Engineering Dynamics L

Wasib Muzammil
2017-ME-151
Mechanical Department Section D
 Engineering Dynamics Lab Manual

Layout of Lab

19 20 24 1 2

18
3

17 23
5 4

16
6
15

22
14

21 7
13

12 11 10 9 8
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DESCRIPTION OF LAYOUT
i. Belt and Pulley
ii. Duplex Screw Jack
iii. Whirling of Shaft Machine
iv. Worm and Worm wheel
v. Redundant Truss
vi. Clutch Friction
vii. Steering Control System
viii. Toggle Joint
ix. Simple and Inverted Gear machine
x. Fink Truss
xi. Warren Girder
xii. Roof Truss
xiii. Simply Supported Beam
xiv. Mechanisms (Four Bar Chain, Crank and Slotted Lever, Ackermann Steering, Slotted
Line-Scotch Yoke, Can & Tappet, Rotatory Cylinder Mechanism, Oscillating Cylinder
Mechanism, Slider Crank Chain, Whitworth’s Quick Return Motion)
xv. Journal Bearing Pressure Distribution
xvi. Balancing Machine for Rotating and Reciprocating Masses
xvii. CAM Analysis Machine
xviii. Gyroscope Apparatus
xix. Governor
xx. Flywheel
xxi. Teacher Table
xxii. Experiment Table
xxiii. Chairs
xxiv. Whiteboard
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EXPERIMENT NO. 1
“To demonstrate the construction and working principle of Slider Crank
Mechanism”

Objective:
i. To learn the construction and working of Slider Crank Mechanism.
ii. Dynamic analysis in terms of displacement, velocity and acceleration.

Apparatus:
i. Slider Crank Mechanism
ii. Degree Meter showing crank position
iii. Meter Rod
iv. Graph Paper

Introduction:
This experiment will teach us the construction and working principle of Slider Crank Mechanism
along with its applications in everyday life. It will also help us to understand the relationship
between displacement, velocity and acceleration by graphical method.

Theory:
1 Theory of Machines:
“Theory of machines is that branch of science which deals with the study of relative motion
between the various parts of machine, and force which acts on them.”
Theory of machine may be divided into two types
i. Kinematics
ii. Dynamics

1.1 Kinematics:
“Kinematics is that branch of theory of machine which deals with the study of relative
motion between the various parts of machine.”
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1.2 Dynamics:
“Dynamics is that branch of theory of machines which deals with the study of various
forces involved in various parts of machines.”

2 Mechanism and Machine:

Let us now define mechanism and machine which are commonly used in theory of
machine.
2.1 Mechanism:
“A combination of rigid or restraining bodies which are so shaped and connected that
they move upon each other with definite relative motion, is known as mechanism.”

2.1.1 Example:

Figure 1 : SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM[2]

Figure 1 shows a mechanism which is known as Slider Crank Mechanism. It is a combination of

rigid or restraining bodies namely crank, connecting rod and slider. They are so shaped and
connected that they move upon each other with definite relative motion.

2.2 Machine:
“A machine is a mechanism or a combination of mechanisms which not only imparts
relative notion to the parts but also transmits and modifies the available mechanical
energy into some kind of useful energy.”
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2.2.1 Example:
The slider crank mechanism shown in figure 1 will become a machine when it is used in
automobile engine by adding valve mechanism etc. In that case, it will convert the available
energy (force on a piston) into the desired energy (torque on the crankshaft)

3 Link:
“A link is defined as a member or a combination of members, connecting other members
and having motion relative to them.”
3.1 Example:
A slider crank mechanism consists of the following four links (Referring to Figure 2)
 Frame
 Crank
 Connecting Rod
 Slider

Figure 2: SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM WITH LABELLING [3]

3.2 Classification of Links:

Links can be classified into
 Binary Link
 Ternary Link
 Quaternary Link
3.2.1 Binary Link:
“A link to which two links are connected, is known as Binary Link.”
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3.2.1.1 Example:

Figure 3[4]

In Figure 3, the links 1,2,3 and 4 are binary links, as to each link two links are connected.

3.2.2 Ternary Link:

“A link, to which three links are connected, is known as ternary link.”

3.2.2.1 Example:

Figure 4[5]

In Figure 4, Link 1 and 6 are ternary links.

3.2.3 Quaternary Link:

“A link, to which four links are connected, is known as quaternary link.”
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3.2.3.1 Example:

Figure 5[6]

In Figure 6, Link 1 is quaternary link. [1]

3.3 Types of Links:

Based on rigidity, kinematic links can be broadly classified into three types. They are
 Rigid Link
 Flexible Link
 Fluid Link
3.3.1 Rigid Link:
“Rigid links are those kinematic links that do not undergo any change of shape when
transmitting motion (or when subjected to external forces).”

3.3.1.1 Example
Some good examples of rigid links are
 Connecting Rods
 Crankshafts etc.
.
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3.3.2 Flexible Link:

“Flexible link is a resistant kinematic link that undergo partial deformation when transmitting
motion.”

3.3.2.1 Example:
Some examples of flexible links are
 Belts
 Chains
 Springs etc.

(a) SPRING (b) CHAIN

Figure 7[9]
 Engineering Dynamics Lab Manual

Fluid Link:
“A Fluid link makes use of a fluid (liquid or gas) to transmit motion, by means of pressure.”

3.3.2.1 Example:
Some examples of Fluid links are
 Hydraulic Press
 Lift etc.

Figure 8: HYDRAULIC PRESS [10]

4 Kinematic Pair:
“A joint of two links having relative motion between them is known as a Kinematic Pair.”

4.1 Example:
In a Slider Crank Mechanism shown in Figure 2, Link 2 rotates relative to Link 1 and hence link
1 and link 2 is a kinematic pair.

4.2 Classification of Kinematic Pair:

According to the nature of contact, the Kinematic Pairs are classified as
 Engineering Dynamics Lab Manual

 Lower Pair
 Higher pair
4.2.1 Lower Pair:
“A Kinematic Pair is known as a Lower Pair if the two links have surface contact or area contact
between them.”

4.2.1.1 Example:
Examples for lower pair are
i. Shaft rotating in a bearing
ii. Nut rotating on a screw
4.2.2 Higher Pair:
“If the two links have a point or a line contact between them, then the Kinematic pair is known
as Higher Pair.”

4.2.2.1 Example:
Examples for higher pairs are
i. Cam and Follower
ii. Wheel rolling on a surface
5 Kinematic Chain:
“A Kinematic Chain is defined as a combination of Kinematic pairs, joined in such a way that
each link forms a part of two pairs and the motion of each relative to the other is definite.” [7]

6 Slider Crank Mechanism:

“A Slider Crank Mechanism is an apparatus that is used to convert the linear motion into rotatory
motion or rotatory motion into linear motion.”
The mechanism is composed of three elements
i. Crank
ii. Connecting Rod
iii. Slider

Procedure:
i. Bring the wheel and the slider to their respective reference marks.
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ii. For the given angle of the rotation of the crank (i.e. 300), note the displacement of the
slide.
iii. Repeat this step several times till the angle of rotation becomes 3600.
iv. Plot a graph between displacement and Crank rotation.
v. By graphical differentiation method, determine the velocity and acceleration and plot
their graphs against crank rotation.

Observations:

Sr. No. Crank Degree Slider Position Velocity Acceleration

(Degree) (Inch)
(Inch/degree) (Inch/degree2)

1. 0 0 0 2.5
2. 30 0.45 1.25 2.165
3. 60 1.5 2.165 1.25
4. 90 2.8 2.5 0
5. 120 4.0 2.165 -1.25
6. 150 4.8 1.25 -2.165
7. 180 5.05 0 -2.5
8. 210 4.7 -1.25 -2.165
8. 240 3.9 -2.165 -1.25
10. 270 2.7 -2.5 0
11. 300 1.4 -2.165 1.25
12. 330 0.35 -1.25 2.165
13. 360 0 0 2.5

Graph:

Displacement-Degree Curve is
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Slider Position VS Crank Degree

6

5
Slider position ( Inch)

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Crank Degree( Degrees)
Velocity-Degree curve is

Velocity VS Crank Degree

3

2
Velocuty(Inch/degree)

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

-1

-2

-3
Crank Degree( Degrees)

Acceleration-Degree Curve is
 Engineering Dynamics Lab Manual

Acceleration VS Crank Degree

3

2
Acceleration(Inch/degree2)

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

-1

-2

-3
Crank Degree(Degree)

Precautions:
i. Displacement of slider should be measured at equal intervals of crank angle rotation.
ii. Smooth curves should be drawn while plotting.

Comments:

i. The displacement degree curve shows that the displacement of slider increases till the
crank angle becomes 1800 and then it decreases till 3600. In general, the displacement
increases from zero to its peak value for the first half cycle and then decreases from its
peak value to zero in the next half cycle.
ii. The velocity degree curve shows that when the crank angle is 900 and 2700 the velocity
of slider is maximum where as it is zero when the crank angle is 00,1800 or 3600.
iii. The acceleration degree curve shows that the acceleration of slider is zero at 900 and
2700 and maximum at 00,1800 and 3600.
iv. The comparison of acceleration degree curve and velocity degree curve shows that when
the velocity of slider is maximum the acceleration is zero and vice versa.
Reference:

 1,2,3,4,5 and 5: A Textbook of Theory of Machines J.S. Brar and R.K Bansal
 7: European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids (2008)
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 8,9 and 10: Google Images

Engineering Dynamics Lab Manual