptive multigrid medium\ Numerical Heat Transfer 7 "0874# 238Ð248[
technique for the incompressible NavierÐStokes equations\ ð12Ł F[C[ Lai\ F[A[ Kulacki\ Non!Darcy mixed convection
J[ Comput[ Phys[ 71 "0878# 83Ð010[ along a vertical wall in a saturated porous medium\ Int[ J[
ð8Ł U[ Ghia\ K[N[ Ghia\ C[T[ Shin\ High!Re solutions for Heat Mass Transfer 002 "0880# 141Ð144[
incompressible ~ow using NavierÐStokes equations and a ð13Ł J[C[ Hsieh\ T[S[ Chen\ B[F[ Armaly\ Nonsimilarity solu!
multigrid method\ J[ Comput[ Phys[ 32 "0871# 276Ð300[ tions for mixed convection from vertical surface in a porous
ð09Ł R[ Schreiber\ H[B[ Keller\ Driven cavity ~ows by e.cient mediumÐvariable surface temperature of heat ~ux\ Int[ J[
numerical techniques\ J[ Comput[ Phys[ 38 "0872# 209Ð222[ Heat Mass Transfer 25 "0882# 0374Ð0382[
ð00Ł J[R[ Kosef\ R[L[ Street\ The lid!driven cavity ~ow] a syn! ð14Ł A[J[ Chamkha\ Non!Darcy hydromagnetic free convection
thesis of qualitative and quantitative observations\ ASME from a cone and a wedge in porous medium\ Int[ Commun[
J[ Fluids Engng 095 "0873# 289Ð287[ Heat Mass Transfer 12 "0885# 764Ð776[
ð01Ł K[ Torrance\ R[ Davis\ K[ Elike\ P[ Gill\ D[ Gutman\ A[ ð15Ł J[L[ Lage\ E}ect of the convective inertia term on Benard
Hsui\ S[ Lyons\ H[ Zien\ Cavity ~ows driven by buoyancy convection in a porous medium\ Numerical Heat Transfer
and shear\ J[ Fluid Mech[ 40 "0861# 110Ð120[ 11 "0881# 358Ð374[
ð02Ł A[K[ Prasad\ J[R[ Kose}\ Combined forced and natural ð16Ł B[K[C[ Chan\ C[M[ Ivey\ J[M[ Barry\ Natural convection
convection heat transfer in a deep lid!driven cavity ~ow\ in enclosed porous media with rectangular boundaries\
in] Heat Transfer in Convective Flows\ HTD!096\ ASME\ ASME J[ Heat Transfer 1 "0869# 10[
New York\ 0878\ pp[ 044Ð051[ ð17Ł S[V[ Patankar\ Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow\
ð03Ł M[K[ Moallemi\ K[S[ Jang\ Prandtl number e}ects on lami! Hemisphere\ Washington\ DC\ 0879[