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Previous year questions

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surajitmondal5603
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S MATHEMATICS—HONOURS PAPER-II GROUP-A 1. Show that there is no rational number, the square of which is an integer which is not a perfect square. 2. State the least upper bound axiom of real numbers. Using it show that the set N of natural numbers is unbounded above. 3. State the least upper bound axiom of real numbers. Is it true in Q, the set of rational numbers ? Justify your answer. 4, Let x > 1, show that the set S = {x": n€ N} is unbounded above. 5. Let S and T be two bounded above sets of real numbers. Show that ‘Sup (S U T) = Max { Sup S, Sup T) 6. _ Using least upper bound axiom of real numbers, show that a bounded below set has a greatest lower bound. 7. Let S (CR) be a bounded set and LUB, GLB of $ are M and m respectively. Let $;¢ S and LUB, GLB of S; are M; and m, respectively. Show that m0, y >0}. Show that Sup D = MiMz, Inf D = mm. iii) LetE=(a-b|ae A,be B). Show that Inf E = Inf A ~ Sup B, Sup E = Sup A - Inf B 9. O#ACR,B=(bER|bSaV acd Prove that Sup B = Inf A. 10. Let A bea bounded subset of R* and Inf A #0. Let B= (4 [x A) : . — —— Prove that Inf B= "suo SupB= eq +, 0 11, Let A,B be bounded subsets of R*, InfA# Inf B Prove that Inf C = Sup Sup C= Tara 12, Y2is an upper bound of the set of rational number in (0, 1)- Choose the correct answer: ‘The greatest element of the set is (@) 2 (6) Y2 (0 (1 (e)none of the above 13. Let $ (CR) be a bounded set. Show that Sup of the set T = { |x -y|: x,y € S) is equal to the oscillation of the set S. If U=(x-y:x,y€ 8), show that Sup U = Sup T. 14. Let ‘a’ and ‘b’ be two positive real numbers such that a b. 15. State and prove Archimedean property of rational numbers. 16. Let x and y be any two real numbers such that x < y, prove that there exists at least one rational number r such that x 0 pSx0 SupaS= {rete 29. Show that the smallest number of a set if exists, is the infimum of the Set. 30. (@) Prove that every convergent sequence of real numbers is necessarily bounded. Is the converse true ? Justify your answer. () Is it possible to have a non-convergent sequence having a convergent subsequence ? Justify. 31. If {a,), converges to L, show that ([a9|},, converges to [L|. Is the converse true ? Justify your answer. 32. If {ay}, converges to zero and (b,}, be bounded, show that {a,b}, converges to zero. Give an example to show that the boundedness of {by}, is not necessary for the validity of the result. 33, Show that (Sin n}, is divergent sequence. 34. Correct or justify the following statements (—(xn+Yol, is convergent if and only if both {xq}, and {yq),, are convergent. (i) (%n Yn}, is convergent if and only if both {Xq},, and {yq}, are convergent. Gi) fs} is convergent if and only if both (x,), and (y,}, are convergent and {yq),, converges to a non-zero limit. (iv) If (ya), converges to a non-zero limit and (z,}, be divergent, then (yq 2), is divergent. (0) {%_2}, is convergent if and only if {x,}, be convergent. }, converge to ‘a’ and “b’ respectively, show 1d (8n) gy (Bn! 35. Leta, >b, ¥ ne Nand (39) Yne N, buta=b. that a b. Give an example to show that a > Ba 36. Find lim ',r>0. nee Sa 37. If lim ay = ¢ show that lim == Zs the converse true ? Justify your answer. no neo 1 a 3 jim u, = how that lim Vuy u2 a =f Is the 38. Ifu>OVneN and lim ¥, 100), show that converse true ? Justify your answer. 39. Ifx,>0VneN and “tt 100), show that Vx, 4 Is the converse true ? Justify your answer. 40. Tf {ag}, and {b,),, converge to ‘a’ and ‘b’ respectively and if S, = ayb, + agb,_y + s, + ayb,, show that lim =" = neo? 41. Iflim |=" u, |= 40S ¢<1, then show that lim u,=0. nee] Us, neo 42. Ifu.>0V me Nand #5 / (1), show that lim u,=<. Uy ne 43. (@ _ If (xa), be any sequence of rational numbers converging to zero and a > 0, lim x, show that lim a’a = a= " = neo (If {xq}, be any sequence of real numbers converging to zero, show that Jim log (1+ x.) = 0. Hence show that if lim xq = i lim Jog (1 + xa) nee show that if lim X= ¢ (>0), then lim log xq = loge. Teo “4. IF (oo), be any convergent sequence of reals such that lim oy = et, show that Roe * lim a% neo 45. Let (a,),, and (b,),, converge respectively to a and b, «Let {xq}, and {yo}, be defined by Xq = MAX (gy Da) Yq= min (ay, by) Show that both (xq), and {y,), are convergent, we uw s. 46. Prove that if lim 7" = /(# 0), then (S,}, is not bounded. Give an example of an nook So unbounded sequence for which lim —* = 0. not 47. Prove that an increasing (decreasing) sequence, bounded above (below) converges to its Sup (ind). Z 48. Correct or justify : A monotomic sequence never oscillates 49. A sequence {x,}, is defined by the following recurrent relation : Xast = Xn (2 Xp), nn € N z where x; is an arbitrary number satisfying 0 0. Show that (X_),i8, cmverecal and find its limit. 53. Asequence (Xq),, is definded by following recurrent relation : ab? +x,? a Kat = Vf ag: = a0 and boa 3 Show that (Xp},is convergent and find its limit, 54. _A sequence (Xn), is defined as follows : x2 S x45 x65 and (Yq), be defined by Ya = X2y-1— Xz Such that (Ya) converges to zero. show that (Xq)},,is convergent. : (SX5 2x3 S% 55. A sequence {Xp}, is defined by the following recurrent relation : 6(1+%9) Katt = Tax, Show that (xq), is convergent. Find its tim 1x10 : follows : 56, ‘The sequence (xa), and (Yo) a7 interelated 25 Uketye 2 Lb Rot" 2 7 Yor Ba Yo nd this limit. ‘ the same limit. Fi show that the sequences (xq),and {Ya}, both converge to the 57. Same type of problem as in Ex. 56, where +¥n = Xnet =e Yori = V%aYn x10, yi>0 58. A sequence (aq), is defined by the following recurrent relation + _ 443, Anet = 3. +2,” Show that {an}, is convergent and find its limit. ay=l 59. A sequence (xq) ,is defined by the following recurrent relation : Xnet = 2-2 andi =3 Show that {x,), is convergent and find its limit. .60. A sequence {xq}, is defined as follows : lol L BELA GHZ tne tC logan 2°53 Show that (xq), is convergent and find its limit. 5 61. The sequences (up), and (vq), are connected as follows : Uy + Up tars Up, yi 30.20, v>0V ne N Show that (vq), is increasing or decreasing according as {U)_ is so. 3 62, Show that every real number otis the limit of a sequence of i) rati : ii) a Sequence of irrationals and ii) the sequence of real number Z mu a mbes ae pan) Ilustrate this result by expressing zero as the limit of ‘ well as the limit of a sequence of irrationals. @ sequence of rationals as 3 63. Construct a sequence of rational numbers that converge to a given irrati number! fge to a given irrational 7 64, Let S be an infinite subset of R that is bounded above that there exists a monotone increasing sequence {u,), with ue 8 foreach ae ue lim u, = M. noe 5 65. Let $ be an infinite subset of R that is bounded below there exists a monotone decreasing sequence {u,), with u, € S such that lim u, =m. neo 5 and let Inf S = m. Show that 66. Let (1,},be sequence of closed intervals such that Ip) CJ, for all n (show that there exists at least one point p such that p € Ble me (i) _ If moreover length of I, tends to zero as n> ©», (oF if inf J, =0), show that p is unique. Give an example to show that p may not be unique if the condition of length —> 0 be dropped. (iif) Is the result true if the sequence of closed intervals be replaced by a sequence of open intervals having same property ? Justify your answer. (iv) Is the result (i) true if the unbounded intervals having same property men 67. Define a Cauchy sequence of real numbers. Hence correct or justify the statement : The reciprocal of a Cauchy sequence of real numbers may not be Cauchy. Also state a condition under which the reciprocal of a Cauchy sequence will be Cauchy. sequence of closed intervals be replaced by tioned above ? S+241 4141 5 68. Define a Cauchy sequence of real numbers, using your definition, examine whether (2%), is Cauchy. 3 69. Define a Cavchy sequence of eal numbers. Ifay= 143+ £4 su. + 4, show that {a}, is not Cauchy. 3 70. Define a Cauchy sequence of real numbers. Ifa, = ace 7 . show, by using your definition, that {a,},is Cauchy. 3 71. Define a Cauchy Sequence of real number. If a, = 1 +h oh eal i , show, by using your definition, that (aq), is a Cauchy Sequence, 3 72. Define a Cauchy sequence of real numbers. Let ay and ay be two real numbers and a, =F (@g-t + ap-2) for n 23 Using your above definition, show that (a), is a Cauchy Sequence. 5 Sink . 73. Ix, Pycz show that (Xp), is a Cauchy Sequence. 3 a 14, Ifxa= y 1 show that {xq}, i not a Cauchy sequence, 3 VK . k=l 75. Prove that in R, every Cauchy sequence is bounded. Is every bounded sequence Cauchy ? Justify your answer. 4 76. Prove that in R, every Cauchy sequence is Convergent. Is it true in Q ? Justify your answer. 77. State and prove Cauchy's general principle of convergence. i ence such that 78. Suppose that {x,}q is a convergent sequence and {Yq}nis another sequ > m. Does it follow that {Yn)}n for each €>0, there exists m € N such that [xq — Yul 0, b>0 and xq = V(n+a)(n+b) for all n € N, examine whether iM » and if so, find the limit. nd find the 80. If yy =2 and yquy = V2+Y, for alll n € N, show that {Yq}, converges ay § limit. eN, 81. Let (xa},be a bounded sequence of real numbers and for each n P Sq = {Sup x, : kn} and t, = {inf x, : kn). Prove that (s,),,and (t,}, are monotone an‘ j convergent. 2 82. If yj2 and ne N, show that {y,},is convergent, < 83. Prove or disprove : A bounded monotone sequence is a Cauchy sequence. 3 84. Define an Enumerable Set in R and using your definition, show that the set of imegers is an enumerable set. 3 85. () If A be an enumerable set, show that A x A is an enumerable set. 3 Gi) If Aand B are enumerable sets, then show that A x B is an enumerable set. 3 86. Prove that every infinite set has a denumerable subset. 3 87. Prove that every infinite subset of a denumerable set is denumerable, 3 88. Prove that the union of a finite set and an enumerable set is enumerable, 3 89. Prove that the union of two enumerable sets is enumerable, ‘ 3 90. Prove that the union of an enumerable number of enumerable sets is enumerable. 5 91. Prove that the sets of rational numbers Q is enumerable. ___, Give an example of a countable bounded subset A of R whose g.L.b. and Lu.b, are both in R-A. 4 92. Prove that the interval (0, 1} is not enumerable. Hence show ti iiterva is not enumerable. Explain whether the intervals (a, b] or [a, b), (a Bae erval Las] .b), (a, b) are enumerable sets. Is the set R of real numbers enumerable ? Justify your answer. 44143 93, The set of all circles in a plane having rational radii and centre i i ordinates is enumerable. es with rational co- ; 94, If S be enumerable set (< R), show that the points of S can be in i collection of open intervals whose total length is arbitrary small posit cluded in a ive number. 95. The set E is such that no point of E is its accumulation point. show that E is enumerable set. 96. State Bolzano-Weirstrass Theorem in the real line R. Is it true in Q ? Justify your answer. 97. Examine whether the set N of natural numbers, has any accumulation point in R. Hence state with reasons whether (i) N is closed (ii) N is bounded set. 98. Show that every finite set S (CR) is a closed Set, 99. Ifthe L U B M (or GLB m) of an infinite set $ bounded above (or below), is not a member of S, then M (or m) is an accumulation point of S. 100. If be an accumulation point of a Set S (CR), show that there exists a sequence of distinct elements, (xp), (x; # x; if i # j, xq # & xq € SV n € N) which converges to € and conversely. 101. State and Prove Bolzano-Weirstrass Theorem, 102. If xo be an accumulation point of E, U E2, then show that xo is an accumulation point of at least one of them. 103. If xo be an accumulation point of E) 7 E>, then show that xp is accumulation point of both E; and Ey. 104. Prove that the derived set E’ of an arbitrary point set E is closed set. 105. If A and B be two non-void subsets of R, show that (A U BY’ = A’ U BY where A’ denotes derived set of A etc. 106. Define closure of a set and show that a set E (CR) is closed if and only if it coincides with its closure. 107. Show that the union of finite number of closet sets is a closed set. Is the result ture for infinitely many closed sets ? Justify your answer. 108. Prove that the intersection of an arbitrary family of closed sets is closed. 109. Prove that a bounded closed set has a least element and a greatest element. 110. If an infinite set S is bounded, then show that S’ is bounded and has the least as well as the greatest members. 111. Prove that the closure of a set S is the smallest closed set containing S. 112. Prove that every closed interval is a closed Set, 7 ‘. i, , 113, Find the derived set of S = (1: nN] and state with reasons whether $ is closed. 114. Correct or justify : Every real number is an Accumulation point of the set Q of rational numbers. 241 interval is a 115. In R, define neighbourhood of a point. Show that every dpen interv; 4 neighbourhood of each of its points. 116. Correct or justify each of the following statement : ; (Every half-open interval is a neighbourhood of each of its points. 3 (Gi) The set R of real numbers isa neighbourhood of each ofits points. — ; (i) The set Q of rational numbers isnot a neighbourhood of any of its ee 4 (i) TEM and N are neighbourhoods of x ( R) then MN isa neighbourhood of x. 117. Define Interior point of a set, Interior of a set and an open set in R, Illustrate by ‘ examples. 118. State, with brief reasons, whether each of the following sets in an open Set : @ — Anopen interval (a, b) z i) The set of real numbers R . 2 (iii) ‘The set of Natural numbers N 2 (iv) A closed interval fa, b] 2 (Y)__ The set of rational numbers Q 2 (vi) A non-void finite subset of R 2 (ii) The set M= (1: ne N) 2 119. Prove that the union of an arbitrary family of open sets (CR) is an open set. 3 120. Prove thatthe intersection of finite number of open sets (CR) is an open set. Is the result true forthe intersection of an infinite numberof open sets in R? Justify your seca 5 121. Correct or justify : Every open interval is an open set but every open set is not an open interval. 5 122, Define Interior $° of a set S (CR). Prove that Sis the largest open subset ofS. 3 123. Define Interior of a set S in R. Show that S is an open Set if and only if S coincides with its Interior. 7 124. Show that the complement of an open set of real numbers is a closed Set, 3. 125. Show thatthe complement of a closed set of real numbers is an open Set, 3 126. Find the LU B, GLB and the set of all accumulation points of the sets (if these exist) @ S= (x|3x?- 10x 43 > 0) Gi) S = (x ]3x?- 10x +3 <0} 3 marks for each part 127. Give an example of a sub-set of réal numbers which has five accumulation Points, 5 128. Let S be a bounded set of real numbers for which p is the supremum and d(p, S) is defined by A(p. S) = inf (|x-p] : x € S}. Prove that d (p, $) = 0. 3 129. Show that for any set of real numbers S, a point p € Sif and only if d(p, S) = 0 where 5 represents the closure of S, 3 130. Choose the correct one from the following statements : 2 infinite st () is bounded and nite) is bounded oa eng mde () Si 131. If A and B are subsets of R, prove the following : @ CICIA)=ClA Gi) CL(AUB)=CI(A) UCI (B) Gi) CL(ANB) CCl(A) CB) (iv) (CLA) = Cl (AD) @) Int(A)CA (i) ACB=> IntAcIntB (il) Int(AQB)=IntANIntB (viii) Int AU Int B c Int (A UB) (2 marks for each part) 132. Show by examples (i) that E and Cl (E) need not have the same interiors (ii) Eand Int E need not always have the same closure. (2 marks for each part) 133. Prove that the derived set of a bounded set is bounded. 3 134. A is bounded infinite set, B= (x |x Inf S where S’ represents the derived set of S. 4 1 138. S= =| m,ne N} (® Show that o is an accumulation point of S (i) fk € N, show that oe is an accumulation point of $ (ii) find S’. 2x3 inf S= 4b. Prove that 139. Let $ be a bounded subset of Rand Sup S = b, inf S = a and a [a, b] is the smallest closed interval containing the set S. = 6. Prove that 140. Let A be an open set of R and $c R be such that A S =o Pro ANS’ «bea 141. Prove that A = (x © R| Sin x #0) is an open set but B= (x R| Sin. = } is not open. 142. Prove that A = (x € R | Cos x #0) is an open set but not closed. B= {xe R|Cos Le 0} is neither open nor closed. 143. Define Subsequence of a Sequence {2,), and show that if (a,), be convergent, then all the subsequences of (a,},, converge to the same limit as that of {,),- 144, Prove that every bounded sequence of real numbers has a convergent subsequence. Is the converse true ? Give an example of a bounded sequence having a convergent subsequence as well as a divergent subsequence. 145. Let (x,},, be a sequence of real numbers. A real number S is an accumulation point of {9}, if and only if there exists a subsequence {x,, } of (x9), converging to S. x 146. If'a monotone sequence in R has a convergent subsequence, prove that the sequence converges. 147. Let ay, a be real constants with 0 < a; < ay. For each n € N,n>3, F (aq + aqui) show that the sequence (aq), has a monotone increasing and a Het age ‘monotone decreasing subsequence. 148. Let (La) be the set of all subsequential limits of (2,), and let A be the range Set of {a,),, Show that a lower bound of A is always a lower bound of (La) and an upper bound of A is always an upper bound of {La} 149. If (u,), and (vq), are two bounded infinite sequences, show that © Lim (Uy + Va) 2 Lim Uy + Lim vq Gi) Tim (u, + v,) Tim u, + Tim vy Gi) Tim (-u,) = slim uy, (iv) if u,>0, v.20 V ne N Timm (Up¥) 2 "lirp Uy «lim Vy (y) Tim (uj¥o) $ "Timm Uy - Tim Vy ; U,>0, ¥a>0 Vn € N 3+3 09 150. If x,>0 V n€ N, show that 151, Show that if tim 2%! n—30o Xa then Yx,— 1. But the converse is not true. 152, State Bolzano-Weirstress Theorem on subsequence. and illustrate it by taking exainple. 153. Let {a}, be a bounded sequence of real numbers and X be the range set of (a,} -@ _ Prove that G is the greatest of all the accumulation points of X if and only if the following two hold : @ If €>0 be any given number than a, 2 G + € for only a finite number of values of n for that a, 0 be any given number, then a, > G~€ for an infinite number of values of n. (0) Prove that g is the least of all the accumulation points of X if and only if the following two hold : (© If €>0 be any given number then a, < g~€ for at the most a finite number of values of n or that a, > G—€ for all except a finite number of values of n (ii) Tf €>0 be any given number, then a, < g + € for an infinite number of values of n. 154. Prove that the subsequential limits of {a,}, form a closed set. 155. Prove that { ast »} converges to a limit, which is in (2, 3). 156. Give an example of a sequence {0t,), with lim Sup @y= 1 and lim inf a4 = 0 and which has the property that any real number /such that 0 < /< 1 is also an accumulation point of (c),- 157. Show that a series of non-negative real numbers converges if and only if its partial sums from a bounded sequence. 158. Using the definition of a convergent series of real numbers, show that > - is a not convergent. 159. Using the definition of a convergent Series of real numbers, show that > n converges. 160. () If Da, converges, show that 2, — 0. n (ii) Is the converse true ? Justify your answer. , erie Alternative form of (ii): If Lt a, = 0. then Da, is conyers: She 2 wer with statement is (a) never ture (b) always true (c) not always true — choose the correct ans’ Proper reason. 161. (@) If Xa, be a convergent series of positive and non-increasing terms, show that n lit na, =0. neo ; hb Is the converse true ? Justify your answer (Explanation of the convergence/divergence of any series used by you here, is not needed). (6) Prove the above theorem from the Cauchy condensation test. 162. State Dirichlet’s Theorem and Riemann’s re-arrangement Theorem on series of real numbers. / show that Da, is a 163. Let a,>0 V n€ N, lim Sup atl L, lim inf * Convergent if L<1 and divergent if />1. Give examples of :- lim 24 i (i) _addivergent series Sia, of positive terms for which lim 22+! 7 ne 2 (@ aconvergent series Sia, of positive terms for which n 164. Let a,>0 Vn N, If lim Sup al!" = L, show that Da, is convergent if Led a divergent if L>1. 165. Give examples of :- in () aconvergent series Da, of positive terms for which lim a! n nyo D (i _adivergent series Sia, of positive terms for which tim al! = 1 n no TD 166. If {ag}, be 2 decreasing sequence of positive terms and ‘d’ be any positive imeger greater than 1, show that a, and Dvd a,e converge or diverge together. s D 7 167. If {ay}, be a decreasing sequence of positive terms, show that Sia, and J° converge or diverge together. ae b w w 68. Let D,>0 and 420 VneN. Let t(n) = te : a; —Dprt- Prove the flowing @. 20s convergent iim i nf t(n)>0 State and establish Kummer’s Test and hence deduce Raabe’s Test for convergence nce of a series of positive terms in terms of upper and tower li itp Test for conveigeace or divetveace ofa saris of Positive terms in terms of upper and lower limits and hence deduce Bertrand s Test. We Alternative Ao of (16D fal is convergent, then state with reasons. Dee ee (@ Lag is convergnet (b) Diag is divergent (c) Yay is Oscillatory. Pye en es essey ‘ Bean Py TSE bounded, en Da may be divergent, i fF 1wo . as the difference of 175. Prove that an absolutely convergent series ean be expressed 5 convergent series of positive terms. ; sed an the difference 176. (@) Prove that a conditionally convergent series can be expres i i tive terms. 4. of two divergent series of positive two series formed by () Prove that for a conditionally convergent series th 5 positive terms and negative terms separately are both divergent. ing series of real 177. State and prove the Leibnitz’s Test for convergence of an alternating ‘5 numbers. : ot Wn), and () Show further that if $ be the sum of the series D(-1)?~' ay (a,>0 Vn), n S, be its n'* partial sum, then ; [S-S, lana Vn N. (ii) State with reasons, which is correct : >, earl 7 (a) converges (6) diverges (c) oscillates. 178. If Du, be a convergent’ series of positive terms, show that Dy us is also a convergent. Is the converse true ? Justify your answer. 1f Yiui is convergent, then tim uy is (a) positive number, (b) equal to zero (c) a 7 neo non-zero real number (d) /where 0 < /< 1: choose the correct answer with reasons. 179. State with reasons which of the following is correct : Sue n 7 (a) conditionally convergent (6) absolutely convergent (c) divergent (d) neither convergent nor divergent. 180. If Du, be a convergent series of positive terms, show that Y 4 is also n on nvergent. converg A 181, TF (um), be a decreasing sequence of postive tems tending to zero, show that each of the following series is convergent : 1 1 (uy 7 (Urtun) +5 (uytup uy) — : (i) uy-4(aytuy) + F Grtuysuy) — Un 182. Ifu,>0 Wn and Du, be convergent, show that y Tau, i8 convergent. A in n 183. If Da, and Lb, be two convergent series of positive terms, show that Dvab, n n converges. 184, a that the series 5.6 Qntl _ 2n+2) , 5 3)2 (F- §) ome (BEAR) aoe or =4, 3.6 where as the series > 3 3. + 47 5 + e+ obtained from the first series by omitting parenthesis is not convergent. Give reason for obtaining different results of the two series. 185. Similar problem for (1 = » + (: - 3) + ¢ - dD + 186. Let S be the sum of the conditionally convergent series Scyet . Show that the n 1 series 1 +h. bet be te | + converges to a Give reason for obtaining different mL . . : 1 sums of the two series. Investigate what rearrangement of the series 1-5 + 5-5 will reduce its sum to zero, 187. (a) State Dirichlet's Test on convergence of Infinite series and using it show that Dy siam converges for all x € R. (®) Let {a9}, be bounded sequence in R and (by), be a monotone decreasing bounded sequence in R, show that the series Ya, (by ~ by1) is absolutely convergent. n 188, State Abel's Test on convergence of Infinite series and using it show that the series 1d by 2 13 O-5+38- 343-4 * ae is convergent. 189. Justify the statement : Cauchy's root test is stronger than D* Alembarts* Ratio Test, Illustrate with example also. 190. Let m be a natural number, Show that the two series Yu, and eu converge or n diverge together, what will be the relation between their sums in case of convergence, ? 191. With suitable examples or otherwise show that the conditions staied in the Leibnitz Test for alternating series can not be weakened, 342

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